Jobs in JapanC-3-6 Seiji Ujihira

E-3-40 Eang PanhaNational Institute Of Technology, Tsuyama College

March 1, 2016

First, some notes:

1. We will give our presentation in English. But wewant you to understand! So we will give sometranslations too.

(英語でプレゼンしますが、内容を理解してもらいたいのでわかりずらいところは日本語を入れていきます。)

2. Also, we will ask some questions! So pleaselisten carefully.

Introduction

Japan is an island country. There are few natural resources and a lot of natural disasters. However, the economy of Japan is the third largest in the world by nominal GDP. This great economy originally comes from the Japanese people’s jobs. However, the types of job have recently changed a lot.

We have conducted research about this change, and we would like to present the results to you.

Secondary Research インターネットや新聞で調べた結果

Secondary Research

Change in job types from 1961 to 2010.

Change in job employment rate 1955 to 2014.

Japanese management practices before 1990.

Japanese management practices after 1990.

How long do workers work per day?

Salary comparisons: Past and present.

Change in job types from 1961 to 2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1961 1982 2010

Change in job types from 1961 to 2010

Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/hakusyo/kousei/11/dl/01-01.pdf

Primary industry (farming, fishery) decreases every year.

Because of low price food that is being imported.

Secondary industry (Manufacturing, construction) is almost the same every year.

Tertiary industry (services, high technology services) is increasing a lot.

Change in job employment rate 1955 to 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Number of employed person and percentage of employment rate

Junior High(mill) High(mill)

College(mill) Graduate School(mill)

Employment rate of college graduage(%)

Mill

, %

http://www.mhlw.go.jp/

In 1955, the percentage of JHS and HS students looking for employment is high (blue, green). However,...

On the other hand, the percentage of graduate school students and college students looking for jobs has increased (black, purple).

Due to the change from manual labor to intellectual labor, a wide knowledge is required. Engineersand lawyers are some examples of intellectual labor.

Japanese management practices before 1990

Lifetime Employment: (終身雇用）

It allows workers to remain with company throughout their working life. (Male university and high school graduates, usually not female)

Seniority:（年功序列）

It’s based on the number of years in the company and not specifically on the workers’ age.

Enterprise Unions:（企業組合）

Formed by workers in a company to protect their rights. Full-time employees were members, but part-time workers and upper/middle managers were not part of the union. Companies often provided the unions with office space.

Japanese management practices after 1990

Changes to Lifetime Employment:

Increase of non-regular workers, and decrease of the number of regular workers.

From Seniority to Merit-based Systems:

Increasing emphasis on job ability and performance. It’s main purpose to reduce salary pay.

The Decline of Enterprise Unions:

The role of unions in Japan has been declining. A number of companies have announced that they would not negotiate with unions and would not increase basic monthly wages.

How long do workers work per day?

Japan’s working hours is gradually

being decreased. In 1980, average

working hours per year is 2104 hours,

while in 2012, it is only 1714 hours.

Average working hours per day:

8 hours.

Why decreasing?To allow women to work.To improve working environment. More flexible, imaginative, andultimately more productive.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1980 1992 2000 2012

Annual working hours

Working hours Overtime work

hours

year

https://www.ntt-card.com/trace/backnumber/vol01/page02.shtml

Salary comparison: Past and present

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 20011

Annual income of salarymen

Annual income of salaryman

http://nenji-toukei.com/

Compared to the past, yearly incomes have been increasing.

However, the cost of living has also increased. Due to this, for some people it is easier to live now.

Primary Researchアンケートやインタビューの結果

Questionnaire(アンケート)

We interviewed 41 people who are college students around 18 years old.

1. 日本人は一日何時間働いていると思うか？

（How long do you think Japanese people work per day? ）

(1) 6時間 (2) 8時間 (3)１０時間 (4)１２時間

0%

37%

24%

39% 2

3

4

1

2. 働く環境は昔より良くなっていると思うか？

(Do you agree that the recent job situation is

better than before?)

(1)思う (2)すこし思う (3)あまり思わない

(4)思わない

10%

50%

27%

13%

1

23

4

3.派遣社員やアルバイトが多いのに賛成か？

(If there are many part-time workers or temporary

employees, do you agree?)

(1)賛成 (2)少し賛成 (3)少し反対 (4)反対

13%

34%40%

13%

1

23

4

4.高専を卒業したら、就職したいか？大学に進学

したいか? (After graduating from college, will you

find employment or enter university?)

(1)就職 (find employment)

(2)進学 (enter university)

(3)その他（others）78%

17%

5%

0%

1

2

3

Interview(先生へのインタビュー)We had an interview with one of the professors of NIT, Tsuyama College.

1.今、学生は就職しやすいと思うか？

(Do you think that students can get a job

easily?)

Yes. Due to the decreasing number of

students. Furthermore, thanks to

government’s response, the economy has

also been recovering smoothly.

2.先生にとって今と昔のどちらが働きやす

いか？(Comparing the job situation in the

past and present, which do you think is

easier to work?)

The present. It is because the working

environment is better than before. For

example, research equipment is better.

Interview

3. 一日何時間働いているか？

(How long do you work per day?)

Around 10 hours.

4. 仕事の内容に満足しているか？

(Are you satisfied with your job?)Yes. I can research and communicate

with students.

5. 今の時代、就職するには何をするべきか？(In order to get a good job, what should students do?)

Students should acquire communication

skills. Also, students must be able to

express their ideas and opinions.

Conclusion

We have told you about jobs in Japan.

We showed that the job types, employmentrates, company management practices, and working hours have changed a lot since 1960.

We said that it is important to have intellectual knowledge, good communication skills, and to understand the job market and management practices.

ConclusionMerits of our research: We did well on secondary researchand conducted primary research smoothly.

Demerits of our research: We need more details of primary research. We should survey not only college students, but also Japanese people with different jobs.

Overall, we think that our research is pretty good.

Q&A

Do you have any questions? (In English or 日本語）