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Research ArticleEstablishment of a Comprehensive List of Candidate AntiagingMedicinal Herb Used in Korean Medicine by Text Mining ofthe Classical Korean Medical Literature, ‘‘Dongeuibogam,’’ andPreliminary Evaluation of the Antiaging Effects of These Herbs
Moo Jin Choi,1 Byung Tae Choi,2 Hwa Kyoung Shin,2 Byung Cheul Shin,3
Yoo Kyoung Han,1 and Jin Ung Baek1
1Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University,Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea2Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University,Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea3Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital,Yangsan 626-789, Republic of Korea
Correspondence should be addressed to Jin Ung Baek; [email protected]
Received 10 September 2014; Revised 3 January 2015; Accepted 8 January 2015
Academic Editor: Shun-Wan Chan
Copyright © 2015 Moo Jin Choi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The major objectives of this study were to provide a list of candidate antiaging medicinal herbs that have been widely utilized inKorean medicine and to organize preliminary data for the benefit of experimental and clinical researchers to develop new drugtherapies by analyzing previous studies. “Dongeuibogam,” a representative source of the Korean medicine literature, was selected toinvestigate candidate antiaging medicinal herbs and to identify appropriate terms that describe the specific antiaging effects thatthese herbs are predicted to elicit. In addition, we aimed to review previous studies that referenced the selected candidate antiagingmedicinal herbs. From our chosen source, “Dongeuibogam,” we were able to screen 102 terms describing antiaging effects, whichwere further classified into 11 subtypes. Ninety-seven candidate antiaging medicinal herbs were selected using the criterion thattheir antiaging effects were described using the same terms as those employed in “Dongeuibogam.”These candidates were classifiedinto 11 subtypes. Of the 97 candidate antiaging medicinal herbs selected, 47 are widely used by Korean medical doctors in Koreaand were selected for further analysis of their antiaging effects. Overall, we found an average of 7.7 previous studies per candidateherb that described their antiaging effects.
1. Introduction
Recently, a number of studies have been conducted thatpursue the active development of antiaging drugs. Manyresearchers develop novel drugs by exploring the antiagingconstituents of herbs that are widely used in traditionalmedicine in many countries around the world. For example,in previous studies, preliminary data were identified bysearching for candidate herbs in the traditional medicinalliterature and then evaluating the antiaging effects of thesecandidates (e.g., [1, 2]). However, thus far, such studies
have been conducted only within the traditional Chineseliterature, while the Korean literature remains to be analyzed.
Therefore, we have reviewed a representative source ofclassical Korean medical literature as a means of providinguseful preliminary data, as has been done previously withthe Chinese literature. There are several justifications forselecting “Dongeuibogam,” which was published in 1613,for analysis in the present study; (1) it was published bythe royal physicians, who were contemporary experts thatstrictly upheld the traditions of basic Koreanmedicine (KM);from ancient to present times, KM has been developed via
Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2015, Article ID 873185, 29 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/873185
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2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
exchange with adjacent countries such as China and Japan.Recently, this traditional medicinal science has contributedto academic development as well as to the improvement ofhuman health through exchange with Western medicine; (2)“Dongeuibogam” is the comprehensive summary of all thetraditional medicines of North-East Asia prior to the 17thcentury, because it is based on a rigorous selection of 189 ofthe major medicinal literature sources of the region [3]; (3) ithad a significant impact not only onKMafter the 17th centurybut also on medicinal practices in other surrounding coun-tries (e.g., China and Japan) [4]; (4) except for minor contentrelated to superstitions, which were contemporary standardsat the time of publication, most of its content is still widelyused inmodernKMbyKoreanmedical doctors (KMDs); and(5) the medicinal herbs which it describes constitute manyof the major herbs prescribed in KM [5]. Taken together,it seems reasonable to conclude that “Dongeuibogam” is aprincipal piece of KM literature and summarizes all theachievements of traditional KM. Therefore, we determinedthat analyzing, screening, and organizing terms describingantiaging effects (TAE) in the “Dongeuibogam” is an efficientapproach for creating lists of candidate antiaging medicinalherbs (CAMH). Furthermore, pursuing this approach mayhelp to organize preliminary data for future experimentaland clinical studies on the antiaging effects of previouslyinvestigated medicinal herbs.
2. Materials and Methods
The present study consisted of three steps. In the firststep, TAEs were screened to construct lists of TAEs. Inthe second step, CAMHs were screened to construct listsof CAMHs. In the last step, previous studies of CAMHswere analyzed. TAEs and CAMHs were defined by analyzingvarious sources of the Northeast Asian medicinal literature;TAEs in “Dongeuibogam” were defined as terms describingpotency for delaying/improving specific aging symptoms thatare recognized by one’s human sense or others. In contrast,CAMHs were defined as medicinal herbs containing one ormore TAEs in their medicinal potency [6]. Each step wasperformed as described in the following paragraphs.
2.1. First Step (Figure 1): Screening TAEs Found inthe “Dongeuibogam” and Establishing a List of TAEs
2.1.1. Selection of 928 Individual Medicinal Herbs (IMH) in the“Dongeuibogam”. Although there were 1,932 IMHs listed inthe “Dongeuibogam,” overlapping items were excluded and928 IMHs were ultimately identified. IMH files were selectedif commercially accessible; selected items were revised per ANew Enlarged Edition: A Translation Printed Side by Side withOriginal Dongeuibogam (Research team for classical Koreanmedical literature, 2012) prior to use.
2.1.2. Interpretation of 3,808 TAEs and Establishment of a Listof Candidate TAEs. In order to meticulously interpret theTAEs of IMHs, TAEs were divided into simple descriptiveunits and 3,808 TAEs were identified. Each TAEwas analyzed
if it was related to antiaging concepts in modern science. Asa result, 104 TAEs were selected as candidates. Overlappingand similar TAEs were combined, which resulted in a list of11 subtypes.
2.1.3. Expert Survey and Establishment of the List of TAEs.Twenty-six experts were recruited for the present study.Theseexperts were faculty members of formal institutes of KMand, concomitantly, were members of the Society of KoreanMedical Classics, which consists of experts of the classicalmedical literature. We distributed questionnaires related tothe lists of candidates and the selection criteria for TAEsin order to collect expert suggestions (period: 07.24.2014–08.10.2014). In the end, a TAE was selected only if morethan 50% of respondents chose it and, hence, our data werenarrowed to a list of 102 TAEs. The justification for settingthe criteria at 50% was to retain a wider range of TAEs. Thequestionnaire was written by the authors and then finalizedby an advisory panel consisting of basic KM researchers,clinical KM researchers, and biological science researchers(𝑛 = 6).
2.2. Second Step (Figure 2): Selection of CAMHs from the“Dongeuibogam” and Establishment of the List of CAMHs
2.2.1. Selection of Preliminary 97 CAMHs. Utilizing TAEsfrom the first step, 97 CAMHswere selected, which containedat least one of the TAEs.
2.2.2. Establishment of a List of 94 CAMHs. Preliminarycandidates from the first selection (i.e., 97 CAMHs) werefiltered into 94 CAMHs. Two were excluded because theywere not from a single source and another was filteredbecause it was clearly based on superstition. Following thisexclusion, the final list of CAMHs was established.
2.3. Third Step (Figure 3): Preliminary Evaluation of the Anti-aging Effects of CAMHs via Analysis of Previous Studies
2.3.1. Selection of Medicinal Herbs for Preliminary Evaluationof the Candidate Lists. Of the 94 CAMHs, the authorsincluded medicinal herbs that are commonly used by KMDs.Following discussion with the advisory panel, 47 candidateswere selected (i.e., 43 plant-derived and 4 animal-derived)for further preliminary evaluation. Ginseng Radix and honeywere excluded despite their common use as medicinal ingre-dients because of an excessively broad range of applications.
2.3.2. Selection and Analysis of Previous Studies regardingAntiaging Effects. We searched for 47 different medicinalherbs in the previous studies and identified relevant studiesconcerning several major hypotheses of aging (e.g., the freeradical theory [319], oxidative stress theory [320], molecularinflammation hypothesis [321, 322], neuroendocrine theory[323], wear and tear theory [324], waste accumulation theory[325], Hayflick limit theory [326], and the telomerase theory[327]). Additional studies were included after discussion with
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each itemDividing TAEs by simple descriptive units
Interpretation of TAEs: a total of 3,215 TAEs were excluded as these referred to the
treatment of diseases
Expert survey of classical medical literature
(1) Writing of the draft based on discussionwith the authors
(2) Finalization of the questionnaire via discussion with advisory panel
Analysis of survey results: selection of TAEs with higher than 50% of relevant judgments
Exclude overlapping items
Extraction of IMHs from “Dongeuibogam”
of TAEs
Overlapping TAEs were combined intoa singular TAE
into 11 subtypes
Selection of 928 IMHs and extraction of TAEs of
Extraction of 3,808TAEs
experts (period : 07.24.14–08.10.14)
Final selection of 102TAEs and establishing a list
Selection of 333TAEs
Selection of 593TAEs
Selection of 104TAE candidates and classificationExclude 229TAEs regarding general health
Figure 1: 1st research process. Screening TAEs found in the “Dongeuibogam” and establishing a list of TAEs.
Utilize the finalized TAEs as search words
lists
Analysis of the origin of the CAMHs
Establishment of the lists using TAEs from the 1ststep
Selection of 97CAMHs
Finalization of 94CAMHs and establishment of the
Figure 2: 2nd research process. Selection of CAMHs from the “Dongeuibogam” and establishment of the list of CAMHs.
the advisory panel. Next, studies were specifically dividedinto in vitro studies, in vivo studies, clinical studies, andreviews, and then analyzed again for research performancestatus.
2.3.3. Searching the Database. In addition to commonly usedscientific databases (such as PubMed,Cochrane, and Scopus),Korean databases (Ndsl, Oasis, and Riss) were used since wewere searching specifically for studies related to KM. Thestarting period for these study searches was not defined;however, July 31, 2014 was set as the final time point.
2.3.4. Searching Keywords. We used the following terms forthe searches: “scientific names of CAMH + aging, age” and“names of herbal medicines of CAMH + aging, age.”
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. List of TAEs from the “Dongeuibogam”. The TAEs of928 IMHs in the “Dongeuibogam” were divided by simple
descriptive units to achieve 3,808 TAEs. In the first step,TAEs for disease treatments were excluded, resulting in 593TAEs. Of this subset, overlapping TAEs were combined intoa singular TAE list containing 333 TAEs. In the second step,299 TAEs were excluded as they described general health.Thus, 104 TAEs specifically related to aging were selected. Inorder to validate the above processes, we consulted a survey ofexperts. Ten out of 11 respondents agreed with the validity ofthe first step, while one respondent disagreed (90.9% versus9.1%). With regard to the validity of the second step, 8 out of10 respondents agreed (80% versus 20%) (Table 1).
TAEs selected through the processes described abovewere further divided into 11 types of lists: 21 skin-relatedTAEs, 15 hair-related TAEs, 15 musculoskeletal TAEs, 14sensory organ-related TAEs, 12 TAEs related to the extensionof life span, 13 cognitive function-related TAEs, 5 tooth-related TAEs, 5 sexual function-related TAEs, 2 urination-related TAEs, 1 oral health-related TAE, and 1 respiratoryfunction-related TAE. Classified TAEs were further assessedfor proper categorization via questionnaires. In the end,depending upon the TAE, the agreement ratio for validation
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lists CAMHs that are commonly used and commercially available were included
Through discussion with advisory panels, medicinal herbs were finalized and selected
Of internal drugs, 43 plant-derived and 4 animal-derived candidates were finalized Searching databases: PubMed, Cochrane,
Scopus, Ndsl (Korea), Oasis (Korea), andRiss (Korea)
Searching keywords: “scientific names ofCAMH + aging, age” and “names of
herbal medicine of CAMH + aging, age”
(1) Studies related to the antiaging effects wereselected
(2) Selected studies were classified into in vitrostudies, in vivo studies, clinical studies, and reviews and then analyzed for results
Publication excluded because of overlap, based on title
PubMed Cochrane Scopus Ndsl Oasis Riss
Publications excluded after screening the abstracts and
Reason: not related to antiaging, not individual medicinal herb
Final numbers of studies
Selection of 94CAMHs and establishment of the
Searching period: undefined ∼07.31.2014
(n = 695) (n = 91) (n = 1,923) (n = 667) (n = 114) (n = 568)(N = 4,058)
titles (n = 2,783)
and author names (n = 912)
Finally included (n = 363)
Publication identified (n = 3,146)
In vitro studies (n = 143)In vivo studies (n = 149)Clinical studies (n = 24)
Reviews (n = 47)
Figure 3: 3rd research process. Preliminary evaluation of the antiaging effects of CAMHs via analysis of previous studies.
Table 1: Results of survey regarding study methods.
QuestionThe number ofrespondents for
“validity” =𝑁 (%)
The number ofrespondents for“no validity” =𝑁 (%)
Total respon-dents/total
subjects =𝑁 (%)
1 𝑁 = 10 (90.9%) 𝑁 = 1 (9.1%) 𝑁 = 11/26(42.3%)
2 𝑁 = 8 (80%) 𝑁 = 2 (20%) 𝑁 = 8/26(38.5%)
of each type ranged from 38.5% to 100%. Two TAEs wereexcluded as these lists had less than 50% agreement on thevalidation and, therefore, 102 TAEs were finalized for furtheranalysis. In order to avoid overlapping TAE lists, they aresummarized with the lists of CAMHs as follows.
Total of 102 TAEs and 94 CAMHs Divided into 11 Subtypes(Some Items Were Medicinal Herbs Containing One or MoreTAEs and Were Excluded)
TAE/The Number of Respondents for “Validity” = 𝑁(%)/CAMHs
(i) Skin-Related: 21 TAEs and 22 CAMHs
Skin becomes glossy/9 (69.2%)/Ginseng Radix
Removes the wrinkles even from an old man/13(100%)/Endocarpium Castaneae MollissimaeAdds sheen to the face of the age/12 (92.3%)/SuisUnguisAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Leonuri HerbaAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Benincasae SemenAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Batryticatus Bom-byxAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Lithar GyrumImproves complexion/10 (76.9%)/Leonuri HerbaAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/MargaritumRemoves wrinkles/12 (92.3%)/Cervi CornuFattens, whitens, and brightens the person/9(69.2%)/Human milkImproves facial complexion/9 (69.2%)/Rubi FructusRestores luster to a person/10 (76.9%)/SchisandraeFructusMakes the facial skin smoother/10 (76.9%)/CerviCornuMakes the face look young/12 (92.3%)/Poria Scle-rotiumAdds smoothness to the face/11 (84.6%)/Honey
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Adds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/TrichosanthisRadix, Persicae Flos, and AdepsSelenarcti et UrsiRemoves wrinkles on the hands and face/12(92.3%)/Trichosanthis RadixAdds sheen to the face/10 (76.9%)/Ligustici Tenuis-simi Rhizoma et Radix and Angelicae DahuricaeRadixMakes the face younger/13 (100%)/Atractylodis Rhi-zoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba) and PolygonatiRhizomaImproves facial complexion/9 (69.2%)/PersicaeFlos,Benincasae Semen, Rubi Fructus, Cinnabaris, andMargaritum.
(ii) Hair-Related: 15 TAEs and 12 CAMHs
Reinforces the teeth and the hair/10 (76.9%)/Zan-thoxyli PericarpiumThe hair becomes black again/11 (84.6%)/SasemiSemenThe beard and hair do not become white/11 (84.6%)/Sophorae FructusThe beard will turn black/11 (84.6%)/Oil of the Jug-landis Semen and Root of Musa basjooSieb. et ZuccThewhite hairwill turn black again/11 (84.6%)/Sieges-beckia HerbaBlackens the hair/11 (84.6%)/Mori Fructus and Eclip-tae HerbaChanges the white hair to black/11 (84.6%)/MoriFructusThe hair will become longer/10 (76.9%)/Adeps Sele-narcti et UrsiMakes the hair and beard black, glossy and shiny/12(92.3%)/Oil of the Juglandis SemenThewhite beard will be dyed black/12 (92.3%)/Juglan-dis SemenMakes the hair and beard grow and changeswhite hairto black/13 (100%)/Ecliptae HerbaMakes the hair grow/8 (61.5%)/Root of Musa basjooSieb. et Zucc and Sasemi SemenMakes the hair grow and become black/13 (100%)/Adeps Selenarcti et UrsiPrevents the hair from becoming white/12 (92.3%)/Achyranthis RadixBlackens the hair/12 (92.3%)/Sophorae Fructus, Reh-manniae Radix (Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata), and Polygoni MultifloriRadix.
(iii) Musculoskeletal-Related: 14 TAEs and 23 CAMHs
Cures the weakness of legs/5 (38.5%)/exclusion
Strengthens the bones/9 (69.2%)/MagnetitumStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Acan-thopanacis CortexMakes the body feel light/11 (84.6%)/Chrysanthe-miFlos, Euryales Semen, Lycii Fructus, Colophonum,Nelumbinis Semen, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Reh-manniae Radix (Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata), Acori Gramineri Rhi-zoma, Asparagi Tuber, Atractylodis Rhizoma (Atract-ylodis Rhizoma Alba), Cuscutae Semen, Pini Korai-ensis Semen, Sasemi Semen, Polygonati RhizomaStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Sieges-beckia HerbaStrengthens themuscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Chaen-omelis FructusStrengthens the muscles and bones/9 (69.2%)/Eucommiae CortexStrengthens the muscles/8 (61.5%)/Animalis Nervus;exclusionStrengthens the power/7 (53.8%)/Rubi FructusStrengthens the muscles/7 (53.8%)/ChaenomelisFructusHelps one gain power/7 (53.8%)/Epimedii Herba,Rehmanniae Radix (Rehmanniae RadixCrudus, Reh-manniae Radix Preparata)Gives strength/7 (53.8%)/Rubi FructusStrengthens the muscles and bones/8 (61.5%)/Chry-santhemi Flos, Cervi Parvum Cornu, SchisandraeFructusStrengthens the muscles/7 (53.8%)/Polygoni Multi-flori RadixTreats a general lack of enthusiasm/7 (53.8%)/LyciiFructus.
(iv) Related to the 5 Sensory Organs: 14 TAEs and 47 CAMHs
Enhances eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Brassica Rapae RadixSeu Folium, Natrii Chloridum, Galla Rhois, Nae-morhedi JecurEnhances eyesight and hearing abilities/10 (76.9%)/Acori Gramineri RhizomaEnhances eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Canitis Fel, Cassiae Leaves, Cassiae Semen,Azuritum,Sophorae Fructus, Malachitum, Brassica Rapae RadixSeu Folium, Equiseti Herba, Rubi Fructus, SerpentisPeriostracum, Haliotidis Concha, Asiasari Radix etRhizoma, NatriiChloridum, GallaRhois, BovisJecur,Human milk, Suis Testis, Gapsellae Bursa-pastorisSemen, Citrus Unshius Pericarpium, Xanthii Fructus,Naemorhedi Jecur, Sal, AtractylodisRhizoma Atract-ylodisRhizoma Alba, LepiJecur, Cuscutae Semen,Phellodendri Cortex, and Coptidis Rhizoma
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Enhances eyesight and cures weak vision/9 (69.2%)/Sophorae Fructus, Vespertilii Excrementum, andNaemorhedi JecurTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/Viticis FructusTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/Cicadae Periostra-cumTreats blurred vision/9 (69.2%)/GalliMasOsNigri FelThe vision is unclear/7 (53.8%)/Lutrae FelBrighten the eyes/9 (69.2%)/Siegesbeckia HerbaEnhances the vision/9 (69.2%)/Citrus Unshius Peri-carpiumImproves the eyesight/9 (69.2%)/Serpentis Perios-tracum and Human milkCures the weak vision/9 (69.2%)/MirabilitumCures the weak vision/9 (69.2%)/Lepi JecurMakes the hearing and the vision better/10(76.9%)/Euryales Semen.
(v) Related to Extension of Life Span: 12 TAEs and 37 CAMHs
Lengthens the life/13 (100%)/Poria SclerotiumKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Euryales Semen, Poria Sclerotium, NelumbinisSemen, and Acanthopanacis CortexElongates the life/13 (100%)/Atractylodis Rhizoma(Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba)Keeps one young/12 (92.3%)/Euryales SemenKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Cervi Parvum CornuEnsures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Nelumbinis SemenEnsures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Lycii FructusKeeps one young/13 (100%)/Cervi Parvum Cornu,Mori Fructus, Colophonum, Rehmanniae Radix(Rehmanniae Radix Crudus, Rehmanniae RadixPreparata), Acori Gramineri Rhizoma, AtractylodisRhizoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba), PolygoniMultiflori Radix, Pini Koraiensis Semen, SasemiSemen, and Polygonati RhizomaElongates the life/12 (92.3%)/Thujae OrientalisFolium, Poria Sclerotium, Colophonum, NelumbinisSemen, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Acori GramineriRhizoma, Asparagi Tuber, Atractylodis Rhizoma(Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba), Cuscutae Semen,Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Pini Koraiensis Semen,and Sasemi SemenElongates the life/13 (100%)/Human milkElongates the life/13 (100%)/Chrysanthemi Flos,Thu-jae Orientalis Folium, Acori Gramineri Rhizoma,Atractylodis Rhizoma (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba),and Polygoni Multiflori Radix
Ensures a long life/12 (92.3%)/Euryales Semen, Soph-orae Fructus, Atractylodis Rhizoma (AtractylodisRhizoma Alba), Sasemi Semen, and Multae Flores;exclusion.
(vi) Cognitive Functions-Related: 12 TAEs and 9 CAMHs
Cures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Calculus, PolygalaeRadix, Hominis Placenta, Suis Cordis, and AraneaVentricosa Cobwe (exclusion)Cures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Ginseng RadixMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Hoelen cum RadixCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/Aranea VentricosaCobwe; exclusionNurtures the spirit/9 (69.2%)/Nelumbinis SemenMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/PolygalaeRadix, AlpiniaeOxyphyllae Fructus, and Ginseng RadixMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaMakes one smart/9 (69.2%)/Polygalae RadixMakes one smart/8 (61.5%)/Acori Gramineri Rhi-zomaCures forgetfulness/10 (76.9%)/CalculusMakes one’s mind feel cool/8 (61.5%)/NelumbinisSemenCools the head and eyes/6 (46.2%)/exclusion.
(vii) Tooth–Related: 5 TAEs and 9 CAMHs
Reinforces the teeth and the hair/11 (84.6%)/Zan-thoxyli PericarpiumReinforces the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Bovis DensReinforces the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Drynariae Rhizoma,Sophorae Fructus, Cervi ParvumCornu, Natrii Chlo-ridum, and Tribuli FructusStrengthens the teeth/9 (69.2%)/Ashes of a sheep’sTibia, SalStimulates the growth of teeth/8 (61.5%)/CerviParvum Cornu.
(viii) Related to Sexual Functions: 5 TAEs and 7 CAMHs
Strengthens the sexual function/7 (53.8%)/PasserisCaroCures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Bombyxmori L.Strengthens the sexual function/8 (61.5%)/PasserisCaroCures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Canitis Penis etTestis, Rubi Fructus, Otariae Testis et Penis, Achyran-this Radix, Epimedii Herba
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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Cures the impotence/9 (69.2%)/Canitis Penis etTestis.
The following 4 TAEs are for disease treatment. But theywere selected as TAEs because they have the words, “theelderly.”
(ix) Urination-Related: 2 TAEs and 2 CAMHs
Cures the abnormal urination of the elderly/8(61.5%)/Corni FructusCures the enuresis of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Achyran-this Radix.
(x) Oral Health-Related: 1 TAE and 1 CAMH
Cures the canker sore of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Humanmilk.
(xi) Respiratory Function-Related: 1 TAE and 1 CAMH
Cures the chronic cough of the elderly/8 (61.5%)/Armeniacae Semen.
3.2. Lists of CAMHs in the “Dongeuibogam”. Ninety-sevenmedicinal herbs associated with at least one TAE wereselected from the “Dongeuibogam.” Among these herbs, threeitems were excluded because “Multae Flores” and “AnimalisNervus” stand for various flowers and multiple animals’muscles, respectively. In addition, the unreasonable item,“Aranea ventricosa cobweb,” was also excluded. Therefore,94 CAMHs were finally selected. These candidates weredivided into categories for either internal or external use, andwere then subdivided into plant-derived, animal-derived, andmineral-derived medicinal herbs as follows.
CAMHs were Divided into Categories for Either Internal orExternal Use, Subdivided into Plant-Derived, Animal-Derived,and Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs
(i) 69 CAMHs for Internal Use
45 Plant-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Acanthopanacis Cortex/Achyranthis Radix/Acori Gramineri Rhizoma/Alpiniae Oxy-phyllae Fructus/Armeniacae Semen/Asiasari Radix et Rhi-zoma/Asparagi Tuber/Atractylodis Rhizoma (AtractylodisRhizoma Alba)/Brassica Rapae Radix Seu Folium/CassiaeLeaves/Chaenomelis Fructus/Chestnut/Chrysanthemi Flos/Citrus Unshius Pericarpium/Colophonum/Coptidis Rhi-zoma/Corni Fructus/Cuscutae Semen/Ecliptae Herba/Epi-medii Herba/Equiseti Herba/Eucommiae Cortex/Eurya-les Semen/Gapsellae Bursa-pastoris Semen/Ginseng Radix/Hoelen cum Radix/Lycii Fructus/Mori Fructus/NelumbinisSemen/Persicae Flos/Phellodendri Cortex/Pini KoraiensisSemen/Polygalae Radix/Polygonati Rhizoma/Polygoni Mul-tiflori Radix/Poria Sclerotium/Rehmanniae Radix (Rehman-niae Radix Crudus, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata)/RubiFructus/Sasemi Semen/Schisandrae Fructus/Siegesbeckia
Herba/Sophorae Fructus/Thujae Orientalis Folium/ViticisFructus/Xanthii Fructus.
20 Animal-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Bombyx mori L./BovisCalculus/Bovis Jecur/Canitis Fel/Canitis Penis et Testis/Cervi Cornu/Cervi Parvum Cornu/Cicadae Periostracum/Haliotidis Concha/Hominis Placenta/Honey/Human milk/Lepi Jecur/Naemorhedi Jecur/Otariae Testis et Penis/Pas-seris Caro/Serpentis Periostracum/Suis Cordis/Suis Testis/Vespertilii Excrementum.
4 Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Azuritum/Cinnabaris/Magnetitum/Malachitum.
(ii) 25 CAMHs for External Use
13 Plant-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Angelicae DahuricaeRadix/Benincasae Semen/Cassiae Semen/Drynariae Rhi-zoma/Endocarpium Castaneae Mollissimae/Galla Rhois/Juglandis Semen (Oil of the Juglandis Semen)/LeonuriHerba/Ligustici Tenuissimi Rhizoma et Radix/Root of Musabasjoo Sieb. et Zucc/Tribuli Fructus/Trichosanthis Radix/Zanthoxyli Pericarpium.
7 Animal-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Adeps Selenarcti etUrsi/Batryticatus Bombyx/Bovis Dens/Galli Mas Os NigriFel/Lutrae Fel/Suis Unguis/Tibia of a sheep’s ashes.
5 Mineral-Derived Medicinal Herbs. Lithar Gyrum/Margari-tum/Natrii Chloridum/Natrii Sulfas/Sal.
Lastly, these were classified utilizing TAEs as well (sincethere were medicinal herbs possessing one or more TAEs,some items overlapped; as explained previously).
3.3. Preliminary Evaluation of the Antiaging Effects of CAMHsvia Analysis of Previous Studies. Through discussion withadvisory panels, the authors selected 47 kinds of CAMHs(i.e., 43 plant-derived kinds and 4 animal-derived kinds) thatare commercially available and widely utilized by KMDs. Atotal of 3,146 studies of 47 CAMHs were found; of these, 363studies were concerned with antiaging effects, resulting in anaverage of 7.7 publications per candidate herb (Table 2).
As depicted in Table 2, 43 kinds of CAMHs were stud-ied and their antiaging activity was corroborated by morethan one research study (except Equiseti Herba, GapsellaeBursa-pastoris Semen, Poria Sclerotium, Siegesbeckia Herba,Sophorae Fructus, and Viticis Fructus). Among these pub-lications, there were medicinal herbs assessed in multiplestudies with various references to their potency against aging.For instance, there were 58 publications found for LyciiFructus, 25 for Epimedii Herba, 24 for Polygoni MultifloriRadix, and 23 forMori Fructus. In contrast, only one relevantstudy each was found for Euryales Semen, Thujae OrientalisFolium, and Xanthii Fructus. However, regardless of thenumber of previous studies, the finalized list of CAMHsshould be investigated for their antiaging potency becausethese CAMHs were carefully selected by TAE criteria thatwere agreed upon by the consultation and agreement ofexperts.
-
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2:Preliminaryevaluatio
nof
thea
ntiaging
effectsof
47CA
MHsv
iaanalysisof
previous
studies.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
ePlant-d
erived
medicinalherbs
Acanthop
anacisCortex
VT(2)
(1)S
,R,N
/sup
pressio
nof
oxidativeD
NAdamageinlymph
ocytes
[7]
(2)R
/promotionof
B.adolescentis(probiotics)[8]
AchyranthisR
adix
VT(3)
(1)S
/protectso
xidativ
edam
agetoDNA[9]
(2)S
/increasesD
PPHradicalscaveng
ingactiv
ity[10]
(3)P,S/in
crease
activ
ityof
SODandGSH
-Px[11]
VV(11)
(1)P,S/in
crease
lymph
ocytep
roliferationactiv
ity[12]
(2)R
/decreases
WBC
coun
tsin
micew
ithindu
cedarthritis[13]
(3)P,S/im
provethe
actio
nsof
enhancingmem
oryandendu
rance[14]
(4)S
/increasese
xpressionof
BMP-2in
bone
tissueo
nalbu
men
levels[15]
(5)S
/improves
activ
ityof
SOD[16]
(6)P,S,N
/non
enzymeg
lycatio
nin
D-galactose
[17]
(7)P,S/restore
deficiencyof
theimmun
esystem
[18]
(8)R
/preventsa
utoimmun
einfl
ammatoryjointd
iseases
(CD56,IL-1𝛽)[19]
(9)O
/reduces
serum
levelsof
TNF-𝛼andPG
E2collagen-indu
cedarthritis[20]
(10)
O/decreases
CRPandWBC
levelsin
indu
cedarthritis[21]
(11)R/decreasesW
BCcoun
tsin
indu
cedarthritis[22]
C(1)
(1)C
/improves
osteoarthritis[23]
R(3)
(1)S
/anti-infl
ammatoryplantsapon
ins[24]
(2)S
/decreases
bone
lossin
OVXratsby
inhibitin
gosteoclastform
ation[25]
(3)R
/improves
osteop
orosis[26]
AcoriG
ramineriR
hizoma
VT(3)
(1)R
/promotes
C.butyric
um(probiotics)[8]
(2)P,S,N
/absence
ofinhibitory
activ
ities
onAC
hE[27]
(3)R
,N/repairthe
degeneratio
nof
neurob
lasto
mac
ellsby
CT105expressio
n[28]
VV(1)
(1)P,S,R
/improvec
ognitiv
efun
ctionin
aged
anim
als[29]
R(1)
(1)S
/alleviates
age-related
dementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
AlpiniaeO
xyph
yllaeF
ructus
VT(1)
(1)P,S/antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
potentialofyakuchino
neBderiv
atives
[30]
VV(2)
(1)S
,N/alpiniaprotocatechu
icacid
protectsagainsto
xidativ
edam
agea
ndstress[31]
(2)P,S,N
/elevatedsplenicw
eights,
increasedactiv
ities
ofGSH
-PX,
andCA
T[32]
Arm
eniacaeS
emen
VT(2)
(1)S
/increasestotalantio
xidant
activ
ity(TAA)[33]
(2)P
/increasesinvitro
activ
ityof
almon
dskin
polyph
enolsfor
scavenging
freer
adicalsa
ndindu
cesq
uino
neredu
ctase[34]
VV(5)
(1)P
/increasesb
onem
ass[35]
(2)P
/increasesa
ctivities
ofSO
D,G
SH-Px,andtheliquidflu
idity
ofthee
rythrocytemem
brane[36]
(3)P
/increasesthe
lagtim
etoLD
Loxidation[37]
(4)P
/enh
ancesratworking
mem
oryin
theM
orris
water
maze[38]
(5)P
/dow
nregulates
thelevelso
fproinflammatorycytokines(interle
ukin
[IL]-1𝛽,tum
ornecrosisfactor-𝛼,and
interfe
ron-𝛾)a
ndup
regulates
thelevelso
fanti-infl
ammatorycytokines(IL-4,IL-2,andIL-10)
[39]
C(3)
(1)S
/increasese
rythrocyteSO
Dactiv
ity[40]
(2)P
/resistso
xidativ
edam
age(changesinplasmaF
(2)-iso
prostane
levels)
[41]
(3)P
/C/restore
solarskinflu
orescence[42]
AsiasariRa
dixetRh
izom
aVT(1)
(1)S
/exh
ibits
DPP
Hradicalscaveng
ingactiv
ity[43]
-
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
AsparagiTu
ber
VT(1)
(1)S
/stim
ulates
osteob
lastdifferentiatio
nandinhibitsosteoclastgeneratio
n[44]
VV(1)
(1)P,S/in
creasedthes
pleenindexandtheS
ODactiv
itywith
polysaccharid
esandaqueou
sextractso
fthe
roots[45]
R(1)
(1)S
/reduces
age-related
dementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
Atractylod
isRh
izom
a(AtractylodisR
hizomaA
lba)
VV(3)
(1)S
,N/reducethe
levelsof
MDA,Lipo,andthea
ctivity
ofMAO
inserum
andbraintissue[46
](2)O
/improves
arthritisscore[47]
C(2)
(1)N
/reduces
Crow
’sfeetarea
(antiwrin
klefor
eye)[48]
(2)N
/reduces
Crow
’sfeetarea
(antiwrin
klefor
eye)[49]
R(2)
(1)S
/reduces
age-related
dementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
(2)S
/reduces
glaucoma[
50]
CassiaeL
eaves
VT(2)
(1)S
/has
effecto
nestro
genreceptor-(ER
-)po
sitiveM
CR-7
cellproliferatio
n[51]
(2)P
/peroxyn
itrite
scavenging
[52]
VV(1)
(1)S
/reduces
intraocularp
ressure[53]
Chaeno
melisFructus
VV(3)
(1)P
/improves
agingin
cultu
redratfi
brob
lasts
[54]
(2)O
/improves
arthritisindex(th
eincidence
ofarthritisandthed
egreeo
fjoint
edem
a)[55]
(3)R
/improves
thea
gedovariectom
ized
rato
fpostm
enop
ausaloste
oporosis[56]
R(1)
(1)S
/improves
osteoarthritis[57]
Chestnut
VT(6)
(1)R
/increasesthe
scavenging
effecto
nDPP
Hradicals[58]
(2)N
/protectsh
ydrogenperoxide-in
ducedoxidativeD
NAdamage[59]
(3)R
/increasesthe
scavenging
effecto
nDPP
Hradicals[60]
(4)N
/inhibitselastase
activ
ity(antiwrin
klee
ffect)[61]
(5)N
/inhibitselastase
activ
ity(antiwrin
klee
ffect)[62]
(6)R
/inhibitstyrosin
asea
ctivity
[63]
ChrysanthemiF
los
VT(2)
(1)S
/has
efficacy
asan
antio
xidant
andinhibitstheformationof
melanin
andantim
utagenicity
[64]
(2)R
/improves
antia
llergiccosm
eceutic
als[65]
VV(1)
(1)P,S/decreaseM
DAcontentand
AchEactiv
ityandincrease
SODactiv
ityin
agingmice[
66]
R(1)
(1)S
/reduces
glaucoma[
50]
Citrus
Unshius
Peric
arpium
VT(2)
(1)P,S/in
crease
antio
xidativ
eand
photop
rotectivee
ffectso
fcou
marins[67]
(2)S
/decreases
MMP-1m
RNAexpressio
n[68]
R(1)
(1)S
/improves
impo
tence[69]
Colop
honu
m
VT(3)
(1)O
/inhibitsNOprod
uctio
nandRO
Sgeneratio
nin
LPS-stim
ulated
RAW264.7cells
[70]
(2)O
/reduces
DPP
Hfre
eradicals[71]
(3)N
,O/in
crease
ROSscavenging
effects[72]
VV(4)
(1)P
/inhibitsFe(2+)-in
ducedlip
idperoxidatio
n[73]
(2)N
/increasesm
embranefl
uidityin
Liver[74]
(3)N
/atte
nuates
oxygen
radicalsandactiv
ates
scavengere
nzym
es[75]
(4)N
/decreases
LDL-cholesterollevels[76]
C(1)
(1)N
,O/skin-lift
ingeffectand
adecreaseincorneocytes[77]
Cop
tidisRh
izom
aVT(1)
(1)P,S/in
hibitind
oleamine2
,3-dioxygenase
activ
ity[78]
R(2)
(1)P,S/highera
ctivity
than
donepezil(compu
tatio
nalpharm
aceutic
alanalysis)
[79]
(2)S
/increasesa
ntioxidantsindementia
[80]
-
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
Corni
Fructus
VT(12)
(1)P,S,N
/inhibitA
GEs
inthed
iabetic
kidn
ey[81]
(2)S
/increasesa
nti-A
ChEactiv
ities
[82]
(3)N
/increasesc
ellactivity
andCD
K4mRN
Acontentand
decreasesc
yclin
D1m
RNAcontent[83]
(4)N
/decreases
thec
ellactivity
andincrease
thec
ontentso
f𝛽-galactosid
asea
ndthep
ositive
cellnu
mbero
fp16
[84]
(5)R
/increasesS
ODandcatalase
activ
ities
[85]
(6)S
/Increasesa
ntioste
oporoticeffects(radicalscavenging
activ
ity)[9]
(7)S
/inhibitsfre
eradicalsa
ndAG
Esform
ation[86]
(8)R
/inhibitsCorni
Fructuse
xtractso
nAG
Es[87]
(9)N
,R/in
creasesradicalscavenging
activ
ityin
theD
PPHassay[88]
(10)
O/protectsthe
hydrogen
peroxide-in
duceddamageo
fHEI-O
C1auditory
cells
[89]
(11)O/enh
ancesthe
proliferatio
nof
cultu
redspleno
cytesa
ndthym
ocytes
[90]
(12)
R/prom
otes
B.adolescentis(probiotics)[8]
VV(3)
(1)S
/effectso
fCornu
sonNKactiv
ity,IL-2activ
ity,and
IL-2
mRN
Aexpressio
nin
agingmice[91]
(2)P,S,N
/protectratm
esangialcellproliferatio
n[92]
(3)N
,R/in
crease𝜔-3
fatty
acids(ALA
,EPA
,and
DHA)con
tent
[93]
R(2)
(1)S
/reduces
age-related
dementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
(2)S
/reduces
glaucoma[
50]
Cuscutae
Semen
VT(2)
(1)P,S,N
/protectmurineo
steob
lasticMC3
T3-E1cellsagainsttertia
rybu
tylhydroperoxide-in
ducedinjury
[94]
(2)S
/sup
pressesg
rowth
andcontrolsgene
expressio
nin
CWR2
2Rv1
cells
(prostatec
ancer)[95]
VV(4)
(1)P,S/reducem
itochon
drialD
NAdeletio
nsandincreasesthe
activ
ities
ofmito
chon
drialrespiratory
chaincomplexes
Iand
IV[96]
(2)P,S/in
crease
antia
poptosiseffects[97]
(3)P,S,N
/increase
thew
eightsof
thetestes,epididym
is,andpituitary
glandandstim
ulateT
andLH
secretion[98]
(4)O
/protectsk
etocon
azole-indu
cedoxidatives
tressin
testicular
damage[99]
C(3)
(1)S
/increasesserum
FSHlevels(m
enop
ausalsym
ptom
streatment)[100]
(2)S
/increasesb
onem
ineraldensity
andheight
inprepub
escent
child
ren[101]
(3)C
/improves
mem
ory,im
mediaterecall,recogn
ition
,dream
-disturbedsle
ep,tinnitus,anddeafnessin
aged
peop
le[10
2]
R(2)
(1)S
/screenfora
ntiaging
materiamedica[
103]
(2)S
/potentia
lantioste
oporoticagent[25]
Eclip
taeH
erba
VT(1)
(1)S
/increasesa
ntioxidant
capacity(BHT,ascorbicacid,and
rutin
)[104]
C(3)
(1)S
/increasesserum
FSHlevels(m
enop
ausalsym
ptom
streatment)[100]
(2)C
,S/m
anagem
ento
fdiffuseh
airloss[105]
(3)C
/effectso
nserum
C-reactiv
eprotein,tum
ornecrosisfactor-alpha,and
interle
ukin-6
inpatie
ntsw
ithtype
2diabetes
mellitus
[106]
Epim
ediiHerba
VT(6)
(1)P,S/delay
homocysteine-indu
cedendo
thelialcellu
larsenescenceinvolving
activ
ationof
theP
I3K/
AKT
-eNOSsig
nalin
gpathway
[107]
(2)S
/protectso
xidativ
edam
agetoDNA[9]
(3)P,S,N
/improvec
ognitiv
efun
ctionfora
nticho
linesterase
activ
ity[27]
(4)S
,PInhibitstheD
PPHradicalw
ithIC
50values
lessthan
10𝜇g/mL[86]
(5)N
,R/protectoxidatived
amagetoDNA[88]
(6)R
/develop
mento
fnaturalantio
xidantsb
yusingan
improved
D.O.analyzing
metho
dinclu
ding
simplec
alculationof
thea
rea
underthe
curve[8]
-
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
VV(14
)
(1)P,S/in
crease
SODandGSH
-Pxactiv
ities
andinhibitstheformationof
LPOandLF
[108]
(2)P,N
,S/raise
theh
ypothalamicmon
oaminen
eurotransm
itter
levelsandim
proves
learning
andmem
ory[109]
(3)S
/reduces
them
eanlevelofN
F-𝜅Bsig
naltransdu
ctionkinase-rela
tedmRN
Aexpressio
nin
rats’
spleniclym
phocytes
with
aging
[110]
(4)P,S/havee
strogen-lik
eand
antio
steop
oroticactiv
ity[111]
(5)P,S/im
provee
rectile
functio
nof
aged
rats[112]
(6)P,R
/impactthee
xpressionof
transcrip
tionfactorsintheh
ypothalamus
ofaged
rats[113]
(7)S
/improves
osteop
orosis[114]
(8)R
/improves
estro
genice
ffects[115]
(9)P,S,N
/improvec
ognitiv
edeficitsandactiv
ates
quiescentn
euralstem
cells
inagingrats[116]
(10)
S,R,
N/enh
ance
antio
xidant
capacitie
softhe
bloo
dandliver
[117]
(11)S/ovariectom
y-indu
cedosteop
enia[118]
(12)
R/preventsliver
damage,delay
saging
,and
makes
skin
white[119]
(13)
R/aggregates
thed
eclin
eofxenob
iotic
metabolizingenzymea
ctivities
[120]
(14)R
,N/lo
ng-te
rmsupp
lementatio
nof
EKNextracttoratsfro
mweaning
to24
mon
thsm
aybe
aburdenon
theliver
functio
nin
old
age[121]
C(2)
(1)S
/has
therapeutic
effectson
sexu
aldisordersa
ndim
mun
ologicinadequacy
inpatie
ntsw
ithchronicr
enalfailu
reun
dergoing
hemod
ialysis
[122]
(2)C
/elevatese
strogenlevelsandim
proves
lipid
metabolism
inpo
stmenop
ausalw
omen
[123]
R(3)
(1)P,S/im
proveimmun
ologicaleffects[124]
(2)S
/improves
osteop
orosis[25]
(3)P,S,N
/effectso
ncellgeneratio
n,survivaltim
e,im
mun
omod
ulation,
improvem
ento
fvisc
eralandmetabolicfunctio
ns,and
anti-infection[125]
EquisetiHerba
Non
e
EucommiaeC
ortex
VT(8)
(1)S
/improves
potent
antio
xidant
andcytoprotectiv
eproperties[126]
(2)S
/protectsa
gainstUVB-indu
cedoxidatives
tressandisap
otentia
lagent
inthep
reventionof
UVB-indu
cedph
otoaging
[127]
(3)S
/improves
tissueinh
ibito
rs:T
IMP-1,TIMP-2,TIMP-3,andTIMP-4[128]
(4)P,S,N
/improvec
ellulard
efense
mechanism
sagainstUVradiation-indu
cedph
otoaging
[129]
(5)S
/improves
radicalscaveng
ingactiv
ities
andprotectiv
eeffectsa
gainstoxidatived
amage[
9](6)R
/upregulates
IL-2,IL-4,GM-C
SF,IFN
-𝛾,and
TNF-𝛼genesa
nddo
wnregulates
IL-12p70
gene
[130]
(7)R
/reduces
peroxynitrite
[131]
(8)R
/promotes
B.infantis(probiotics)[8]
VV(10)
(1)S
,P/curativep
ropertiesfor
BMDandBM
IinOVXrats[132]
(2)S
,P,N
/improvethe
lowturnover
ratein
thes
tratum
corneum
offalse
aged
mod
elrats[133]
(3)S
/stim
ulates
collagensynthesis
[134]
(4)R
/reduces
MMP-1m
RNAexpressio
nandMMP-2activ
ity[135]
(5)P
/enh
ancesthe
activ
ityof
SOD,G
SH-Px,andNOS[136]
(6)S
,P/promotec
ollagensynthesis
[137]
(7)S
,P/promotec
ollagensynthesis
[138]
(8)R
/assistsw
ithhepatic
functio
n,preventsbo
neabsorptio
nandbo
nemineralloss[13
9](9)R
/improves
osteop
orosis[56]
(10)
R/enhances
cellproliferatio
nandsupp
resses
apop
tosis
intheh
ippo
campu
s,andalleviates
age-indu
cedmem
oryloss
(TUNEL
-positive
cells,caspase-3-positive
cells,reduced
Bax/Bc
l-2ratio
,increased
BrdU
-positive
cells)[140]
-
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
R(2)
(1)S
,P,N
/improves
exuald
ysfunctio
n,osteop
orosis,
Alzh
eimer’sdisease,aging,lupu
s-lik
esyn
drom
e,andim
mun
oregulation[14
1](2)P,S/w
idep
harm
acologicalactiv
ities,including
hepatoprotectiv
e,antitoxicant,
anti-inflammatory,antio
xidant,antiaging
,antioste
oporosis,
andneurotroph
iceffects[14
2]Eu
ryales
Semen
VV(1)
(1)P,S/in
crease
sSOD,C
AT(exceptfor
inthek
idney),and
GSH
-Pxactiv
ities
anddecreasesM
DAcontent[143]
GapsellaeB
ursa-pastoris
Semen
Non
e
Hoelencum
Radix
R(2)
(1)S
/reduces
dementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
(2)S
/reduces
glaucoma[
50]
LyciiF
ructus
VT(19
)
(1)S
/antioxidant
effecto
finvitro
seedingof
Lyciu
mbarbarum
byDPP
Hassay[14
4](2)N
,P,S/sup
pressthe
leveloflactatedehydrogenaser
elease
andthea
ctivity
ofcaspase-3[14
5](3)N
,P,S/enh
ance
bioavailabilityof
3R,3R-zeaxanthin
dipalm
itate[14
6](4)S
/protectsU
373hu
man
astro
cytesfrom
hydrogen
peroxide-in
ducedcelldeath[126]
(5)P,S/in
crease
thec
ellviabilityanddecreasesthe
expressio
nlevelsof
P53andP16[147]
(6)S
,R/sup
pressthe
proteolytic
activ
ities
ofMMP-2/-9
[148]
(7)P,S/protectagainstage-related
macular
degeneratio
n[14
9](8)S
/determiningtheb
estexplant
andcorrespo
ndingho
rmon
alcompo
sitions
forG
ojiinvitro
regeneratio
n[14
4](9)S
/regulates
gene
expressio
nof
c-fos[150]
(10)
S/supp
ressthee
xpressionof
genesrela
tedto
aging,such
asp53,p21,andBa
x[151]
(11)N,P,S/im
proven
europrotectiv
eeffectso
ncorticalneuron
s[152]
(12)
N,S,R
/antiaging
effectson
human
retin
alpigm
entepithelialcells[153]
(13)
N/optim
alextractio
ncond
ition
sfor
theh
ighestactiv
ationeffecto
nSO
Dactiv
ity[154]
(14)R
/usedas
anethn
icmedicinefor
hypertensio
nandprom
otinggrow
th[155]
(15)
R,N/exp
erim
entalstudy
onthee
ffecton
collagensynthesis
byseveralh
erbalm
edicines
[156]
(16)
O,R
/increase
thes
caveng
ingactiv
ityon
DPP
HradicalsandSO
D[157]
(17)
R/prom
otes
useful
intestinalbacteria[8]
(18)
N,O
/increase
thes
caveng
ingactiv
ityon
DPP
HradicalsandSO
Din
HS68fib
roblasts[158]
(19)S
/protectsd
amaged
hRPE
cells
indu
cedby
blue
light
irradiatio
n[159]
VV(25)
(1)P,S/in
crease
SOD,C
AT,and
GSH
-pxlevelsin
theliver
[160]
(2)P
/protectivee
ffectso
fLycium
barbarum
polysaccharid
esby
Nrf2
,Ho-1antioxidant
pathway
[161]
(3)N
,S,R
/increase
SOD,decreases
MDAin
thes
erum
,heart,liver,and
brain[162]
(4)S
/increase
serum
levelsof
SODandglutathion
eperoxidase[163,164]
(5)P,N
,S/antiaging
effectson
beta-amyloidpeptiden
eurotoxicityin
Alzh
eimer’sdisease[165]
(6)N
,P,S/reduces
DTT
-indu
cedLD
Hreleasea
ndcaspase-3activ
ity[166]
(7)S
/increasese
xpressionof
theD
NArepaira
se8-oxoguanine
gene
intheliver
[167]
(8)P,S/neuroprotectio
nby
down-regu
latingRA
GE,
ET-1,A𝛽,and
AGEin
ther
etina[
168]
(9)N
,P,S,R
/increase
endo
geno
uslip
idperoxidatio
n,anddecreasesa
ntioxidant
activ
ities
[169]
(10)
P,S/redu
cemito
chon
drialD
NAdeletio
ns[96]
(11)N,R
/increase
learning
andmem
oryandthea
ctivities
ofAc
hEandSO
Din
theb
rain
[170]
(12)
N,P,S/protectcorticalneuron
sfrom
Abeta 25–35neurotoxicity
[171]
(13)
R,N/in
crease
SODactiv
ities
anddecreasesM
DAcontent[172]
(14)P
/hepatop
rotectivee
ffectso
nCC
l(4)-indu
cedhepatic
damage[173]
(15)
S/influ
ence
onthea
ctivity
ofSO
Din
thes
kin[174]
(16)
P,S/im
proven
eurologicald
eficitsandredu
cesinfarctsiz
eand
cerebraledem
a[175]
(17)
P,S/preventS
CO-in
ducedcogn
itive
andmem
orydeficits
[176]
-
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13Ta
ble2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e(18)
N,P,S/neuroprotectiv
eeffectso
ntransie
ntcerebralglob
alisc
hemiain
gerbils
[177]
(19)N
,P,S,R
/neuroprotectiv
eeffectso
fß-amyloidpeptiden
eurotoxicity[178]
(20)
N,P,S/neuroprotectiv
eeffectso
nprotectin
gretin
algang
lioncells
inglaucoma[
179]
(21)N,P,S/antagon
izes
glutam
atee
xcito
toxicityin
corticalneuron
s[180]
(22)
N,P,S,R
/dow
nregulatethe
expressio
nsof
cathepsin
Bandcystatin
C[181]
(23)
P,S/alleviateg
lucose
metabolism
disorder
andredu
cesthe
generatio
nof
lipid
peroxide
[182]
(24)
P,S/reversalof
apop
totic
resistanceo
fagedTcells
bymod
ulatingthee
xpressionof
apop
tosis-related
molecules
[183]
(25)
O/in
creasesserum
HDL-cholesterollevelsa
ndcollagenlevels[184]
C(3)
(1)N
,P,S,C
/increase
fastingplasmaz
eaxanthinlevels[185]
(2)S
/increasesp
lasm
azeaxanthinandantio
xidant
levels[186]
(3)S
,C/treatm
enteffecton
tinnitus[187]
R(11)
(1)S
/screening
studies
oftradition
alCh
inesea
ntiaging
materiamedica[
103]
(2)S
/preventsk
idneyandliver
dysfu
nctio
n,visualdegeneratio
n[18
8](3)S
/Gojijuice:A
novelm
iraculous
cure
forlon
gevityandwell-being
[189]
(4)S
/treatm
ento
fglaucom
a[50]
(5)P,S/usedas
orrelatedto
antia
ging
agents[124]
(6)S
/intercellulare
ffectso
nneuron
s[190]
(7)N
,P,S/im
provec
ellgeneration,
visceral,and
metabolicfunctio
ns[125]
(8)S
/elabo
ratebioactiveing
redients[19
1](9)S
/improves
eyesight
[192]
(10)
N,P,S,R
/protectneuron
sagainstbeta-amyloidpeptidetoxicity
[193]
(11)R/functio
nalcosmeticwith
antia
ging
effectssuch
asantiw
rinkling,whitening
,and
scalp-care
[194]
MoriF
ructus
VT(15)
(1)N
,S,P
/stro
ngscavenging
activ
ityagainstthe
hydroxylradical(HO.)[19
5](2)N
,S,P
/exh
ibitpo
tent
inhibitory
effectson
tyrosin
ase[43]
(3)N
/potentinh
ibito
roftyrosinase[196]
(4)S
/Mulberryseedsc
ontainingantio
xidant
polyph
enoliccompo
unds
[197]
(5)N
/sho
wsthe
high
estelastaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ity[154]
(6)R
/sho
wsS
ODactiv
ity[198]
(7)R
/antiwrin
klee
ffects[199]
(8)R
/increasesIL-2,IL-4,IL-12p70,GM-C
SF,INF-𝛾,and
TNF-𝛼[200]
(9)R
/DPP
Hradicalscaveng
ingeffect[201]
(10)
R/inhibitsRO
Sprod
uctio
n[202]
(11)R/Ru
tin,isoqu
ercitrin,quercitrin,quercetin,(+)-dihydroqu
ercetin
,and
chlorogenica
cidexhibitstro
ngantio
xidant
activ
ity[197]
(12)
R/prom
otes
L.plantarum
(antioxidativ
eeffects)[8]
(13)
R/increasesa
ntioxidant
activ
ityof
polyph
enolcompo
nentsw
ithDMPD
assays
[203]
(14)N
/inhibitstyrosin
asea
ctivities
[204
](15)
R,N/con
tain
carotene
andvitamin
C[205]
VV(7)
(1)N
/increasesthe
hairregrow
theffect[206]
(2)R
/reduces
oxygen
radicalsin
theliver
[207]
(3)S
/exh
ibits
amem
ory-enhancingeffectviaup
regu
latio
nof
NGF[171]
(4)S
/extends
meanlifespanby
17%fro
m17.6to
20.6days
[208]
(5)S
/sho
rtensthe
duratio
nof
thetelogen
phasea
ndindu
cesthe
grow
thof
anagen
follicle
s[209]
(6)N
/decreases
oxidized
proteinlevels[210]
(7)N
/increasesC
u,Zn
-SODactiv
ities
intheb
rain
cytosol[211]
-
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
eC(1)
(1)C
,S/im
provethe
MelasQOLscore[212]
Nelu
mbinisS
emen
VT(8)
(1)R
/decreases
DPP
Hradicals[58]
(2)N
,S,P
/antiamnesic
activ
ityandinhibitio
nof
ChEs
andBA
CE1[213]
(3)R
/proliferationandapop
tosis
inHT-29
human
coloncancer
cells
[214]
(4)N
,S,P
/inhibitratlens
aldo
seredu
ctase,AG
Eform
ation,
andoxidatives
tress[215]
(5)S,R
,N/protectagainsto
xidativ
edam
agetoDNA[88]
(6)R
/sho
wsp
otentD
PPHfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityandpo
tent
inhibitory
activ
ityon
NOprod
uctio
n[216]
(7)O
/increasestypeI
procollagenexpressio
nin
CCD-986sk
cells
[217]
(8)N
,R/decreasethe
levelsof
MDA[218]
VV(1)
(1)S
/normalizes
thea
ge-associatedalteredlevelsof
lipidsa
ndglucose[219]
Persicae
Flos
VT(7)
(1)P
/exh
ibits
photop
rotectionagainstU
VA[220]
(2)N
,R/antioxidant
andhyaluron
idaseinh
ibition
activ
ities
[221]
(3)S
/disp
lays
radicalscaveng
ingactiv
ity,sup
pressesM
MP-1expression,
andincreasestype-1p
rocollagenexpressio
n[222]
(4)S
/inhibitstyrosin
ase[
43]
(5)P
/reduces
cholesterol[223]
(6)N
/sho
wsh
ighestantio
xidant
activ
ityin
methano
lextracts(seeds:98.4%)[154]
(7)N
,R/in
crease
activ
ities
ofSO
DandGSH
-Pxandtheliquidflu
idity
oferythrocytem
embranes
[224]
VV(6)
(1)P
/increasesa
ctivities
ofSO
DandGSH
-Pxandtheliquidflu
idity
oferythrocytem
embranes
[36]
(2)S
/mod
ulates
glucosem
etabolism
andredu
ceso
xidativ
edam
age[
225]
(3)P
/cognitiv
ebenefits[38]
(4)P
/con
tainsp
roanabolicfactorsthatcan
increase
bone
volumea
ndresto
rebo
ne[35]
(5)S
/upregulates
NTH
1[226]
(6)N
/increasesthe
basalC
oncentratio
nof
ExtracellularA
cetylch
olineintheR
at[227]
C(1)
(1)P
/reduces
theI/R-in
ducedF(2)-isop
rostaner
espo
nse[
41]
Phellodend
riCortex
VT(1)
(1)N
,P,S/screening
toidentifymon
oamineo
xidase
Binhibitors[228]
VV(1)
(1)O
/treatm
enteffectso
ncollagen-indu
cedarthritis[229]
Pini
KoraiensisSemen
VT(1)
(1)R
/inthea
ntioxidant
activ
ities,the
results
ofDPP
H-radicalscavenging
activ
ities
andSO
D-like
activ
ities
indicatedthatmethano
lextracth
adtheh
ighestactiv
ities
[230]
VV(1)
(1)R
/increasesliver
SODactiv
ity[231]
PolygalaeR
adix
VT(4)
(1)N
,P,S/regulatec
aspase-3
andtyrosin
ehydroxylase
[232]
(2)N
,P,S/in
crease
then
umbero
fnew
lyform
edneurosph
eres
[233]
(3)R
/sho
wsh
ighantityrosinasea
ndantie
lastasea
ctivity
[234]
(4)N
/inhibitsapop
tosis
inthen
ervous
syste
m[235]
VV(4)
(1)P,S/in
crease
SODandglutathion
eperoxidase[
236]
(2)N
,P,S,R
/increase
NEandDAin
theh
ippo
campu
sand
decreasesA
ChEin
thec
ortex[237]
(3)S
/increasesinBD
NFandits
receptor
TrkB
expressio
nin
theh
ippo
campalC
A1region[238]
(4)P,S/sup
pressthe
activ
ities
ofMAO
andAC
hE[239]
C(2)
(1)C
/effectso
fBT-11fore
nhancing
cogn
itive
functio
nsinclu
ding
mem
ory[240
](2)C
/improves
mem
ory,im
mediaterecall,recogn
ition
,dream
-disturbedsle
ep,tinnitus,anddeafness[10
2]
R(6)
(1)S
/increasesc
ellviabilityandredu
cesc
elld
eath
[241]
(2)S
/enh
ancesa
ge-rela
teddementia
andmem
oryim
pairm
ent[2]
(3)S
/inhibitsAC
hEactiv
ity,improvea
ntioxidatio
nandenhances
synapticplastic
ity[242]
(4)P
/improves
cogn
itive
functio
ns[243]
-
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e(5)S
/intro
ductionof
theC
hinese
MaterialM
edica(
CMM)theoreticalresearch
onAlzh
eimer’sdisease[
244]
(6)S
/increasesincholinea
cetyltransfe
rase
andNGFby
Polygalatenu
ifolia
[245]
PolygonatiRh
izom
a
VT(2)
(1)S
/lower
cytotoxicityon
human
epidermalmelanocytes
(HEM
n)[43]
(2)N
,O/in
crease
inthec
ollagenase
activ
ityandprocollagensynthesis
inHs68hu
man
fibroblasts[246
]
VV(2)
(1)S
/improves
SODactiv
ityandthec
leaningactiv
ityof
freer
adicals[247]
(2)S
/improves
thea
ctivity
ofSO
D,inh
ibits
lipid
peroxidatio
n,andredu
cesthe
contentsof
MDA[248]
R(2)
(1)N
/positive
effectson
cellgeneratio
nandim
provem
ento
fvisc
eralandmetabolicfunctio
ns[249]
(2)N
,R/recentadvancesinthes
tudy
ofantia
ging
actio
nof
Siberia
nSolomon
seal(Polygonatum
sibiricum)[250]
Polygoni
Multifl
oriR
adix
VT(6)
(1)P,S/in
hibitstaurospo
rine-indu
cedapop
tosis
[249]
(2)N
,P,S/protectU373hu
man
astro
cytesfrom
hydrogen
peroxide-in
ducedcelldeath[126]
(3)N
,O/in
hibitcollagenase
andelastase
activ
ity[251]
(4)N
,P,S/sup
pressesD
R4andup
regu
latio
nof
Bcl-2
,XIAP,andcIAP-1[252]
(5)S
/rapid
absorptio
nof
P.multifl
orum
stilb
eneg
lycosid
e[253]
(6)O
/protectsa
gainstcelldamageinUVB-irr
adiatedHaC
aTkeratin
ocytes
[254]
VV(13)
(1)P,S/in
crease
plasmaH
DL-Cleveland
HDL-C/totalcho
leste
rolratio
andredu
cesp
lasm
aLPO
levels[255]
(2)S
/reduces
lipofuscinin
theliver
andbraintissues
[256]
(3)S
/sup
pressesthe
destructionof
Cu,Z
n-SO
Din
thes
kin[257]
(4)P,S/decreaselipofuscinpercentagesa
ndMDAconcentrations
[258]
(5)N
,P,S/decreaseh
ippo
campalsyn
apsesc
ount
andsynaptop
hysin
expressio
n[259]
(6)R
/improves
learning
-mem
oryim
pairm
entand
objectrecogn
ition
impairm
ent[260]
(7)N
,P,S/neuroprotectiv
eeffectsthrou
ghbo
thalleviationof
ERKandp38activ
ation[261]
(8)N
,P,S/neuroprotectiv
eeffectsthrou
ghbo
thalleviationof
ERKandp38activ
ation[262]
(9)N
,P,S/decreasethe
spon
gydegeneratio
nandlip
ofuscinandMDAconcentrations
[263]
(10)
N,S/reducethe
levelsof
ROS,NO,and
IGF-1,andincreasesthe
levelsof
SODandCa2
+[264
](11)S/str
ongantio
xidant
capacityagainstfreer
adicals,lip
idoxidation,
andproteinglycation[265]
(12)
N,R
/decreasethe
levelsof
LPFin
theb
rain
andkidn
eyandincreasesthe
activ
ities
ofAT
Pase
andSO
D[266
](13)
N,S/sup
presse
overexpressio
nof𝛼-synuclein
[267]
C(1)
(1)C
/assessm
ento
nMini-M
entalStateEx
amination,
Abilityof
DailyLiving
Scale,andthetherapeuticeffect[268]
R(4)
(1)N
,S/delay
thed
egenerativec
hanges
intheb
rain
associated
with
aging[269]
(2)S
/major
effectson
calcium
channelantagon
istsa
ndantio
xidant
andcholinesterase
inhibitors[270]
(3)S
/positive
effectson
cellgeneratio
nandim
provem
ento
fvisc
eralandmetabolicfunctio
ns[125]
(4)S
/positive
effectson
stimulatingbloo
dcirculation,
supp
lementin
gvitalenergy,andresis
tingaging[271]
Poria
Sclerotiu
mNon
e
Rehm
anniae
Radix(Rehmanniae
RadixCr
udus,R
ehmanniae
RadixPreparata)
VT(2)
(1)N
/biosynthesiz
ingcollagen[156]
(2)O
/antiwrin
klee
ffectsb
ycollagenase
activ
ityandprocollagensynthesis
inHS68hu
man
fibroblastsandtyrosin
asea
ctivity
[272]
VV(6)
(1)P
/sup
pressesN
OXandER
stressin
theb
rain
[273]
(2)P
/protectsa
gainstcholinergica
ndim
mun
eimpairm
entinthem
ouse
brain[274]
(3)P
/protectsa
gainstmem
orydamagea
ndenergy
metabolism
failu
rein
agingmod
elmice[275]
(4)P
/normalizingpresyn
aptic
proteins
andtheirrelatives
ignalin
gpathwaysinaged
rats[276]
(5)O
/antioxidativ
eeffectso
nkidn
eycellinjury
[277]
(6)O
/antioxidativ
eeffectso
nkidn
eycellinjury
[278]
R(1)
(1)S
/preventsc
isplatin
ototoxicity
[279]
-
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
RubiFructus
VT(6)
(1)P,S,N
/enh
ance
osteob
lastfunctio
n[280]
(2)S
/regulates
glycation[281]
(3)S
/improves
radicalscaveng
ingactiv
ities
[86]
(4)N
/inhibitsela
stase[
282]
(5)N
/UVprotectio
neffects[283]
(6)N
/inhibitsAC
hEandim
proved
radicalscaveng
ingeffects[284]
VV(5)
(1)P,S,N
/inhibito
steoclastdifferentiatio
nindu
cedby
RANKL
[285]
(2)N
,O/in
crease
SODandGSH
-pxactiv
ityof
redbloo
dcells
[286]
(3)N
/increasesS
ODactiv
ities
[287]
(4)N
/inhibitsAC
hEactiv
ity[288]
(5)S
/sup
pressesa
ge-related
increasesinoxidatives
tress[289]
C(1)
(1)S
/radicalscavenging
activ
ities
andprotectiv
eeffectsa
gainstoxidatived
amagetoDNA[9]
SasemiSem
enR(1)
(1)S
/inhibitshexano
yldo
pamineformation[290]
Schisand
raeF
ructus
VT(7)
(1)P,S/effectso
nneurop
rotectivea
ctivity
&inhibitin
gstaurosporine-indu
cedapop
tosis
[249]
(2)P
/dow
nregulates
thee
xpressionof
proinfl
ammatorygenesinvolvedin
thes
ynthesisof
NO,P
GE2
,and
TNF-𝛼in
lipop
olysaccharide-stim
ulated
RAW
264.7macroph
agec
ellsby
supp
ressingAkt-dependent
NF-𝜅Bactiv
ity[291]
(3)P
/inhibitsthes
pontaneous
andsynchron
ouso
scillations
ofintracellularC
a2+throug
hthed
epressionof
extracellularc
alcium
influ
xandtheinitia
tionof
actio
npo
tential[292]
(4)P
/stro
ngactiv
ityagainsth
ydroxylradicals[195]
(5)S
,N/decreasethe
expressio
nof
MMP-1p
rotein
[293]
(6)O
/protectsa
gainstRO
S-indu
cedneurotoxicity
[294]
(7)O
/inhibitsthec
elld
amageinUV-irr
adiatedHaC
aTcells
[295]
VV(4)
(1)P
/atte
nuates
A𝛽1-4
2-indu
cedmem
oryim
pairm
ent[296]
(2)P
/mitigatesa
ge-dependent
impairm
entsin
mito
chon
drialantioxidant
capacityandfunctio
nalability[297]
(3)P
/improves
antib
odytitersa
gainstNew
castled
iseasev
irusa
ndlymph
ocytep
roliferationof
broilers[298]
(4)P
/functio
nsas
ahormeticagenttosustaincellu
larredox
homeostasisandmito
energetic
capacityin
neuron
alcells
[299]
R(1)
(1)P
/stim
ulates
liver
regeneratio
n,preventsliver
injurie
s,andinhibitshepatocarcinogenesisas
wellaslipid
peroxidatio
nin
rats[300]
SiegesbeckiaHerba
Non
eSoph
orae
Fructus
Non
eTh
ujae
Orie
ntalisFo
lium
VT(1)
(1)P,S,N
/decreaseR
OSaccumulation[301]
Vitic
isFructus
Non
eXa
nthiiF
ructus
VT(1)
(1)O
/chemop
reventivep
otentia
lbyinhibitin
gthea
ctivity
ofcytochromeP
4501A1and
freer
adicalform
ation[302]
Animal-derived
medicinalherbs
CerviCornu
VV(1)
(1)R
/increasesb
onem
ass[303]
CerviParvum
Cornu
VT(1)
(1)O
,R/im
provethe
freer
adicalscavenging
effect[304]
VV(5)
(1)O
/inhibitsim
mun
ereactionin
arthritis[305]
(2)O
/inhibitsDHO-D
Hase[
306]
(3)O
/sup
pressesthe
expressio
nof
iNOSmRN
Aandprod
uctio
nof
NO[307]
(4)R
/increasesb
onem
ass[308]
(5)R
/preventsreductio
nsin
theb
onem
assa
ndstr
engthof
thelum
barb
ody[309]
-
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table2:Con
tinued.
Nam
eofC
AMH/classificatio
nof
thes
tudy
(num
ber)/sou
rced
atabase/mainou
tcom
e
Haliotid
isCon
cha
VT(2)
(1)N
/increasese
xpressionof
type
Icollagenandtype
Iprocollagen[310]
(2)N
/increasese
xpressionof
antio
xidant
enzymes
such
ascatalase,SOD,and
hemeo
xygenase-1[311]
Hom
inisPlacenta
VT(2)
(1)N
/improves
ther
adicalscavenging
effect[312]
(2)N
/preventsH
2O2-indu
cedapop
tosis
inPG
T-betacells
inhibitio
nsof
iNOSandcaspase-3[313]
VV(5)
(1)O
/sup
pressesb
oner
esorptionby
inhibitio
nof
tyrosin
ekinaseS
rc,cyclooxygenasee
xpression,
andPG
E2synthesis
[314]
(2)O
/sup
pressestypeIIcollagen-indu
cedarthritis[315]
(3)O
/effectso
ntheincreaseo
fthe
totaln
umbero
fovulatedovaa
ndther
ateo
fmorph
ologicallyno
rmalova[
316]
(4)O
/increasesthe
totaln
umbero
fovulatedovaa
ndther
ateo
fmorph
ologicallyno
rmalova[
317]
(5)R
/preventso
steop
orosiscaused
bypo
stmenop
ause
[318]
∗Pu
bMed
(P),Cochrane(C)
,Scopu
s(S),N
dsl(N),Oasis(O
),Riss(R).
∗In
vitro
study
(VT),Invivo
study
(VV),Clinicalstu
dy(C
),Re
view
(R).
(AchE;
acetylcholinesterase/AGE;
advanced
glycationend-prod
uct/B
DNF;
brain-deriv
edneurotroph
icfactor/BHT;
butylatedhydroxytoluene/DPP
H;1,1-diph
enyl-2-picrylhydrazyl/G
SH;g
rowth-stim
ulating
horm
one/HDL-C;
high
-densitylip
oprotein-cho
leste
rol/iNOS;
indu
ciblenitric
oxidesynthase/M
DA;m
alon
dialdehyde/M
MP;
matrix
metalloproteinase/N
O;n
itric
oxide/NGF;
nervegrow
thfactor/RANKL
;receptor
activ
ator
ofnu
clear
factor
kapp
aBligand/RO
S;reactiv
eoxygenspecies/SO
D;sup
eroxided
ismutase).
-
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Since the present study was performed with a focus onthe selection and cataloging of an entire candidate group ofantiaging medicinal herbs written about in the “Dongeui-bogam,” the characteristics of each medicinal herb werenot analyzed in detail during both the discovery processesfrom the classical Korean medical literature and the analysisprocesses of preceding studies.This constitutes a limitation ofthe present study but is also an advantage because the scopeof this study is comprehensive.This part will be included in afollow-up study on the verification of the antiaging effects ofeach CAMH.
Furthermore, additional investigation is warranted forthe “Compound formulae” (mixture of medicinal herbs)identified in “Dongeuibogam” as an expansion of the presentstudy that limited putative candidates to IMHs.
4. Conclusions
In the present study, we finally selected 47 CAMHs fromthe “Dongeuibogam” and reviewed the results of previousstudies regarding antiaging effects in order to provide a com-prehensive list of Korean medicinal herbs that may harborantiaging potential. Even though further investigations areneeded in regard to the medicinal herbs included in theselists, the present study may be an important step towards thedevelopment of experimental and clinical studies with theaim of discovering new drugs or novel antiaging constituents.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by the Basic Science ResearchProgram of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A2060970).
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