J I N G

M a j o r S p e e c h e s a t P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e

W h y S E Z I s a n E x p e r i m e n t

e w F a c e s i n P a r t y L e a d e r s h i p

A Uygur elderly goes to market by donkey.

Uygur girls selling Nang, a kind of crusty pancake (staple food of ttie Uygur and Kazak nationalities).

SPOTLIQHT A fruit stand in Korla.

With more money to spend after a rich harvest, peasant Tula Olay in buys a horse and returns home from the market.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Vol. 28, No. 39 September 30, 1985

C O N T E N T S

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4

S E Z s : W h y a n E x p e r i m e n t

LEHERS

EVENTS ft TRENDS

C o n f e r e n c e P u t s F u t u r e I n t o Y o u n g e r H a n d s

N e w F a c e s i n P a r t y L e o d e r s h i p G u i z h o u G e t s N e w Y o u n g P a r t y

C h i e f S i n g a p o r e L e a d e r V i s i t s B e i j i n g T V S a t e l l i t e s N o w H i t O u t b a c k

C h i n a P r o g r e s s M a d e i n M e d i c i n e

5

6-10

INTERNATIONAL 11-14 U n i t e d N a t i o n s : S e s s i o n B e ­

c o m e s W o r l d F o c u s N o r t h e r n A f r i c a : E x p u l s i o n s C r e a t e

N e w T e n s i o n M i d d l e E a s t : A r a b N a t i o n s S e t t o

S o l v e D i s p u t e s B r i t a i n : U n e m p l o y m e n t C a u s e s

S o c i a l U n r e s t E C : T r e o t y R e f o r m s t o S p e e d

C h a n g e

At the CPC National Conference:

Deng Xiooping's Speech

Chen Yun's Speech

Chinese Athletes at Kobe Univer-siade

15 18

Snow's Star Still_Shines

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

BUSINESS ft TRADE

CULTURE ft SCIENCE

21

23

28-29

30-31

32-34 COVER: W a l k i n g t o w a r d s a p r o m i s i n g f u t u r e i n h i g h s p i r i t s .

P h o t o b y G e B o x u n

C P C P l a c e s Future in H a n d s of N e w G e n e r a t i o n

!n a bold m o v e , t h e C P C e l e c t e d 6 4 n e w a n d y o u n g e r m e m ­b e r s t o t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , w h i l e a l s o a p p r o v i n g p r o p o s a l s f o r m o d e r a t e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h f o r t h e S e v e n t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n p e r i o d ( p . 6 ) .

N e w Politburo a n d S e c r e t a r i a t M e m b e r s

T h e F i f t h P l e n a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 2 t h P a r t y C e n t r a l C o m ­m i t t e e e l e c t e d s i x n e w m e m b e r s t o t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u a n d f o r m e d a n 1 1 - m e m b e r S e c r e t a r i a t , w i t h s e v e r a l n e w f a c e s a d d e d ( p . 7 ) .

I m p o r t a n t S p e e c h e s a t t h e P a r t y C o n f e r e n c e

F u l l t e x t o f s p e e c h e s b y D e n g X i a o p i n g a n d C h e n Y u n d e l i v e r e d a t t h e n a t i o n a l P a r t y c o n f e r e n c e d e a l s w i t h s o m e o f t h e m a j o r i s s u e s o f t h e t i m e s ( p . 1 5 ) .

SEZs: Why a n E x p e r i m e n t

C h i n a ' s s p e c i a l e c o n o m i c z o n e s h a v e m a d e m u c h p r o g r e s s s i n c e t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t . B u t t h e y r e m a i n t e s t s i t e s f o r a m ­b i t i o u s r e f o r m s — e x p e r i m e n t s t h a t w i l l t a k e y e a r s t o c o m p l e t e . T h e i r r o l e as " l a b o r a t o r i e s " i n t h e s e s w e e p i n g s o c i a l a n d e c o ­n o m i c c h a n g e s i s c r u c i a l t o t h e n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e ( p . 4 ) .

4 0 t h UN Session Focuses World A t t e n t i o n

T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s m a r k s i t s 4 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y t h i s y e a r . T h e s e s s i o n w i l l a t t r a c t w o r l d w i d e a t t e n t i o n , t h o u g h s o l u t i o n s t o m a n y o f t h e i s s u e s b e f o r e i t w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d ( p . 1 1 ) .

A F i l m That S p a r k s P a t r i o t i s m

Four Generations Under One Roof, t h e T V s e r i e s b a s e d o n L a o S h e ' s n o v e l a b o u t o r d i n a r y B e i j i n g r e s i d e n t s ' e x p e r i e n c e s d u r i n g t h e W a r o f R e s i s t a n c e A g a i n s t J a p a n , w a s s h o w n n a ­t i o n w i d e f o r t h e s e c o n d t i m e i n A u g u s t . T h i s i s s u e ' s a r t i c l e t e l l s o f t h e " s e c r e t s " t o t h e f i l m ' s p o p u l a r i t y ( p . 3 2 ) .

P u b l i s h e d e v e r y M o n d a y b y D i s t r i b u t i o n a n d s u b s c r i p t i o n s h a n d l e d b y Sub«crlptlan prks* (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW China International Book Trading A . S M . O O U S A U S S 1 8 . 0 0 2 4 B a i w a n z h u a n g R o a d , B e i j i n g Corporation ( G U O J I S H U D I A N ) , N e w Z e a t o n d N Z . $ 1 8 . 0 0 UK ta.oo T h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a P . O . B o x 3 9 9 , B e i j i n g , C h i n a C a n a d a C a n . S I 5 . 0 0

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

SEZs: Why an

by W/UNIG DACHENG Economic Editor

In a meeting witii foreign guests, a Chinese government lead­er said, "The Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is an experiment." Immediately afterwards, some overseas news • agencies and newspapers commented that this meant the special zone is a failure. This, however, is groundless. Worries about the future of the SEZs are unnecessary.

Soon after China introduced its open policy, it established special economic zones at Shenzhen, Zhu-hai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian. Flexible and preferential policies have been adopted in these areas to attract foreign funds, advanced technology, equipment and man­agement expertise. These measures are an important policy-decision for promoting China's socialist modernization.

After the founding of the Soviet Union, Lenin said that a socialist country could use the funds and technologies of capital­ist countries. But there is no thesis in Marxist-Leninist literature about the special economic zones, which are mainly composed of joint ven­tures and foreign-owned enter­prises and have close ties with the international market. There is also no precedent for the SEZs in other socialist countries. The special economic zone, in short, is a Chinese creation. And because of this we have to experiment and constantly sum up our new-found knowledge in order to find ways to make the special zones a suc­cess. We have already accumulat­ed much valuable -experience in

Experiment the past five years. But the process is not complete and still must be developed in depth. It is in this sense that the special zones are still an experiment.

In other words, it will take much experimentation to decide whether advanced foreign things can be used in China. The special economic zones are ideal places for carrying out this experiment. Things that prove suitable can be spread to all parts of China, while those which prove otherwise will not have much negative effects on the whole situation because their in­fluence is limited within the SEZs.

In the past five years, the four SEZs have achieved much pro­gress. They also have some prob­lems; but generally speaking, they are developing healthily and their difficulties are being resolved. Among their main a'tainments:

• Large-scale capital construc­tion has been undertaken, their investment environment has im­proved, and industry has develop­ed rapidly. In Shenzhen for ex­ample, industrial output value in­creased from US$20 million in 1979 to US$600 million last year. In the first half of 1985, the figure topped US$400 million.

• By the end of last year, the four special zones had signed more than 4,700 agreements with for­eign businesses. A total of US$2 billion in foreign investment was involved, of which US$840 million has been used in the special eco­nomic zones. In the first half of this year, another 406 contracts were signed. Foreign investment amounted to US$390 million, of which US$160 million has been

used, showing a marked increase over the same period a year ago.

• Successes have been achieved in urban economic reforms, and some of this experience has been spread to other places in China.

• Living standards have gen­erally improved, society remains stable and the number of criminal cases has dropped.

When the special economic zones were established, the gov­ernment stressed that they should develop a foreign-oriented econo­my. This means they should main­ly be funded with foreign invest­ment, with attention focused on importing technology- and knowl­edge-intensive projects. Their prod­ucts are mainly to be sold abroad, and it is envisaged that exports will gradually make up 70 percent of the SEZs' total output value. A favourable balance of foreign exchange income and ex­penses must be achieved.

The special zones have taken the first step towards establishing a foreign-oriented economy. In the first half of this year, the in­dustrial output value of joint ven­tures, foreign businesses and co­operative enterprises in Shenzhen accounted for 56 percent of the city's total, up 120 percent over the same period last year. The city sold US$128 million worth of goods abroad. Exports rose from 20 percent in 1984 to more than 30 percent of its total sales vol­ume, and the figure will continue to grow if greater efforts are made.

Currently, some of the special zones have failed to balance their foreign exchange income and ex­penses. That balance has been

4 Beijing Review, No. 19

basically maintained in Shenzhen's foreign investment sector because most of its products are sold abroad. But problems arise from enterprises set up by Chinese min­istries, provinces and municipali­ties in the SEZ. These factories' products, however, are not com­petitive enough on the interna­tional market and a large portion of them is therefore sold at home. State foreign exchange subsidies are needed to prop the factories' operation. This problem has to be solved through fresh efforts.

At present. Renminbi, foreign exchange certificates and Hong­kong dollars are all used in the SEZs. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the problems caused by the multi­currency system there.

The general mood in the special economic zones is good, but there are also some malpractices, such as engaging in unlawful deals for ill-gotten profits, illegal trade in foreign currencies, and smuggling and trafficking in smuggled goods. These problems have aroused the authorities' attention and are being examined and tackled. From last November through March, the Shenzhen authorities checked more than 300 companies dealing in im­ports and exports. They found that 66 of which had violated China's foreign exchange control system. This practice has already been checked.

We are full of confidence that over the next few years we will gain more experience in running the special economic zones, and that they will play a great part in our country's construction.

L E T T E R S Exposing Superpowers'

Evil

I read Beijing Reviiew from end to end and appreciate your neutral position between the two super­powers. 1 feel China not only can make the United States and the Soviet Union maintain a military balance, but also can do a lot more. May 1 suggest that you try to ex­pose the sufferings they have caused us by their wrong doings. Because, it is they who are respon­sible for the clashes and sufferings in the third world. You could report about the source of the tense situations in the world, and the immoral role the two super­powers are playing.

1 feel your magazine does not give enough space to Africa. In order to attract more readers, you should write more about the daily life of your people. Some of my friends also read Beijing Review. They hope you will print more articles about Chinese wushu (mar­tial arts).

Ba Ousmane Bogue, Mauritania

In Praise of a Good Series

During the 40th anniversary of the victory of the anti-fascist war, Beijing Review published a series of articles, which helped us recall the immeasurable contributions the Chinese people and the CPC made in their struggle against one of the world's strongest fascist countries. It was very sensible to organize such a set of articles, which were all excellent and easy to read.

Please continue publishing the statistics of the economic develop­ment in China. It is easier to

understand than lengthy articles and speeches.

Boccon-Perroud Bernard Pantin, France

Criticisms and Suggestions

1 must say I value greatly being kept up-to-date with events and thought in modern China, for I foresee a great future for your people, especially since there has arisen a determination to seek justice for all your citizens.

However, to be frank, I consider your periodical does not do justice to your long-established culture, a culture renowned for its art and dignity. The recent colourful covers are a great improvement, but inside, the format does not gladden the eye, give a feeling of substance, rather does it give the impression of being down-at-heel!

In the latest issue the woodcut of "Trees ," and similar woodcuts or papercuts elsewhere, did give me real joy. Like many of your correspondents 1 do appreciate the articles at the back on modern Chi­nese art and the latest archaeolog­ical discoveries.

Equally I value the articles on all aspects of daily life in China today, such as "Peasants Turn to Science for Help ." It is good, too, to know what your young people do, think and enjoy.

Of course we do need to know what the government is doing and planning, and how the economy is faring; but statistics can be over­done, and many of these articles seem to come from sterile bureau­cratic pens, incapable of sorting out the significant from the in­significant.

Hugh Seeds Hastings, New Zealand

September 30. 1985 5

EVENTS AND TRENDS

Conference Puts Future Into Younger Hands 2 1 c o n f e r e n c e , g a v e m o r e t h a n

2 0 0 , 0 0 0 y o u n g e r , b e t t e r - e d u c a t e d p e o p l e l e a d e r s h i p r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a t a n d a b o v e t h e c o u n t y l e v e l .

T h i s o r d e r l y t r a n s f e r o f p o w e r t o a n e w g e n e r a t i o n o f o f f i c i a l s h a s " d o n e m u c h t o m a k e t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s b e t t e r a b l e t o m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f s o c i a l i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n , a n d t o g u a r a n t e e t h e c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e P a r t y ' s M a r x i s t p r i n c i p l e s a n d p o l i c i e s , " s a i d P a r t y G e n e r a l S e c ­r e t a r y H u Y a o b a n g a s h e o p e n e d t h e c o n f e r e n c e .

N o t a l l o f C h i n a ' s a g e d r e v o l u ­t i o n a r i e s h a v e s t e p p e d d o w n , h o w ­e v e r . T h e P a r t y h a s o p t e d t o k e e p s o m e o f i t s e l d e r s t a t e s m e n a t t h e h e l m o f i t s t o p p o l i c y - m a k i n g b o d i e s . D e n g X i a o p i n g , 8 1 , w i l l r e m a i n i n t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u a l o n g w i t h P r e s i d e n t L i X i a n n i a n , 7 6 , a n d C h e n Y u n , 8 1 , a c h i e f a r c h i t e c t o f C h i n a ' s e c o n o m i c r e ­f o r m s .

T h e c o n f e r e n c e w a s a l s o s o m e ­t h i n g o f a r a c e a g a i n s t t i m e . N o r m a l l y , i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r s a r e

h a n d l e d a t t h e N a t i o n a l P a r t y C o n ­g r e s s w h i c h c o n v e n e s e v e r y f i v e y e a r s . B u t t h e 1 3 t h P a r t y C o n ­g r e s s i s s t i l l t w o y e a r s a w a y . " W e c a n n o t a f f o r d t o w a i t t h a t l o n g , " s a i d Z h u M u z h i , a c o n f e r e n c e s p o k e s m a n . " T h e n e x t f e w y e a r s w i l l b e c r u c i a l t o C h i n a ' s e c o n o m ­i c r e j u v e n a t i o n i n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , a n d a r e t h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s a t t a i n ­i n g t h e g o a l s t h e P a r t y h a s s e t f o r t h e e n d o f t h e c e n t u r y . "

W h i l e t h e c o n f e r e n c e w a s a r ­r a n g i n g f u t u r e c h a n g e s , t h e r e h a v e b e e n n o c h a n g e s i n t h e P a r t y ' s p o l i c i e s o r a r e a s o f e m p h a s i s a s s o m e f o r e i g n p r e s s r e p o r t s h a v e s p e c u l a t e d . T h e r e s i g n a t i o n o f s o m e t o p m i l i t a r y l e a d e r s f r o m t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u , f o r e x a m p l e , w i l l n o t a f f e c t t h e r o l e o f t h e P e o p l e ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y . H o n g k o n g w i l l r e m a i n v i t a l t o t h e c o u n t r y ' s r e u n i f i c a t i o n e f f o r t s e v e n t h o u g h X u J i a t u n , t h e h i g h e s t - r a n k i n g P a r t y o f f i c i a l e v e r t o b e c o m e t h e X i n h u a N e w s A g e n c y ' s H o n g k o n g b u r e a u c h i e f , h a s q u i t h i s C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e p o s t t o t a k e u p m e m ­b e r s h i p o n t h e C e n t r a l A d v i s o r y C o m m i s s i o n .

T h e n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e o f t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y w a s t h e s c e n e o f a s p e c t a c u l a r t o p - e c h e l o n s h a k e u p t h i s m o n t h , w i t h 6 4 n e w l e a d e r s e l e c t e d t o p o s t s o n t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e — 2 9 a s f u l l m e m b e r s a n d 3 5 a s a l t e r n a t e s . T h e n e w m e m b e r s , w h o r e p l a c e d r e t i r ­i n g P a r t y v e t e r a n s , a v e r a g e 5 0 y e a r s o l d . S e v e n t y - s i x p e r c e n t a r e c o l l e g e e d u c a t e d . M o s t w e r e e a r l i e r e l e v a t e d t o h i g h P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t p o s i t i o n s a t t h e n a ­t i o n a l o r p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l a f t e r t h e 1 2 t h P a r t y C o n g r e s s o f 1 9 8 2 .

A n o t h e r 5 6 o f f i c i a l s j o i n e d t h e C e n t r a l A d v i s o r y C o m m i s s i o n , a n d 3 1 b e c a m e m e m b e r s o f t h e C e n ­t r a l C o m m i s s i o n f o r P a r t y D i s c i ­p l i n e I n s p e c t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e r e s i g n a t i o n o f 6 7 a g i n g f u n c t i o n ­a r i e s .

T h e r e s h u f f l e c o m e s a s t h e c o n ­c l u s i o n o f t w o p r e v i o u s r e f o r m m o v e s . O n e , i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 2 , e n d e d d e f a c t o l i f e t i m e t e n u r e s f o r P a r t y o f f i c i a l s b y e s t a b l i s h i n g a r e g u l a r r e t i r e m e n t s y s t e m . T h e o t h e r , c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e n i n e m o n t h s p r i o r t o t h e S e p t e m b e r 1 8 -

Hu Yaobang addresses the opening session

6

Zhao Ziyang explains proposals for drafting the Seventh FIve-Year Plan.

Li Xiannian delivers the closing speech.

B e i j i n g R e v i e w , N o . 5 9

New Faces in Party Leadership The major Party leadership reshuffle culminated in the

election of six new members to posts in the Political Bureau at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on September 24.

Elected as full members were Tian Jiyun, Qiao Shi, Li Peng, Wu Xueqian, Hu Qili and Yao Yilin, who replaced 10 veterans, Wang Zhen, Wei Guoqing, Ulanhu, Deng Yingchao (Mm. Zhou Enlai), Ye Jianying, Li Desheng, Song Renqiong, Zhang Tingfa, Nie Rongzhen and Xu Xiangqian. Political Bu­reau members remaining are Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian, Chen Yun, Wan Li, Xi Zhongxun, Fang Yi, Yang Shangkun, Yang Dezhi, Yu Qiuli, Hu Qiaomu, Ni Zhifu, Peng Zhen and the two alternate members Qin Jiwei and Chen Muhua.

The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau remains unchanged except for the resignation of Ye Jianying. The Standing Committee is thus composed of Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping, Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.

At the same time, Qiao Shi, Tian Jiyun, Li Peng, Hao Jianxiu and Wang Zhaoguo joined the Central Secretariat, while Xi Zhongxun, Gu Mu and Yao Yilin resigned from it. Secre­tariat members remaining are Hu Yaobang (general secretary), Hu Qili, Wan Li, Yu Qiuli, Chen Pixian and Deng Liqun.

According to a session communique, the reshuffle is in­tended to give new vigour to the Political Bureau and the Central Secretariat and will help further consolidate and devel­op the current excellent political and economic situation in China, as well as promote its overall reform and the socialist modernization drive.

With the leadership readjust­ment smoothly effected, the Party is now in a better position to meet the concrete challenges of eco­nomic reform. After six days of free and full debate, the confer­ence approved proposals for the Seventh Five-Year Plan (full text will be carried in BR, No. 40).

Before they were tabled, the proposals went through seven rounds of major amendments un­der the scrutiny of more than 1,000 economists and planners. The keynote: Pressing ahead with the current reform drive to lay 4 solid foundation for dynamic, ra­tional development. "Qnly when we remove all stumbling blocks to the growth of the country's productive forces and build up a new economic system full of vigour can we ensure sustained economic developments for years to come," said Zhu.

The suggested economic targets for the Seventh Five-Year Plan are ambitious, yet moderate enough to keep the economy on an even keel. China's gross na­tional product (GNP) will grow at an estimated annual rate of 7 percent, a pace that will allow it to hit 1,100 billion yuan by 1990.

It is believed that this and other realistic targets will help ar­rest the country's current runaway industrial expansion, ballooning capital construction investment and exploding consumer purchas­ing power, and channel its ener­gies into improving product quality and getting better econom­ic results. Balanced and systemat­ic economic development, said Chen Yun, "is the only way to achieve the highest possible growth rate."

Opening to the outside world will remain a basic state policy. The proposals stress the impor­tance of strengthening trade and other economic exchanges with foreign countries. They also call

for better handling of China's special economic zones and the 14 open cities and the three delta areas recently opened to foreign investment.

China's modernization drive, the Party conference warned, still faces formidable challenges. The country's huge population, weak economic foundation and low technological level all constrain the growth of its economy. A particular problem at present is overheated industrial growth. Industry grew by 14 percent in 1984 and 22.8 percent in the first six months of 1985.

One more problem is that, due to lack of attention on the part of the entire Party'membership, much remains to be done to build a so­cialist society advanced culturally and ideologically. As Deng Xiao­ping puts it, "Material progress will suffer delays and setbacks un­less we promote cultural and ideo­logical progress as well. We can never succeed in revolution and construction if we rely on material conditions alone."

Major efforts are needed to ad­dress these problems. But the new generation of younger, more competent officials, together

September 30. ]985 7

News in Brief

R o c k e t L a u n c h D a t e s F i x e d

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e X i n h u a N e w s A g e n c y . C h i n a w i l l l a u n c h a c a r r i e r r o c k e t t o a t a r g e t a r e a i n t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n w i t h a r a d i u s o f 3 5 n a u t i c a l m i l e s , c e n t r e d a t 2 8 d e g r e e s 1 3 m i n u t e s n o r t h l a t i t u d e a n d 1 2 ? d e g r e e s 5 3 m i n u t e s c a s t l o n g t i t u d e , b e ­t w e e n S c D t e m b e r 2 8 a n d O c ­t o b e r 1 8 .

I s l a m i c C e n t r e P l a n n e d

G r o u n d r e c e n t l y . ; . : w b r o k e n f ( ~ r a c e n t r e f o r C h i ­n a ' s I s l a m i c a c t i v i t i e s i n Y i n -c h u a n , c a p i t a l o f N i n g x i a H u i A u t o n o m c u s R e g i o n .

T h e N i n g x i - a I s l a m i c C u l ­t u r a l C e n t r e , w h i c h c o v e r s 1 5 h e c t a r e s , w i l l i n c l u d e a 2 , 5 0 0 - s c a t d o m e d m o s q u e , f l a n k e d b y t h r e e m i n a r e t s a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s . M o s t o f t h e c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t , e s t i ­m a t e d a t 2 0 m i l l i o n y u a n , w i l l b e c o v e r e d b y t h e s t a t e , w i t h s o m e m o n e y c o m i n g f r o m t h e r e g i o n a n d I s l a m i c c o u n t r i e s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

C h i n a B a n s B l o o d I m p o r t s

I n a n e f f o r t t o p r e v e n t t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f A I D S , o r A c ­q u i r e d I m m u n e D e f i c i e n c y S y n d r o m e , C h i n a h a s b a n n e d t h e i m p o r t o f a l l b l o o d p r o d u c t s e x c e p t a s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f h u m a n s e r u m a l b u m i n , a t y p e o f b l o o d w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t f u n c ­t i o n a l . c a p a c i t y f o r r e g u l a t i n g b l o o d f l o w .

T h e d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e r e c e n t l y b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c H e a l t h a n d t h e G e n e r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f C u s t o m s .

w i t h e c o n o m i c t a r g e t s s e t a t a s e n s i b l e l e v e l , a r e e x p e c t e d t o b r i n g s u s t a i n e d , s t e a d y d e v e l o p ­m e n t t o h e l p t h e c o u n t r y a t t a i n i t s g o a l s b y t h e e n d o f t h e c e n ­t u r y .

Guizhou Gets New Young Party Chief

C h i n a ' s b u r e a u c r a t i c r e f o r m d r i v e t o o k a g i a n t s t e p f o r w a r d t h i s s u m m e r w h e n r e m o t e G u i z h o u P r o v i n c e i n t h e s o u t h w e s t c a m e u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f H u J i n t a o — a t 4 2 , n o w t h e y o u n g e s t a m o n g t h e c o u n t r y ' s 2 9 p r o v i n c i a l P a r t y c o m m i t t e e s e c r e t a r i e s .

B o r n i n e a s t e r n A n h u i P r o v i n c e , H u g a i n e d a d e g r e e i n e n g i n e e r i n g f r o m Q i n g h u a U n i v e r s i t y i n 1 9 6 5 . H e l a t e r t o o k p a r t i n t h e c o n s t r u c ­t i o n o f t w o h y d r o e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n s o n t h e H u a n g h e ( Y e l l o w ) R i v e r w h i l e s e r v i n g a s d e p u t y d i r e c t o r o f G a n s u P r o v i n c e C a p i t a l C o n s t r u c t i o n C o m m i s s i o n a n d s e c r e t a r y o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l Y o u t h L e a g u e c o m m i t t e e . H e w a s n a m e d s e c r e t a r y o f t h e Y o u t h L e a g u e C e n ­t r a l C o m m i t t e e i n 1 9 8 2 .

O n h i s n e w a s s i g n m e n t i n G u i ­z h o u , H u s a i d : " E v e r s i n c e 1 c a m e h e r e 1 h a v e l i n k e d m y s e l f c l o s e l y w i t h t h e r e j u v e n a t i o n o f t h e p r o v ­i n c e , w i t h t h e d e s t i n y o f i t s 2 9 m i l ­l i o n p e o p l e . "

A f t e r a n 1 1 - d a y t o u r o f l o c a l p r e ­f e c t u r e s a n d c o u n t i e s , h e s a i d t h a i G u i z h o u h a s h i g h p r o m i s e s w i t h i t s r i c h n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , b e a u t i ­f u l l a n d s c a p e s a n d h a r d - w o r k i n g p e o p l e .

H i s e f f o r t s w i l l i n i t i a l l y f o c u s o n t h e c u r r e n t e c o n o m i c r e f o r m a n d g i v e f i r s t p r i o r i t y t o e d u c a t i o n , H u s a i d .

" I ' l l p a y m u c h a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s i n b u i l d i n g t h e p r o v i n c e a n d m u s t n o t m e ­c h a n i c a l l y f o l l o w t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f o t h e r s , " h e a d d e d .

H u J i n t a o w a s e l e c t e d o n e o f t h e 5 6 n e w l y e l e c t e d m e m b e r s o f t h e C h i n e s e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e a t t h e r e c e n t n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e .

R e s h u f f l e . C h i n a h a s c o m p l e t e d t h e r e a d j u s t m e n t o f l e a d i n g b o d i e s i n a l l 2 9 p r o v i n c e s , a u t o n o m o u s r e g i o n s a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , a c c o r d ­i n g t o t h e P a r t y ' s C e n t r a l C o m ­m i t t e e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l d e p a r t m e n t .

S o f a r , 1 2 6 y o u n g e r o f f i c i a l s h a v e b e e n p r o m o t e d t o P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t p o s t s a t t h e p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l s i n c e t h e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n s t a r t ­e d i n A p r i l 1 9 8 4 . A b o u t 9 0 p e r ­c e n t o f t h e s e o f f i c i a l s a r e u n d e r t h e a g e o f 5 5 , a n d 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e m a r e c o l l e g e - e d u c a t e d .

T h e a v e r a g e a g e o f p r o v i n c i a l P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t l e a d e r s h a s d r o p p e d f r o m 5 7 t o 5 3 . A b o u t 6 0 p e r c e n t a r e c o l l e g e e d u c a t e d , a g a i n s t 4 3 p e r c e n t p r e v i o u s l y .

" T h i s m a r k s a b i g s t e p f o r w a r d i n m a k i n g t h e l e a d i n g b o d i e s o f P a r t y c o m m i t t e e s a n d g o v e r n m e n t s a t t h i s l e v e l y o u n g e r , m o r e k n o w l ­e d g e a b l e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l l y c o m ­p e t e n t , " a s p o k e s m a n s a i d .

A l l p r o v i n c i a l , a u t o n o m o u s r e g i o n a l a n d m u n i c i p a l l e a d e r s a b o v e ( h e a g e o f 6 5 h a v e r e t i r e d e x c e p t f o u r , w h o w i l l s t a y o n with t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e .

Singapore Leader Visits Beijing

T h e r e a r e n o d i s p u t e s b e t w e e n S i n g a p o r e a n d C h i n a , S i n g ­a p o r e a n P r i m e M i n i s t e r L e e K u a n Y e w t o l d C h i n e s e P r e m i e r Z h a o Z i y a n g l a s t T h u r s d a y i n B e i j i n g .

" T h e p u r p o s e o f m y v i s i t t o C h i n a i s t o r e n e w f r i e n d s h i p w i t h C h i n e s e l e a d e r s a n d t o s e a r c h o u t n e w w a y s f o r e x p a n d ­i n g e c o n o m i c c o n t a c t s , " h e a d d e d .

D u r i n g t h e i r m e e t i n g i n B e i -

8 Beijing Review, No. 59

jing, the two prime ministers discussed the development of bilateral economic relations.

Zhao said that, in addition to their trade, economic and tech­nological ties, China and Singa­pore would also explore other areas of co-operation. Exchanges of personnel were one way to learn from each other's ex­perience, he added.

Lee praised China's achieve­ments of the past few years, and made suggestions for future work. "According to the Singa­porean experience, the mental outlook and working attitude of managers and workers are very important," he said.

During his three-day visit to Beijing, Lee also met Chinese leaders including Deng Xiaoping and President Li Xiannian.

TV Satellites Now Hit Outback Chiiia

Residents of Lhasa, one of Chi­na's remotest cities, now watch pro­

grammes transmitted by Central Television (CCTV) at the same time as viewers in Beijing, thanks to the wonders of modern tech­nology — a new satellite ground station which went into operation this month.

The station is one of 53 recently installed in 16 provinces and au­tonomous regions including Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Guizhou and Shaanxi.

Moi-e than 1,000 satellite receiv­ing stations will be built nation­wide in the next two years.

An agreement between the Chi­nese Ministry of Posts and Tele­communications and the Interna­tional Telecommunications Sat­ellite Organization allows China to use satellites orbiting over the Indian Ocean for three months free of charge. CCTV will begin pay­ing user's fees of USS1.6 million a year in November.

All the equipment in the re­ceiving stations was designed and produced in China by an institute under the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.

China plans to buy two foreign-made telecommunications satellites to be launched in early 1987. By the end of that year, the country will also orbit the first home-made TV satellite, with which CCTV will stretch its broadcast time by more than eight-fold to 172 hours a week and its programmes will be received in 64 percent of the coun­try, up from 30 percent today.

China currently has only one experimental telecommunications satellite in orbit. Several years are needed before it can be ap­plied to general purposes.

According to Li Yuan, director of a Shanghai research centre under the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, China will have to build 30,000 receiving stations to make CCTV available to 95 percent of its total land area.

Progress Made In Medicine

Significant progress has been made in Chinese medicine as a result of the co-ordinated efforts of the medical workers throughout the country, according to Chen Minzhang, vice-minister of public health.

At a national conference held recently on scientific and technolo­gical work in medicine and health, Chen said that for many years Chi­nese medical scientists have chosen as their major research projects the prevention and treatment of diseases that seriously threaten the people's health.

Chen said a number of important achievements have been made in epidemiology, pathology, early diagnosis and comprehensive treat­ment as a result of this concen­trated effort.

Recently, researchers have finish­ed investigating the number of deaths from malignant tumours

r i. ® Kashi K ®

\ Lhosc ® ® ® 11

^ ® Satellite • * v j stations now in

operation

Dali 15

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9 » , ®

1. Heilongjiang Province; 2. Jilin Province; 3, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; 4. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; 5. Gansg Province; 6. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; 7. Stiandong Province; 8. Shaanxi Province; 9. Qinghai Province; 10. Tibet Autonomous Region; 1 1. Sichuan Province; 1 2. Jiangxi Province; 1 3. Hunan Province;

1 4. Guizhou Province; 1 5. Yunnan Province; 1 6. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

September 50, 1985 9

o v e r a p e r i o d o f , t h r e e y e a r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y . U s i n g f i v e y e a r s a s t h e s t a n d a r d p e r i o d , t h e y f o u n d t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e f o r l i v e r c a n c e r h a s r e a c h e d 7 2 p e r c e n t ; f o r e s o p h a g u s a n d s t o m a c h c a n c e r , 4 0 p e r c e n t a n d 3 0 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e ­l y . A m o n g t h e s e d i s e a s e s , i f d i s ­c o v e r e d i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s , t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e c a n r e a c h a r o u n d 9 0 p e r c e n t o n t h e a v e r a g e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s . T h e s e f i g u r e s a r e n e a r o r u p t o t h e a d ­v a n c e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f m a l i g n a n t t u m o u r s .

I n c a r d i o v a c u l a r d i s e a s e s , C h i n a h a s a l s o m a d e p r o g r e s s i n r e c e n t y e a r s i n t h e s t u d y o f r e s c u i n g , n u r s i n g a n d t r e a t i n g o f a c u t e m y o ­c a r d i a l i n f a r c t i o n o r h e a r t a t t a c k v i c t i m s . T h e d e a t h r a t e o f i n p a ­t i e n t s i n a c u t e s t a g e s h a s d r o p p e d f r o m 4 0 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s t o t h e p r e s e n t 1 0 p e r c e n t . T h e c u r e r a t e o f l u n g - h e a r t d i s e a s e , w h i c h i s v e r y c o m m o n i n s o m e a r e a s i n C h i n a , h a s r i s e n r e m a r k a b l y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t a ­t i s t i c s i n B e i j i n g , d e a t h r a t e f o r l u n g - h e a r t d i s e a s e s u f f e r e r s h a s d r o p p e d f r o m 3 1 . 7 p e r c e n t r e c o r d ­e d b e f o r e 1 9 7 3 t o t o d a y ' s 1 4 . 6 p e r c e n t .

S u p e r v i s i o n a n d s u r v e y o f t h e s e a n d o t h e r d i s e a s e s i s b e i n g i n t r o ­d u c e d a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y . D a t a o n l i f e e x p e c t a n c y , h e a l t h o r g a n i z a ­t i o n s , e p i d e m i c s , i m m u n i t y p r o ­g r a m m e s a n d t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f p a t h o g e n s h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d . S o f a r 4 0 s u p e r v i s i o n p o i n t s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 6 p r o v i n c e s a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , c o v e r i n g a p o p u l a t i o n o f 5 m i l l i o n .

S y s t e m a t i c a n d p e r s i s t e n t r e ­s e a r c h h a s b e e n m a d e i n t h e p r e ­v e n t i o n a n d c u r i n g o f s c h i s t o ­s o m i a s i s , m a l a r i a a n d f i l a r i a s i s , V i c e - M i n i s t e r C h e n s a i d . T h e n u m ­b e r o f e p i d e m i c a r e a s h a s b e e n r e d u c e d m a r k e d l y a n d t h e n u m b e r o f s u f f e r e r s h a s d r o p p e d c o n ­s i d e r a b l y .

W h i l e c o n f i r m i n g t h e a c h i e v e ­m e n t s , C h e n s a i d t h e c u r r e n t a n d m o s t a r d u o u s t a s k f o r C h i n e s e m e d i c a l w o r k e r s i s t o a p p l y a n d p o p u l a r i z e t h e t e c h n i q u e s t h e y h a v e m a s t e r e d i n t h e p r e v e n t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t o f d i s e a s e s . B o t h c e n t r a l a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l d e a r m a r k s p e c i a l f u n d s t o s u p p o r t t h e e x c h a n g e a n d s p r e a d o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c a c h i e v e m e n t s t h a t h a v e p r o v e d t o b e e f f i c i e n t .

A l t h o u g h t r a d i t i o n a l d i s e a s e s s u c h a s s c h i s t o s o m i a s i s , m a l a r i a , f i l a r i a s i s , t u b e r c u l o s i s a n d h e p a t i t i s h a v e d r o p p e d c o n s i d e r a b l y d u e t o l o n g y e a r s o f e f f o r t s , h e a r t d i s e a s e s , c e r e b r a l d i s e a s e s a n d m a l i g n a n t t u ­m o u r s s e e m t o b e r i s i n g i n C h i n a . S t a t i s t i c s f r o m l a s t M a y s h o w e d t h a t t h e s e d i s e a s e s a r e t h e t o p t h r e e k i l l e r s i n C h i n a . T h e t h r e e w e r e t h e f i f t h , s i x t h a n d s e v e n t h i n 1 9 5 7 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A 1 9 8 3 s u r v e y o f 2 8 c i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g B e i j i n g a n d S h a n g ­h a i , s h o w e d t h a t 2 1 . 4 p e r c e n t o f t h e p e o p l e d i e d o f h e a r t d i s e a s e s ; 2 1 . 3 p e r c e n t f r o m c e r e b r a l d i s e a s e s a n d 2 0 . 5 p e r c e n t f r o m m a l i g n a n t t u m o u r s .

I n S h a n g h a i , c a n c e r h a s b e c o m e t h e N o . l k i l l e r , c l o s e l y f o l l o w e d b y h e a r t d i s e a s e , a c c o r d i n g t o r e ­c e n t s t a t i s t i c s f r o m t h e S h a n g h a i T u m o u r R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e . A t p r e s e n t 2 6 p e r c e n t o f a l l d e a t h s i n t h e c i t y a r e c a u s e d b y c a n c e r . I t s a n n u a l i n c i d e n c e s i n c e t h e 1 9 8 0 s h a s b e e n a r o u n d 1 4 , 0 0 0 , o f w h i c h a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 c a s e s a r e f a t a l . A m o n g t h e c a n c e r s t h e m o s t f a t a l a r e s t o m a c h , l u n g a n d l i v e r c a n c e r s . A r o u n d 5 5 i n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 m e n a n d 2 3 i n t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f w o m e n a r e d i a g n o s e d w i t h s t o m a c h c a n c e r e a c h y e a r .

T h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s h a s b e e n a t t r i b u t e d l a r g e l y t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s a n d i m p r o p e r d i e t h a b i t , t h e w o r ­s e n i n g o f i n d u s t r i a l p o l l u t i o n a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g t e n s i o n o f m o d e r n l i f e .

C h i n a & t h e W o r l d Stno-|apanese Trade S e e k i n g B a l a n c e

B a l a n c e h n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e f u r t h e r d c v e l o p m e n i o f t r a d e b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d J a p a n , s a i d D e n g X i a o p i n g , a t a m e e t i n g w i t h a J a p a ­n e s e .

D e n g t o l d t h e d e l e g a t i o n l e d b y Y o s h i h i i o I n a y a m a t h a t in t r a d i n g w i t h C h i ­n a , J a p a n e s e e n t r e p r e n e u r s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e e n t r a n c e o f C h i n e s e c o m m o d i t i e s i n t o J a p a n e s e a n d ' i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s a l o n g w i t h Japan ' s e x p o r t s t o C h i n a . D e n g s a i d t h a t o n l y w i t h a b e t t e r t r a d e Dalancc c o u l d a b r i g h t f u t u r e

f o r t h e e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s b e e n s u r e d .

Madrid, Beijing Foster Ties

O f f i c i a l s f r o m B e i j i n g a n d M a d r i d s i g n e d a n a c c o r d i n S e p t e m b e r p r o n o u n c i n g t h e t w o c a p i t a l s " s i s t e r c i t i e s , "

T h e a g r e e m e n t , s i g n e d i n M a d r i d o n S e p t e m b e r l b , m a r k s a n e w s t a g e in t h e f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c i t i e s and p r o v i d e s f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r S i n o - S p : n i s h c o - o p e r a t i o n i n e c o n o m y . t r a d e , s c i e n c e , t e c h n o l o g y , c u l t u r e , e d u c a ­t i o n a n d u r b a n c o n s t r u c t i o n .

Korea: foinl O l y m p i c Spon­sorship Urged

Z h o n g S h i t o n g , c h a i r m a n o f the C h i n e s e O l y m p i c s C o m m i t t e e , r e c e n t l y w r o t e t o C h a i r m a n o f t h e i n t e r n a -t j o n a l O l y m p i c s C o m m i t t e e J u a n A n t o n i o S a m a r a n c h u r g i n g h i m t o h e l p ' N o r t h a n d S o u ' h K o r e a r e a c h a n a g r e e m e n t o n j o i n t l y s p o n ­s o r i n g t h e 2 4 t h O l y m p i c G a m e s d u e t o "oe h e l d i n K o ­r e a i n 1 9 8 8 ,

10 Beijing Review, No. 59

INTERNATIONAL

United Nations

Session Becomes World Focus ;T4ie 40th session of the UN General Assembly will be­come the focus of world attention with scores of world teaders arriving in New Yorl( to speak on international Jl^airs.

Jn CHEN YICUN The 40th session of the United

-Nations General Assembly open­ed on September 17 and will cHmax between October 21 and 24, a period specially set to cele­brate the 40th anniversary of the

liounding of the world body. Over the past 40 years, the

.\World situation has changed much. iThe global colonial system has dis-:iintegrated. Founded by 51 coun-'vtries, the UN now has 159 mem-! bers, two thirds of them from the developing world. The rise of the third world has given the UN a new look.

But due to the arms race and competition between the two super­powers, the session will be marked by calls for arms reduction, and this issue will likely dominate many speeches and motions.

Heads of state or government fcpm 86 countries and special en­voys from 18 more are set to ad­dress the assembly.

A declaration will be adopted on October 24 to reaffirm the aims and principles of the United Na­tions Charter and call for disarma­ment, the maintenance of world peace and closer international eco-non^c co-operation. Meanwhile, the : assembly will also declare 1986 "International Peace Year"

in an effort to mobilize people of all nations to urge arms reduction and the prevention of nuclear war.

On September 26, the Security Council will hold a foreign minis­ters ' meeting on ways to bolster the council's role in anticipating or checking aggression and preserv­ing world peace.

According to an interim agenda, 147 motions will be submitted for discussion, many of them related to disarmament and security. Al­ready, 150 representatives, includ­ing 13 heads of state, are listed as participants in the 3-week general debate.

It is supposed that the coming Soviet-US summit will also touch

on the issue of disarmament. But UN sources say it will be difficult to reach substantive agreement since both sides have been taking a tough line on the issue. This will also be true for the UN as­sembly.

South Africa, already condemned worldwide for its apartheid sys­tem and the suppression of its black citizens, will come under further attack in the UN session. The call for sanction against Pre­toria will be clearer than ever be­fore. Some officials point out that this year marks the 25th anniver­sary of the UN declaration giving colonial nations and people their independence. The Namibia inde­pendence plan was also been pass­ed by the UN seven years ago, but Namibia is still ruled by South Africa. This aspect of the South African problem is also expected to be given much attention.

At previous sessions, most UN members have demanded the with­drawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and a Vietnamese pull-out from Kampuchea. The two countries have turned a deaf ear to these demands, and will again

September 30, 1985 11

c o m e u n d e r f i r e a t t h e n e w ses­s i o n .

T h e i s s u e o f t h e M i d d l e E a s t w i l l b e a g a i n r a i s e d , b u t n o p r o g r e s s i s e x p e c t e d a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e ­f u s e d t o a b a n d o n i t s p r o - I s r a e l i p o l i c i e s .

T h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y w i l l b e a n o t h e r m a j o r i s s u e f o r d i s c u s s i o n . T h e t h i r d w o r l d c o u n t r i e s w i l l ap ­p e a l t o t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u ­n i t y t o s e t u p a n e w e c o n o m i c o r d e r , e l i m i n a t e t r a d e b a r r i e r s a n d s o l v e t h e d e b t p r o b l e m .

T h e I r a n - I r a q w a r , C y p r u s a n d C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n i s s u e s w i l l a l s o b e b r o u g h t u p a t t h e a s s e m b l y .

Northern Africa

b y R E N W E N H U I

L I B Y A ' S r e l a t i o n s w i t h i t s n e i g h b o u r s i n n o r t h e r n

A f r i c a , e s p e c i a l l y T u n i s i a , h a v e r e c e n t l y d e t e r i o r a t e d b e c a u s e o f i t s e x p u l s i o n o f f o r e i g n w o r k e r s . T h e s i t u a t i o n , t h o u g h n o t g e t e x ­p l o s i v e , i s g e t t i n g t e n s e .

L i b y a , o n e o f t h e c o n t i n e n t ' s m a j o r o i l p r o d u c e r s , h a s a p o p u ­l a t i o n o f o n l y 3 . 2 m i l l i o n . A s i t s o i l i n c o m e i n c r e a s e d , i t i m p o r t e d l a b o u r t o c o m p l e t e t h e l a r g e n u m ­b e r o f c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s m o u n t e d b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t . I n b o o m t i m e s , t h e c o u n t r y e m p l o y e d as m a n y as 1 m i l l i o n f o r e i g n w o r k ­e r s t o m e e t i t s m a n p o w e r n e e d s . I m m i g r a n t s p o u r e d i n f r o m E g y p t , T u n i s i a , M a l i , M a u r i t a n i a , N i g e r , A l g e r i a a n d T u r k e y . W h e n t h e e x ­p u l s i o n s b e g a n i n e a r l y A u g u s t ,

D u r i n g t h e i r s t a y i n N e w Y o r k , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e a d e r s w i l l h o l d p r i v a t e m e e t i n g s a n d e x c h a n g e v i e w s o n i s s u e s o f m u t u a l i n t e r e s t . T h i s , p u n d i t s s a y , w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o p r o m o t i n g b i l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s a n d s o l v i n g d i s p u t e s .

A l t h o u g h t h e s u p e r p o w e r s c a n n o l o n g e r c a l l t h e t u n e a t t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , t h e i r i n f l u e n c e s h o u l d n o t b e u n d e r ­e s t i m a t e d . A s l o n g a s t h e y o p ­p o s e s o l u t i o n s t o s o m e i m p o r t a n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s s u e s , o b s e r v e r s n o t e , t h e p o w e r o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s t o s e t t l e t h e s e p r o b l e m s r e m a i n s l i m i t e d .

t h e r e w e r e a b o u t 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 E g y p ­t i a n s a n d 9 2 , 0 0 0 T u n i s i a n s i n L i b y a .

W i t h i n a m o n t h m o r e t h a n 4 0 , 0 0 0 o f t h e m h a d b e e n d e p o r t e d . M o s t w e r e T u n i s i a n s , a n e s t i m a t e d 2 8 , 0 0 0 o f w h o m w e r e s e n t h o m e . S o m e 6 , 0 0 0 E g y p t i a n s w e r e a l s o s e n t p a c k i n g . A c c o r d i n g t o T u n i ­s i a n p r e s s r e p o r t s , m a n y o f t h e d e p o r t e e s l o s t p r o p e r t y , p a s s p o r t s a n d m o n e y i n b o r d e r c o n f i s c a t i o n s b y L i b y a n o f f i c i a l s .

T h e L i b y a n a u t h o r i t i e s s a i d t h e m o v e w a s m a d e n e c e s s a r y b y f a l l ­i n g o i l i n c o m e . M a n y c o n s t r u c ­t i o n p r o j e c t s h a d b e e n c a n c e l l e d , w h i l e a n u m b e r o f o t h e r s w e r e n o w c o m p l e t e d , t h e y a d d e d .

I n f a c t , L i b y a ' s o i l o u t p u t h a s d w i n d l e d t o a b o u t 4 5 m i l l i o n t o n s a y e a r f r o m i t s 1 9 7 9 h i g h o f 1 0 0

m i l l i o n t o n s d u e t o a g l u t o n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t . T h i s y e a r L i b y a w i l l e a r n U S $ 8 b i l l i o n f r o m o i l p r o d u c t i o n , d o w n f r o m U S $ 2 3 b i l l i o n i n 1 9 8 0 .

H o w e v e r , L i b y a n l e a d e r M u a m -m a r G a d d a f i c l a i m e d t h a t t h e e x ­p u l s i o n s w e r e c a u s e d n o t b y e c o ­n o m i c p r e s s u r e , b u t b y a p o l i t i c a l d e c i s i o n . T h e f o r e i g n e r s w e r e n o t s k i l l e d w o r k e r s , h e s a i d , a n d c o u l d e a s i l y b e r e p l a c e d w i t h L i b y a n l a ­b o u r . H e a l s o c r i t i c i z e d E g y p t f o r i t s p o l i c i e s t o w a r d s t h e A r a b -I s r a e l i c o n f l i c t , a n d t h e m a s s i n g o f E g y p t i a n t r o o p s o n t h e L i b y a n b o r d e r . L i b y a c o u l d n o t a l l o w m o n e y e a r n e d w i t h i n i t s b o r d e r s t o b e u s e d f o r s u p p o r t i n g E g y p t i a n p o l i c y , G a d d a f i s a i d .

F o l l o w i n g t h e L i b y a n e x p u l ­s i o n s , T u n i s i a i n t u r n d e p o r t e d 2 8 3 L i b y a n s , i n c l u d i n g 3 0 d i p l o m a t s , f o r s p y i n g a n d i n c i t i n g t e r r o r i s m a n d s a b o t a g e . T h e T u n i s i a n a u t h o r i t i e s a l s o r e i n s t a t e d t h e u s e o f v i s a s b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s a n d c l o s e d d o w n a L i b ­y a n c u l t u r a l c e n t r e i n T u n i s .

I n r e t a l i a t i o n , L i b y a a b r o g a t e d a l l i t s a g r e e m e n t s w i t h T u n i s i a a n d c u t o f f t r a d e t i e s . L i b y a n m i l i t a r y p l a n e s i n t r u d e d i n t o T u n i s i a n a i r s p a c e t w i c e i n A u g u s t , a n d t r o o p s f r o m b o t h s i d e s a r e a s s e m b l i n g a l o n g t h e i r b o r d e r .

W i t h t h e c r i s i s e s c a l a t i n g , A l ­g e r i a n P r e s i d e n t C h a d l i B e n d j e d i d m a d e a b r i e f s u r p r i s e v i s i t t o T u ­n i s i a o n S e p t e m b e r 2 , i n w h i c h h e a s s u r e d T u n i s i a n P r e s i d e n t H a b i b B o u r g u i b a o f A l g e r i a ' s a s s i s t a n c e . O n S e p t e m b e r 3 , E g y p t i a n P r e s i ­d e n t H o s n i M u b a r a k w a r n e d L i b y a n o t t o u s e f o r c e a g a i n s t i t s n e i g h ­b o u r s . O t h e r A r a b s t a t e s i n c l u d ­i n g I r a q a n d J o r d a n a l s o e x p r e s s e d t h e i r s u p p o r t f o r T u n i s i a . T u n i s i a n P r i m e M i n i s t e r M o h a m e d M z a l i d e c l a r e d o n S e p t e m b e r 4 t h a t a l l T u n i s i a n w o r k e r s a n d t e c h n i c i a n s i n L i b y a w o u l d b e r e p a t r i a t e d .

A c c o r d i n g t o o b s e r v e r s , A l ­g e r i a ' s m o v e t o w a r d s c l o s e r t i e s

Expulsions Create New Tension Libya's expulsions of foreign labourers have increased tension in an already volatile region. But although the crisis continues, a showdown seems Improbable.

12 B e i j i n g Review, N o . 3 9

with those opposed to Libya is Africa. As far as the Algerians aimed at offsetting Libya's alliance are concerned, they add, the with Morocco and redistributing Libyan expulsions were engineered the balance of power in northern by the Tripoli-Rabat axis.

M i d d l e East

Arab Nations Set to Solve Disputes With the help of an Arab reconciliation commission, Sy­ria, Jordan and Iraq have made new contacts to improve their relations and strengthen unity in the Islamic world.

by CHEN JICHANG and ZHOU GUOMING

SEPTEMBER may prove an im­portant month in Arab history.

During that time, Syria, Jordan and Iraq began contacting each other, directly or indirectly, in an effort to resolve their long-stand­ing disputes and feuds. Officials of an Arab reconciliation commis­sion visited the three countries from September 10-13. The Jordanian minister of transport then journeyed to Syria, and the prime ministers of Syria and Jordan met for the first time in seven years in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia. These diplomatic ex­changes served to improve not only their relations, but the general political climate in the Arab world.

Syria has long-standing disputes with Jordan and Iraq on a number of issues. Amman, with the sup­port of Iraq, holds that the Jordan-Palestine joint agreement provides a basis on which to seek a fair solution to the Middle East question. Damascus, on the other hand, denounces this as a betrayal of the national rights of the Palestinians and has boycotted the Middle East peace talks together with the opposition faction in the Palestine Liberation Organization. On the Iran-Iraq war, Syria sides with Teheran, while Jordan sup­ports Baghdad. When Jordan restored diplomatic ties with Egypt last September, the move was described by Syria as a violation of Arab summit conference resolu­

tions. Damascus also resents Iraq, which maintains substantial bilateral ties with Cairo, although they have no formal diplomatic relations.

These disputes led Damascus to boycott tlie Extraordinary Arab Summit Conference held last month in Morocco and seriously undermined Arab unity. In view of this, the summit decided to set up a reconciliation commission composed of Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and the Arab League to mediate

Britain

by LI YUNFEI

EARLY this month, British Prime Minister Margaret

Thatcher announced a major cab­inet shakeup: Lord Young was ap­pointed Secretary of State for Em­ployment, Leon Brittan was designated Secretary of State for Trade and Industry and Kenneth Clarke was given the post of Paymaster General as well as the Lower House's spokesman for the Department of Employment. This is the biggest cabinet reshuffle since Thatcher came to power in 1979, and it is aimed, as stated by the prime minister, to tackle

between Syria, Jordan and Iraq. It seems that the commission has achieved some initial successes.

Saudi Arabia played the key role in the effort. It has maintained good relations with all three quarreling countries and has given them financial aid, making it an influential arbitrator. Riyad, which made important contributions fo the convocation of the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez, Morocco, is now working hard to harmonize Arab relations and pave the way for the twice-postponed 13th summit it will host in November. However, the reconciliation drive still requires sustained efforts by all the Arab nations, Middle East observers note. This is not an easy task, they say, because of the com­plexity of Arab affairs and outside interference. But it is not an im­possible task, either. For, as Saudi Crown Prince Abdul Aziz said, "The links between Arab nations based on brotherhood are much stronger than their differences."

Britain's record unemployment in time for the next general election.

Unemployment is Britain's most severe economic headache. The number of jobless has risen con­tinuously for the past six years — from 1.4 million in 1979 to today's 3.2 million, or 13.4 percent, the highest of any Western industrial country. This stunning rate is at­tributed, first, to the decline of traditional industries, which results in factory closures and the dis­missal of large numbers of work­ers.

Second, the application of new industrial techniques and modern management methods, though help-

Unemployment Causes Social Unrest Britain's unemployment, still high in spite of the country's economic progress, has led to a major cabinet shakeup and social unrest.

September 30, 1985 15

f u l i n e n h a n c i n g w o r k e f f i c i e n c y a n d b o o s t i n g p r o d u c t q u a l i t y , h a s d e p r i v e d m a n y o f t h e i r j o b s . E a c h y e a r s i n c e 1 9 8 3 , a b o u t 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 m o r e p e o p l e h a v e b e e n t h r o n g i n g l a b o u r e x c h a n g e s t o l o o k f o r j o b s .

I n B r i t a i n t o d a y , u n e m p l o y m e n t i s a l s o a s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l p r o b ­l e m . L a s t y e a r , t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s c l o s e d o w n o f s o m e o f t h e u n p r o ­f i t a b l e c o a l p i t s p r o m p t e d t h e l a r g e s t s t r i k e i n B r i t i s h l a b o u r h i s t o r y . T h e s a m e y e a r , a n o t h e r t h r e a t e n i n g s t r i k e l o o m e d w h e n t h e r a i l r o a d d e p a r t m e n t a n n o u n c e d p l a n s t o a b o l i s h t h e j o b s o f a t ­t e n d a n t s o n i t s t r a i n . T h i s y e a r , a l a b o u r - m a n a g e m e n t d i s p u t e b e ­t w e e n t h e M i r r o r O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d i t s w o r k e r s l e d t o a t e m p o r a r y h a l t o f a l l o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s p u b l i ­c a t i o n s . T h e r e a s o n w a s t h a t p r i n t w o r k e r s o p p o s e d t h e a d o p t i o n o f e l e c t r o n i c c o m p o s i n g t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h r o w n t h e m o u t o f w o r k . T h e r e c e n t r i o t s i n B i r m i n g h a m , o p p o s i t i o n l e a d e r s s a y , w a s r e l a t e d t o u n e m p l o y m e n t . A b o u t 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e b l a c k y o u t h s i n t h a t a r e a a r e j o b l e s s .

T h a t c h e r g o v e r n m e n t ' s m o n e t ­a r y p o l i c i e s h a v e y i e l d e d i n s p i r i n g a c h i e v e m e n t s i n t h e p a s t s i x y e a r s . I n f l a t i o n h a s b e e n r e d u c e d a n d t h e d o m e s t i c e c o n o m y h a s m a d e a s t r o n g r e c o v e r y . S i n c e 1 9 8 1 , B r i ­t a i n ' s g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t h a s b e e n r i s i n g a t a n a v e r a g e o f 3 p e r ­c e n t a n n u a l l y , w h i l e i n l f e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e h a s s e e n s u c c e s s i v e s u r p l u s e s . T h e s e t r e n d s a r e c o n t i n u i n g t h i s y e a r , a s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e c o u n t r y ' s 5 . 5 p e r c e n t i n ­c r e a s e i n f i x e d a s s e t i n v e s t m e n t a n d 9 p e r c e n t r i s e i n e x p o r t s . I t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t B r i t a i n ' s e c o ­n o m i c i n c r e a s e r a t e w i l l b e 3 . 5 p e r c e n t t h i s y e a r .

H o w e v e r , w h i l e t h e s e e c o n o m i c g a i n s w i n v o t e r s ' f a v o u r f o r t h e r u l i n g p a r t y , u n e m p l o y m e n t w i l l d e c r e a s e i t s p o p u l a r i t y . A r e c e n t p u b l i c o p i n i o n p o l l s h o w e d t h a t a b o u t 8 0 p e r c e n t o f a l l B r i t o n s r e g a r d u n e m p l o y m e n t a s t h e i r c o u n t r y ' s b i g g e s t p r o b l e m . I f t h e

r u l i n g C o n s e r v a t i v e P a r t y f a i l s t o c r e a t e m o r e j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s , i t w i l l i n e v i t a b l y l o s e v o t e s i n t h e c o m i n g g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n .

T h o u g h i t s p r e s e n t p o l i c y r e ­m a i n s u n c h a n g e d , t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s p r o m i s e d t o e x p a n d y o u t h v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s .

by WEiWEI

T H E E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y ( E C ) h e l d i t s f i r s t r o u n d o f t a l k s i n

L u x e m b o u r g o n S e p t e m b e r 9 t o w o r k o u t d r a f t a m e n d m e n t s t o t h e T r e a t y o f R o m e .

T h e m o v e w a s m a n d a t e d b y t h e J u n e E C M i l a n s u m m i t . T h a t s u m ­m i t m e e t i n g b r o k e t h e p r i n c i p l e o f c o n s e n s u s t h r o u g h c o n s u l t a t i o n a n d a d o p t e d b y a v o t e a r e s o l u t i o n a m e n d i n g t h e t r e a t y , w h i c h f u n c ­t i o n s a s t h e E C ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n . O n ­l y B r i t a i n , G r e e c e a n d D e n m a r k v o t e d a g a i n s t t h e m e a s u r e . I t a l s o d e c i d e d t o h o l d a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e m e e t i n g i n m i d - O c t o b e r t o d i s c u s s c o n c r e t e c h a n g e s .

T h e R o m e T r e a t y w a s s i g n e d i n M a r c h 1 9 5 7 , o n t h e e v e o f t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e E C . I n t h e p a s t 2 8 y e a r s , t h e E C ' s m e m b e r s h i p h a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m s i x n a t i o n s t o t e n , a n d w i l l f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e t o 1 2 o n J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 8 6 . T h e w o r l d s i t u a t i o n h a s a l s o c h a n g e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . T h e t r e a t y ' s l i m i t a ­t i o n s h a v e b e c o m e o b v i o u s , a n d t h e n e e d f o r a m e n d m e n t s i s u r g e n t , a c c o r d i n g t o E C o f f i c i a l s . I t i s r e ­p o r t e d t h a t P r e s i d e n t o f t h e E u r o ­p e a n C o m m i s s i o n , J a c q u e s D e l o r s , w i l l a l s o p u t f o r w a r d p r o p o s a l s i n c l u d i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a u n i f i e d i n t e r n a l rtiarket a n d m o n e t ­a r y s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , t h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n f a c i n g t h e d r a f t i n g c o m ­m i t t e e s w i l l b e t h e r e f o r m o f t h e E C ' s d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s .

e n c o u r a g e l o c a l w e l f a r e p r o j e c t s a n d d e v e l o p s m a l l e r b u s i n e s s e s t o h a l t t h e r i s e o f u n e m p l o y m e n t . N o o n e c a n p r e d i c t w h e t h e r t h e T h a t ­c h e r g o v e r n m e n t w i l l b e a b l e t o h a r v e s t t h e f r u i t o f t h e s e e f f o r t s b y 1 9 8 8 , w h e n t h e e l e c t i o n i s s c h e d u l e d .

i n c l u d i n g w h e t h e r t o c o n t i n u e t h e n e e d f o r u n a n i m o u s a g r e e m e n t o r m a j o r i t y v o t e i n t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s .

O r i g i n a l l y , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e R o m e T r e a t y , t h e C o u n c i l ' s d e c i ­s i o n s w e r e a d o p t e d b y m a j o r i t y v o t e . H o w e v e r , F r e n c h P r e s i d e n t C h a r l e s D e G a u l l e t h o u g h t t h i s w o u l d t h r e a t e n t h e m e m b e r s t a t e s ' s o v e r e i g n t y a n d s o h e p r o p o s e d t h e " L u x e m b o u r g c o m p r o m i s e " o f 1 9 6 5 . T h i s f o r b i d s t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s f r o m a p p r o v i n g d e c i s i o n s i f a s i n g l e c o u n t r y v o t e s a g a i n s t t h e m . T h e c o u n c i l ' s e f f e c t i v e n e s s w a s t h u s r e d u c e d , e s p e c i a l l y i n s i t u a t i o n s r e q u r i n g u r g e n t a t t e n ­t i o n . I n t h e c a s e s o f E C a g r i c u l t u r ­a l p o l i c y , b u d g e t e x p e n s e s a n d m o n e t a r y s y s t e m s i n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e c o u n c i l h a s b e e n u n a b l e t o r e a c h a g r e e m e n t f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s . N e x t J a n u a r y , S p a i n a n d P o r t u g a l w i l l j o i n t h e E C . I f t h e C o u n c i l o f m i n i s t e r s c o n t i n u e s t o f o l l o w i t s c u r r e n t m e t h o d s , d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g w i l l b e e v e n m o r e d i f f i c u l t t h a n b e f o r e .

T h e E C i s a l s o f a c i n g s h a r p e c o n o m i c c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d J a p a n . T h e E u r o p e a n s l a g b e h i n d t h e i r a n t a g ­o n i s t s i n s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n o l o g y , e s p e c i a l l y b e c a u s e i t h a s b e e n u n a b l e t o r e a c t t o t h e c h a n g i n g s i t u a t i o n w i t h q u i c k p o l i c y d e c i ­s i o n s . T h i s i s f o r c i n g t h e E C t o c h a n g e i t s p r o c e d u r e s i n o r d e r t o s t r e n g t h e n c o - o p e r a t i o n .

EC

Treat/ Reforms to Speed Change The European Community decides to amend the Treaty of Rome in order to streamline decision-making procedure.

14- Beijing Review, No. 3 9

At t h e CPC N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e

Deng Xiaoping's Speech Reform is part of the self-perfecting process of the socialist system, and to certain scope and extent, it is also a revolutionary change. It is a major undertalcing that shows we have begun to find a way of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.

C o m r a d e s ,

T h i s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e i s a v e r y g o o d o n e . I t h a s s u c c e s s f u l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d t h e s c h e d u l e d t a s k s . N o w I w i l l s p e a k o n f o u r p o i n t s .

First, about the situation and the reform. A s is c l e a r t o e v e r y o n e , t h e p e r i o d o f a l m o s t s e v e n y e a r s s i n c e t h e T h i r d P l e n a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 1 t h C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e h a s b e e n a c r u c i a l o n e a n d o n e o f t h e b e s t s i n c e t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e , P e o p l e ' s R e ­p u b l i c . I t h a s n o t b e e n e a s y t o m a k e i t s o . W e h a v e d o n e m a i n l y t w o t h i n g s : W e h a v e s e t w r o n g t h i n g s r i g h t , a n d w e h a v e l a u n c h e d t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e ­f o r m .

F o r m a n y y e a r s w e s u f f e r e d b a d l y f r o m o n e m a j o r e r r o r : W e s t i l l t o o k c l a s s s t r u g g l e a s t h e k e y l i n k , a n d a f t e r t h e s o c i a l i s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u c t i o n h a d b e e n b a s i c a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d , w e n e g l e c t e d t o d e v e l o p t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s . T h e " c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n " c a r r i e d t h i s t e n d e n c y t o t h e e x t r e m e . S i n c e t h e T h i r d P l e n ­a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 1 t h C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , t h e P a r t y h a s s h i f t e d t h e f o c u s o f a l l i t s w o r k t o t h e d r i v e f o r s o c i a l i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n a n d , w h i l e a d h e r i n g

t o t h e f o u r c a r d i n a l p r i n c i p l e s , h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d o n d e v e l o p i n g t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s . T h a t w a s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h i n g w e d i d t o se t t h i n g s r i g h t . T h e g o o d s i t u a t i o n w e h a v e t o d a y w o u l d n o t h a v e c o m e a b o u t i f w e h a d n o t t h o r o u g h l y c o r r e c t e d t h e " l e f t " m i s t a k e s a n d s h i f t e d t h e f o c u s o f o u r w o r k . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , i f w e h a d n o t c o n s c i e n t i o u s l y a d h e r e d t o t h e f o u r p r i n c i p l e s , w e w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a b l e t o m a i n t a i n p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y a n d u n i t y , a n d w e w o u l d e v e n h a v e g o n e f r o m c o r r e c t i n g " l e f t " m i s ­t a k e s t o " c o r r e c t i n g " s o c i a l i s m a n d M a r x i s m - L e n i n -i s m . A n d t h e n t h e g o o d s i t u a t i o n w e h a v e t o d a y w o u l d n o t h a v e c o m e a b o u t e i t h e r .

T h e i s s u e o f r e f o r m w a s a l r e a d y r a i s e d a t t h e T h i r d P l e n a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 1 t h C e n t r a l C o m ­m i t t e e . W h e n t h e r e f o r m f i r s t s t a r t e d i n t h e c o u n ­t r y s i d e , p e o p l e s a i d a l l s o r t s o f t h i n g s a b o u t i t . B u t a f t e r t h r e e y e a r s , w h e n m a n y p r o b l e m s t h a t h a d a r i s e n i n p r a c t i c e h a d b e e n s o l v e d a n d g o o d r e s u l t s h a d b e e n a c h i e v e d , t h e r e w a s m o r e a g r e e m e n t a b o u t i t . O f c o u r s e n e w p r o b l e m s w i l l c r o p u p a n d h a v e t o b e t a c k l e d . S i n c e t h e T h i r d P l e n a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 2 t h C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e , r e f o r m h a s f o c u s e d o n t h e c i t i e s . A f t e r y e a r s o f p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e r e f o r m i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s , w e h a v e g r a d u a l l y u n d e r t a k e n a c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e ­f o r m o f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e . T h e r e f o r m h a s s t i m u l a t e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s a n d h a s r e s u l t e d i n a s e r i e s o f p r o f o u n d c h a n g e s i n e c o n o m i c l i f e , s o c i a l l i f e , p e o p l e ' s w o r k s t y l e a n d t h e i r m e n t a l i t y . T h e r e f o r m i s p a r t o f t h e s e l f -p e r f e c t i n g p r o c e s s o f t h e s o c i a l i s t s y s t e m , a n d t o c e r t a i n s c o p e a n d e x t e n t , i t i s a l s o a r e v o l u t i o n a r y c h a n g e . I t i s a m a j o r u n d e r t a k i n g t h a t s h o w s w e h a v e b e g u n t o f i n d a w a y o f b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m w i t h C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

I n t h e r e f o r m w e h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y f o l l o w e d t w o f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s . O n e i s t h e p r e d o m i ­n a n c e o f t h e s o c i a l i s t p u b l i c s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n o m y ; t h e o t h e r i s c o m m o n p r o s p e r i t y . T h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t f u n d s i n a p l a n n e d w a y a n d t h e p r o m o t i o n o f a d e g r e e o f i n d i v i d u a l e c o n o m y a r e

September 3 0 , 1 9 8 5 15

b o t h s e r v i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s o c i a l i s t e c o n ­o m y . I t i s p r e c i s e l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s p u r r i n g m o r e a n d m o r e p e o p l e t o b e c o m e p r o s p e r o u s u n t i l a l l a r e p r o s p e r o u s t h a t s o m e a r e a s a n d s o m e p e o p l e a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o d o s o f i r s t . T h e s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g o f t h e p e o p l e , w i t h a f e w e x c e p t i o n s , h a s i m ­p r o v e d t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s . N a t u r a l l y , s o m e n e g a ­t i v e p h e n o m e n a i n e v i t a b l y a p p e a r i n t h e p r o c e s s o f r e f o r m . A s l o n g a s w e f a c e t h e m s q u a r e l y a n d t a k e f i r m s t e p s t o d e a l w i t h t h e m , i t w i l l n o t b e d i f f i c u l t t o s o l v e t h e s e p r o b l e m s .

T h e a l l - r o u n d r e f o r m o f o u r e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e h a s j u s t b e g u n . T h e g e n e r a l o r i e n t a t i o n a n d p r i n ­c i p l e s a r e a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d , b u t w e s t i l l h a v e t o w o r k o u t s p e c i f i c r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s b y t r i a l a n d e r r o r . W h i l e i d e n t i f y i n g a n d t a c k l i n g p r o b l e m s e a r l y , w e m u s t s e i z e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f t h e m o m e n t t o e x p l o r e n e w p o s s i b i l i t i e s b o l d l y a n d u n s w e r v i n g l y a n d s t r i v e t o c o m p l e t e t h e r e f o r m i n t h e n o t - t o o - d i s ­t a n t f u t u r e . I t i s m y b e l i e f t h a t n o m a t t e r h o w m a n y d i f f i c u l t i e s m a y a r i s e , a l l t h i n g s t h a t a r e i n t h e f u n d a ­m e n t a l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e a n d a r e s u p p o r t e d b y t h e m a s s e s w i l l s u c c e e d .

Secondly, about the Seventh Five-Year Plan. T h e P r o p o s a l f o r t h e S e v e n t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n , w h i c h h a s b e e n a d o p t e d b y t h i s c o n f e r e n c e , i s a g o o d d o c u ­m e n t s e t t i n g f o r t h c o r r e c t p r i n c i p l e s a n d p o l i c i e s a n d

The CPC National Conference, held from September 18-23, in session ot the Great Hall of the People in

Beijing.

••••V

r e a l i s t i c t a r g e t s , it i s p r o j e c t e d t h a t d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e P l a n t h e a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e o f the t o t a l v a l u e o f i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n w i l l b e 7 p e r c e n t , a f i g u r e o n w h i c h t h e S t a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u h a s u n a n i m o u s l y a g r e e d , a n d w h i c h m a y b e e x c e e d e d i n p r a c t i c e . T h a t g r o w t h r a t e c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d l o w . I f t h e g r o w t h r a t e w e r e t o o h i g h , t h a t w o u l d c r e a t e m a n y p r o b l e m s t h a t w o u l d h a v e a n e g a t i v e e f f e c t o n t h e r e f o r m a n d o n s o c i a l c o n d u c t . I t i s b e t t e r t o b e p r u ­d e n t . W e m u s t c o n t r o l t h e s c a l e o f i n v e s t m e n t i n f i x e d a s s e t s a n d see t h a t c a p i t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i s n o t o v e r - e x t e n d e d . W e m u s t m a n a g e p r o d u c t i o n w e l l , e n s u r e q u a l i t y , a n d s e e k e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l r e t u r n s . O n l y b a s e d o n t h i s , c a n a g r o w t h r a t e w i t h s t a n d t e s t .

T h e f i v e y e a r s o f t h e S e v e n t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n a r e v e r y i m p o r t a n t o n e s . I f a t t h e e n d o f t h e s e f i v e y e a r s t h e r e f o r m h a s b e e n b a s i c a l l y c o m p l e t e d a n d t h e e c o n o m y i s d e v e l o p i n g i n a s o u n d , s t e a d y , b a l ­a n c e d w a y , t h e n w e a r e s u r e t o m e e t t h e t a r g e t s s e t b y t h e 1 2 t h P a r t y C o n g r e s s b y t h e e n d o f t h e c e n t u r y .

P e o p l e a r e s a y i n g t h a t n o t a b l e c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n C h i n a . I s a i d t o s o m e f o r e i g n g u e s t s r e c e n t l y t h a t t h e y w e r e o n l y s m a l l c h a n g e s . W h e n w e h a v e q u a d r u p l e d t h e v a l u e o f o u r g r o s s a n n u a l i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n a n d a r e r e a ­s o n a b l y p r o s p e r o u s , w e c a n s a y t h e r e h a v e b e e n c h a n g e s o f m e d i u m i m p o r t a n c e . B y t h e m i d d l e o f t h e n e x t c e n t u r y , w h e n w e a p p r o a c h t h e l e v e l o f t h e a d v a n c e d c o u n t r i e s , t h e n t h e r e w i l l h a v e b e e n r e a l l y g r e a t c h a n g e s . A t t h a t t i m e t h e s t r e n g t h o f C h i n a a n d i t s w o r l d r o l e w i l l b e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . W e s h a l l b e a b l e t o m a k e g r e a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o m a n k i n d .

Thirdly, about socialist civilization with ad­vanced culture and ideology. T h e q u e s t i o n o f b u i l d ­i n g a s o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y t h a t i s a d v a n c e d c u l t u r a l l y a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y w a s r a i s e d l o n g a g o . T h e c e n t r a l a n d r e g i o n a l a u t h o r i t i e s a n d t h e a r m y h a v e d o n e a l o t o f w o r k . I n p a r t i c u l a r , a l a r g e n u m b e r o f a d v a n c e d p e r s o n s h a v e e m e r g e d f r o m a m o n g t h e m a s s e s , a n d t h a t h a s h a d a v e r y g o o d i n f l u e n c e . H o w e v e r , c o n ­s i d e r i n g t h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e , w e m u s t a d m i t t h a t s o f a r t h e r e s u l t s o f o u r w o r k a r e n o t v e r y s a t i s f a c ­t o r y , m a i n l y b e c a u s e i t h a s n o t h a d t h e s e r i o u s a t ­t e n t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e P a r t y m e m b e r s h i p . W e e x e r t o u r s e l v e s f o r s o c i a l i s m n o t o n l y b e c a u s e s o c i a l i s m p r o v i d e s c o n d i t i o n s f o r f a s t e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e f o r c e s o f p r o d u c t i o n t h a n c a p i t a l i s m , b u t a l s o b e ­c a u s e o n l y s o c i a l i s m c a n e l i m i n a t e t h e g r e e d i n e s s , c o r r u p t i o n a n d i n j u s t i c e w h i c h a r e i n h e r e n t i n c a p ­i t a l i s m . I n r e c e n t y e a r s p r o d u c t i o n h a s g o n e u p , b u t t h e p e r n i c i o u s i n f l u e n c e o f c a p i t a l i s m a n d f e u d a l i s m h a s n o t b e e n r e d u c e d t o a m i n i m u m . I n s t e a d , s o m e e v i l t h i n g s t h a t h a d l o n g b e e n e x t i n c t a f t e r l i b e r a t i o n

B e i j i n g Review, N o . 3 9

h a v e c o m e t o l i f e a g a i n . W e m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d t o c h a n g e t h i s s i t u a t i o n a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e , o r h o w c a n t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f s o c i a l i s m b e b r o u g h t i n t o f u l l p l a y ? H o w c a n w e e f f e c t i v e l y e d u c a t e o u r p e o p l e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n s ? M a t e r i a l p r o ­g r e s s w i l l s u f f e r d e l a y s a n d s e t b a c k s u n l e s s w e p r o ­m o t e c u l t u r a l a n d i d e o l o g i c a l p r o g r e s s as w e l l . W e c a n n e v e r s u c c e e d i n r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n i f w e r e l y o n m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s a l o n e . I n t h e p a s t , h o w e v e r s m a l l o r w e a k o u r P a r t y w a s , a n d w h a t ­e v e r d i f f i c u l t i e s i t f a c e d , w e a l w a y s m a i n t a i n e d g r e a t f i g h t i n g c a p a c i t y t h a n k s t o o u r f a i t h i n M a r x i s m a n d c o m m u n i s m . W i t h c o m m o n i d e a l s w e h a v e s t r i c t d i s c i p l i n e . N o w , a s i n t h e p a s t a n d i n t h e f u t u r e , t h a t i s o u r r e a l s t r e n g t h . T o d a y , s o m e c o m r a d e s n o l o n g e r h a v e a c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h i s t r u t h . S o i t i s h a r d f o r t h e m t o p a y c l o s e a t t e n t i o n t o b u i l d i n g a s o c i e t y t h a t i s a d v a n c e d c u l t u r a l l y a n d i d e o ­l o g i c a l l y .

A t p r e s e n t , i n b u i l d i n g s u c h a s o c i e t y w e m u s t f i r s t c o n c e n t r a t e o n b r i n g i n g a b o u t a f u n d a m e n t a l i m p r o v e m e n t i n P a r t y c o n d u c t a n d i n g e n e r a l s o c i a l c o n d u c t .

T h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f P a r t y c o n d u c t i s t h e k e y t o i m p r o v i n g g e n e r a l s o c i a l c o n d u c t . I n c o n s o l i d a t ­i n g t h e P a r t y , w e m u s t c a r r y o u t t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e S e c o n d P l e n a r y S e s s i o n o f t h e 1 2 t h C e n t r a l C o m ­m i t t e e a n d s u c c e e d i n a l l f o u r t a s k s : a c h i e v i n g u n i t y i n t h i n k i n g , i m p r o v i n g P a r t y c o n d u c t , s t r e n g t h e n i n g d i s c i p l i n e a n d p u r i f y i n g t h e P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h e P a r t y C o n s t i t u t i o n c o n t a i n s c l e a r p r o v i s i o n s i n t h i s r e g a r d . E v e r y P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n m u s t a s k i t s m e m ­b e r s t o m e a s u r e t h e m s e l v e s a g a i n s t e a c h o f t h e a r ­t i c l e s i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d t o c o n d u c t s e l f - c r i t i c i s m a n d c r i t i c i s m a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s , a n d e v e r y P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n m u s t t a k e d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w h e n n e c e s s a r y . I f a l l P a r t y m e m b e r s s e t g o o d e x a m p l e s , t h i n g s w i l l b e c o m e e a s i e r .

T h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f s o c i a l c o n d u c t m u s t b e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n , a n d e d u c a t i o n m u s t b e l i n k e d t o r e a l i t i e s . T o o v e r c o m e m a j o r i d e o l o g ­i c a l w e a k n e s s e s f o u n d a m o n g s o m e c a d r e s a n d p e o ­p l e w h i c h a f f e c t t h e s o c i a l c o n d u c t , w e m u s t c a r r y o u t i n - d e p t h i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d a s s i g n p r o p e r p e o p l e t o c o n d u c t p a i n s t a k i n g a n d c o n v i n c i n g e d u c a t i o n . O v e r - s i m p l i f i e d , o n e - s i d e d o r a r b i t r a r y a r g u m e n t s w i l l n o t s e r v e t h e p u r p o s e . A l s o , l e a d i n g c o m r a d e s a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s m u s t c o n s t a n t l y e x p l a i n t h e p r a c ­t i c a l p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g p e o p l e ' s l i f e a n d i s s u e s o f p o l i c y i n w h i c h t h e m a s s e s s h o w a n i n t e r e s t , g i v i n g f a c t s a n d t e l l i n g t h e m t h e o b j e c t i v e s i t u a t i o n a n d w h a t e f f o r t s t h e P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t h a v e m a d e t o s o l v e t h o s e p r o b l e m s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y m u s t a c t p r o m p t l y t o r e m e d y s i t u a t i o n s a b o u t w h i c h t h e p e o ­p l e j u s t l y c o m p l a i n . O n l y w h e n t h e m a s s e s see c o n ­c r e t e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e P a r t y a n d s o c i a l i s m a r e g o o d

c a n w e t e a c h t h e m t o c h e r i s h i d e a l s a n d o b s e r v e d i s ­c i p l i n e a n d i m b u e t h e m w i t h c o m m u n i s t i d e o l o g y a n d p a t r i o t i s m .

W e s h o u l d s t r e n g t h e n i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k a n d r e i n f o r c e t h e r a n k s o f c a d r e s i n t h i s f i e l d . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o c r a c k d o w n o n s e r i o u s c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s a n d p r o h i b i t a l l d e c a ­d e n t p r a c t i c e s t h a t u n d e r m i n e s t a n d a r d s o f s o c i a l c o n d u c t . E n t e r p r i s e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s m u s t s e e k p e o p l e ' s t r u s t a b o v e a l l e l s e i n t h e i r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i ­t i e s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d j u d i c i a l w o r k . T h e y a b s o l u t e l y m u s t n o t h a r m o r e x t o r t t h e p e o p l e .

I d e o l o g i c a l , c u l t u r a l , e d u c a t i o n a l a n d p u b l i c h e a l t h d e p a r t m e n t s s h o u l d t a k e s o c i a l b e n e f i t as t h e s o l e c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s a n d s o m u s t t h e e n ­t e r p r i s e s a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e m . T h e i d e o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l c i r c l e s s h o u l d p r o d u c e m o r e f i n e i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o d u c t s a n d r e s o l u t e l y b a n t h e p r o d u c t i o n , i m p o r t a ­t i o n a n d c i r c u l a t i o n o f u n d e s i r a b l e p r o d u c t s . I n o u r p r o p a g a n d a w o r k , w e m u s t f i r m l y o p p o s e b o u r g e o i s l i b e r a l i s m , t h a t i s , p u b l i c i t y t h a t f a v o u r s t a k i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t r o a d . I t g o e s w i t h o u t s a y i n g , h o w e v e r , t h a t w e s h o u l d a d h e r e t o t h e p o l i c y o f " l e t t i n g a h u n d r e d f l o w e r s b l o s s o m a n d a h u n d r e d s c h o o l s o f t h o u g h t c o n t e n d " a n d u p h o l d t h e f r e e d o m s g u a r a n ­t e e d b y t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d l a w s o f t h e s t a t e . W i t h r e g a r d t o e r r o n e o u s i d e o l o g i c a l t e n d e n c i e s , w e s h o u l d a d o p t a p o l i c y o f p e r s u a s i o n a n d e d u c a t i o n , a n d r e ­f r a i n f r o m p o l i t i c a l m o v e m e n t s a n d " m a s s c r i t i c i s m . " T h o s e P a r t y m e m b e r s w h o r e f u s e t o c o r r e c t t h e i r e r r o r s m u s t b e d i s c i p l i n e d . H o w e v e r , u n d e r n o c i r ­c u m s t a n c e s s h o u l d w e r e p e a t t h e " l e f t " e r r o r s o f r e ­s o r t i n g t o s u m m a r y m e a s u r e s a n d o v e r - e x t e n d i n g t h e s c o p e o f a t t a c k .

F u l f i l m e n t o f t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d t a s k s w i l l e n s u r e a f u n d a m e n t a l i m p r o v e m e n t i n s t a n d a r d s o f s o c i a l c o n d u c t .

Fourthly, about the succession of new cadres to old and theoretical study. T h e s u c c e s s i o n o f n e w c a d r e s t o o l d a n d t h e i r c o - o p e r a t i o n h a v e b e e n g o i n g o n f a i r l y w e l l o v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s . A n u m b e r o f o u t s t a n d i n g , p e o p l e i n t h e - p r i m e o f l i f e a n d o f b o t h a b i l i t y a n d p o l i t i c a l i n t e g r i t y h a v e b e e n p r o m o t e d t o l e a d i n g p o s t s i n t h e P a r t y , g o v e r n m e n t a n d a r m y f r o m t h e c e n t r a l t o l o c a l d e p a r t m e n t s . A s a t i s f a c t o r y j o b h a s b e e n d o n e i n r e p l a c i n g o l d m e m b e r s w i t h n e w o n e s i n t h e t h r e e c e n t r a l l e a d i n g o r g a n s . A s a r e s u l t , t h e a v e r a g e a g e o f C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e m e m ­b e r s , i n p a r t i c u l a r , h a s b e e n s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d . A n u m b e r o f v e t e r a n c a d r e s h a v e t a k e n t h e l e a d i n a b o l i s h i n g t h e s y s t e m o f l i f e t e n u r e i n l e a d i n g p o s t s , f u r t h e r i n g t h e r e f o r m o f t h e c a d r e s y s t e m . T h i s d e s e r v e s m e n t i o n i n o u r P a r t y ' s a n n a l s .

T h e m e m b e r s n e w l y e l e c t e d t o t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e a s w e l l a s m i n i s t e r s a n d p r o v i n c i a l P a r t y

September 3 0 , 1985 17

c o m m i t t e e s e c r e t a r i e s w h o w e r e r e c e n t l y a p p o i n t e d a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y y o u n g . T h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y i n t h e i r f i f t i e s , w i t h s o m e j u s t o v e r f o r t y . I n t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c , m a n y o f t h e m i n i s t e r s a n d p r o v i n c i a l P a r t y c o m m i t t e e s e c r e t a r i e s w e r e i n s u c h a g e g r o u p s . W h a t i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e y o u n g a n d t h e m i d d l e - a g e d c a d r e s i n s u c c e e d i n g t o t h e o l d i s t o e m u l a t e t h e i r h e r o i c s p i r i t o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e . I t i s m y h o p e t h a t t h r o u g h y o u r e f f o r t s , t h e P a r t y ' s f i n e t r a d i t i o n s a n d w o r k s t y l e w i l l b e c a r r i e d f o r ­w a r d . I o n c e s a i d t h a t y o u n g e r a g e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l k n o w l e d g e a l o n e a r e n o t e n o u g h . T o t h i s m u s t b e a d d e d a f i n e w o r k s t y l e . I h o p e y o u w i l l s e r v e t h e p e o p l e w h o l e h e a r t e d l y , g o a m o n g t h e m a s s e s a n d l i s t e n t o t h e i r o p i n i o n s ; d a r e t o s p e a k t h e t r u t h a n d o p p o s e f a l s e h o o d , r e f r a i n f r o m s e e k i n g u n d e s e r v ­e d f a m e a n d p e r f o r m m o r e a c t u a l d e e d s ; m a k e a c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e i n ­t e r e s t s , r e f r a i n f r o m s e e k i n g p e r s o n a l f a v o u r a t t h e e x p e n s e o f p r i n c i p l e s ; a n d a p p o i n t p e o p l e on t h e i r m e r i t s , r a t h e r t h a n b y f a v o u r i t i s m .

W e o f t e n s a y t h a t t h e s u c c e s s i o n o f n e w c a d r e s t o o l d p r o v i d e s t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e f o r t h e c o n t i n u i t y o f o u r P a r t y ' s p o l i c i e s . W h a t d o e s t h i s c o n t i n u i t y a c t u a l l y m e a n ? I t m e a n s , o f c o u r s e , t h e c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e d o m e s t i c a n d f o r e i g n p o l i c i e s o f i n d e p e n d e n c e , d e m o c r a c y , l e g a l i t y , o p e n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d a n d i n v i g o r a t i n g t h e d o m e s t i c e c o n ­o m y , w h i c h w e w i l l b y n o m e a n s c h a n g e . A n d a l l t h e s e p o l i c i e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e f o u r c a r d i n a l p r i n ­c i p l e s . T h e r e i s e v e n l e s s p o s s i b i l i t y o f o u r c h a n g ­i n g o r d e v i a t i n g f r o m t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s . I f w e d i d , o u r s o c i e t y w o u l d b e p l u n g e d i n t o c h a o s , s t a b i l i t y a n d u n i t y w o u l d b e o u t o f t h e q u e s t i o n , a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , r e f o r m a n d r e j u v e n a t i o n o f C h i n a w o u l d b e c o m e n o m o r e t h a n e m p t y t a l k .

N o w 1 w o u l d l i k e t o p r o p o s e a n e w r e q u i r e ­m e n t — t h e s t u d y o f M a r x i s t t h e o r y , a r e q u i r e m e n t n o t o n l y f o r n e w c a d r e s b u t f o r o l d o n e s as w e l l . S o m e c o m r a d e s m a y s a y : W e a r e n o w b u s y w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d w h a t w e n e e d m o s t i s p r o f e s s i o n a l k n o w l e d g e a n d m a n a g e r i a l s k i l l s . W h a t i m m e d i a t e u s e i s t h e r e t o s t u d y M a r x i s t t h e o r y ? C o m r a d e s , t h i s i s a m i s c o n c e p t i o n . M a r x i s t t h e o r y i s n o t a d o g m a , b u t a g u i d e t o a c t i o n . I t c a l l s o n p e o p l e t o p r o c e e d f r o m i t s b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s a n d m e t h o d o l o g y a n d a p p l y t h e m t o c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s t o d e v i s e s o l u t i o n s t o n e w p r o b l e m s . B y t h i s p r o c e s s , M a r x ­i s t t h e o r y i t s e l f w i l l b e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d . D i d n o t t h e R u s s i a n O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n a n d o u r C h i n e s e r e v ­o l u t i o n s u c c e e d b e c a u s e o f t h i s ? T h e t i m e a n d t a s k s h a v e c h a n g e d . W e a r e n o w b u i l d i n g s o c i a l i s m w i t h C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e r e i s i n d e e d m u c h n e w k n o w l e d g e w e n e e d t o m a s t e r , b u t t h i s o n l y i n ­c r e a s e s t h e n e e d f o r u s t o s t u d y b a s i c M a r x i s t t h e o r y i n l i g h t o f t h e n e w s i t u a t i o n . B e c a u s e o n l y t h u s c a n w e i n c r e a s e o u r a b i l i t y t o a p p l y i t s b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s a n d m e t h o d s t o c o m e u p w i t h s o l u t i o n s t o t h e f u n d a ­m e n t a l q u e s t i o n s a r i s i n g i n t h e p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l f i e l d s . I n t h i s w a y w e c a n b o t h a d v a n c e o u r c a u s e a n d t h e t h e o r y o f M a r x i s m i t s e l f a n d p r e v e n t c o m r a d e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e n e w l y p r o ­m o t e d y o u n g a n d m i d d l e - a g e d c o m r a d e s , f r o m l o s i n g t h e i r b e a r i n g s i n t h e c o m p l e x s t r u g g l e . T h e r e f o r e , I h o p e t h a t t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e w i l l f o r m u l a t e a w o r k a b l e d e c i s i o n s o t h a t P a r t y c a d r e s a t a l l l e v e l s , b u t a b o v e a l l l e a d i n g c a d r e s , w i l l s t i l l f i n d s o m e t i m e i n t h e i r b u s y s c h e d u l e s t o s t u d y s o a s t o b e c o m e w e l l - v e r s e d i n b a s i c M a r x i s t t h e o r y , a c q u i r e a s t r o n g e r s e n s e o f a d h e r i n g t o p r i n c i p l e s i n w o r k , a s y s t e m a t i c a p p r o a c h , f o r e s i g h t a n d c r e a t i v i t y . O n l y t h u s c a n o u r P a r t y k e e p t o t h e s o c i a l i s t r o a d a n d b u i l d s o c i a l i s m w i t h C h i n e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u n t i l t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f o u r u l t i m a t e g o a l — c o m . m u n i s m . •

Chen Yun's Speech Promoting young and middle-aged people to leading posts by tens of thousands will ensure an orderly succession of cadres in the Communist Party from generation to generation.

C o m r a d e s ,

I s u p p o r t t h e p r o p o s a l o f t h e C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e f o r f u r t h e r i n g t h e s u c c e s s i o n o f n e w m e m b e r s t o o l d i n t h e c e n t r a l l e a d i n g o r g a n s . I t s p r o p o s a l f o r t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e S e v e n t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n a n d t h e s p e e c h e s d e l i v e r e d b y m e m b e r s o f t h e S t a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e o f t h e P o l i t i c a l B u r e a u . N o w l e t m e d i s c u s s t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s u e s .

(I) There must be an orderly system of suc­cession for cadres.

P r o m o t i n g y o u n g a n d m i d d l e - a g e d p e o p l e t o l e a d i n g p o s t s b y t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s t o r e i n f o r c e t h e l e a d i n g b o d i e s a t a l l l e v e l s i s a n i m p o r t a n t t a s k t h a t o u r P a r t y h a s s t r e s s e d r e p e a t e d l y o v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s .

A f t e r r e p e a t e d e x a m i n a t i o n , a n u m b e r o f o u t -

B e i j i n g Review, N o . 3 9

s t a n d i n g y o u n g a n d m i d d l e - a g e d c a d r e s h a v e b e e n e l e c t e d t o t h e c e n t r a l a n d l o c a l l e a d i n g o r g a n s .

T h i s s y s t e m w i l l e n s u r e t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a h o r d e r l y s u c c e s s i o n o f c a d r e s i n t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y f r o m g e n e r a t i o n t o g e n e r a t i o n . W e h a v e a l r e a d y a c h i e v e d s u c c e s s e s i n t h i s r e s p e c t a n d m u s t c o n ­t i n u e t o d o a g o o d j o b .

( 2 ) We m u s t continue to pay attention to grain production.

T h a n k s t o t h e c o n t r a c t e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y s y s t e m w i t h r e m u n e r a t i o n l i n k e d t o o u t p u t , a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d , p e a s a n t s ' i n c o m e s h a v e g o n e u p a n d l i v i i i g s t a n d a r d s h a v e i m p r o v e d .

T h e r e a r e r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s w h o s e a n n u a l i n ­c o m e s h a v e r e a c h e d 1 0 , 0 0 0 y u a n o r m o r e t h r o u g h a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d s i d e l i n e o c c u p a t i o n s , b u t t h e i r n u m b e r i s e x t r e m e l y s m a l l . T h e m e d i a h a v e f o r s o m e t i m e e x a g g e r a t e d t h e n u m b e r o f " 1 0 , 0 0 0 y u a n h o u s e h o l d s . " A c t u a l l y t h e r e a r e n o t t h a t m a n y . O u r m e d i a ' s r e p o r t s a r e d i v o r c e d f r o m r e a l i t y .

S o m e p e a s a n t s a r e n o l o n g e r i n t e r e s t e d i n g r o w i n g g r a i n . W e m u s t a d d r e s s t h i s p r o b l e m .

C o m r a d e L u D o n g r e c e n t l y s a i d i n h i s R e p o r t o n S o m e P r o b l e m s i n t h e P r e s e n t E c o n o m i c W o r k , w h i c h h a s b e e n a p p r o v e d b y t h e S t a t e C o u n c i l , t h a t p e a s a n t s e n g a g e d i n i n d u s t r y a n d b u s i n e s s e a r n m o r e t h a n t h o s e w h o g r o w c r o p s . T h e y a r e n o t e v e n i n t e r e s t e d i n r a i s i n g p i g s a n d v e g e t a b l e s , b e c a u s e i n t h e i r o p i n i o n t h e r e c a n b e " n o p r o s p e r i t y w i t h o u t e n g a g i n g i n i n d u s t r y . "

T o w n a n d t o w n s h i p e n t e r p r i s e s s h o u l d b e d e v e l ­o p e d . T h e t h i n g i s t h a t t h e c a l l o f " n o p r o s p e r i t y w i t h o u t e n g a g i n g i n i n d u s t r y " i s h e a r d m u c h l o u d e r t h a n t h a t o f " n o e c o n o m i c s t a b i l i t y w i t h o u t a g r i c u l ­t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . "

F e e d i n g a n d c l o t h i n g a b i l l i o n p e o p l e c o n s t i -

September 30, 1985

t u t e s o n e o f C h i n a ' s m a j o r p o l i t i c a l a s w e l l a s e c o n o m i c c h a l l e n g e s , f o r " g r a i n s h o r t a g e s w i l l l e a d t o s o c i a l d i s o r d e r . " W e c a n n o t a f f o r d t o u n d e r ­e s t i m a t e t h i s m a t t e r .

(3) The socialist economy must be developed proportionately and in a planned way.

W e a r e C o m m u n i s t s . O u r g o a l i s t o b u i l d s o c i a l i s m .

T h e o n g o i n g s o c i a l i s t e c o n o m i c r e s t r u c t u r i n g r e p r e s e n t s t h e i m p r o v e m e n t a n d p e r f e c t i n g o f t h e s o c i a l i s t s y s t e m .

. O u r e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r a l r e f o r m i s a i m e d a t d e v e l o p i n g t h e p r o d u c t i v e f o r c e s a n d g r a d u a l l y i m ­p r o v i n g t h e p e o p l e ' s s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g . M a r k e d r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d i n t h e r u r a l e c o n o m i c r e f o r m . T h e g e n e r a l o r i e n t a t i o n f o r r e s t r u c t u r i n g t h e u r b a n e c o n o m y i s c o r r e c t , b u t w e a r e e x p e r i ­m e n t i n g w i t h c o n c r e t e m e a s u r e s f o r i t s i m p l e m e n t a ­t i o n . W e m u s t l o o k c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e t a k i n g e a c h s t e p , a n d c o n s t a n t l y r e v i e w o u r e x p e r i e n c e t o m a k e a s u c c e s s o f t h e r e f o r m .

I n t e r m s o f t h e c o u n t r y as a w h o l e , t h e p l a n n e d e c o n o m y ' s p r i m a c y a n d t h e s u b o r d i n a t e r o l e o f m a r k e t r e g u l a t i q n a r e s t i l l n e c e s s a r y .

O f c o u r s e , p l a n n i n g c o n s i s t s o f b o t h m a n d a t o r y p l a n n i n g a n d g u i d a n c e p l a n n i n g . A l t h o u g h d i f f e r e n t i n a p p r o a c h , b o t h i n v o l v e t h e p l a n n e d u s e o f e c o n o m i c r e g u l a t o r s . A n d g u i d a n c e p l a n n i n g i s n o t t h e s a m e a s m a r k e t r e g u l a t i o n . M a r k e t r e g u l a t i o n i n v o l v e s n o p l a n n i n g , b l i n d l y a l l o w i n g s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d t o d e t e r m i n e p r o d u c t i o n .

P l a n n i n g i s t h e e s s e n c e o f m a c r o e c o n o m i c c o n ­t r o l . O n l y b y d o i n g a g o o d j o b o f m a c r o e c o n o m i c c o n t r o l t a n w e s t i m u l a t e t h e m i c r o e c o n o m y a n d m a k e i t d y n a m i c b u t n o t c h a o t i c .

T h e P r o p o s a l t h a t h a s b e e n a d o p t e d b y t h i s C o n f e r e n c e f o r t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e S e v e n t h F i v e - Y e a r P l a n s e t s a n n u a l i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l ­t u r a l g r o w t h r a t e s a t 7 a n d 6 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e s e a r e r e s p e c t a b l e . A n d a l t h o u g h t h e y m a y b e s u r p a s s e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , t h e r e i s n o r e a s o n t o se t t h e m h i g h e r s u b j e c t i v e l y .

D u r i n g a m e e t i n g w i t h f o r e i g n g u e s t s o n A u g u s t 2 , C o m r a d e X i a o p i n g m e n t i o n e d C h i n a ' s e x c e s s i v e i n d u s t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l g r o w t h r a t e s , s a y i n g , " I t s o u n d s g o o d , b u t c o n t a i n s d i s t u r b i n g e l e m e n t s . " I a g r e e w i t h t h i s .

T o t a l i n d u s t r i a l o u t p u t v a l u e i n 1 9 8 4 r e g i s t e r e d a 1 4 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e o v e r t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r s , w h i l e t h a t i n t h e f i r s t s e v e n m o n t h s o f t h i s y e a r w a s 2 2 . 8 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r i o d i n 1 9 8 4 . T h i s h i g h g r o w t h r a t e c a n n o t b e m a i n t a i n e d b e c a u s e i t i s s t r a i n i n g o u r c u r r e n t e n e r g y , t r a n s p o r t , r a w a n d s e m i - f i n i s h e d m a t e r i a l s a n d o t h e r r e s o u r c e s .

19

I n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , w e s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o m a k e s t e a d y b u t b a l a n c e d a n d s y s t e m a t i c p r o g r e s s . T h i s i s t h e o n l y w a y t o a c h i e v e t h e i h i g h e s t g r o w t h r a t e . O t h e r w i s e , d i s l o c a t i o n s w i l l a r i s e , i n e v i t a b l y l e a d i n g t o s e t b a c k s a n d s l o w i n g d o w n t h e p r o g r e s s . A s t h e s a y i n g p u t s i t , " M o r e h a s t e , l e s s s p e e d . "

(4) Improving Party conduct remains a major task of the entire Party.

O v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s , t h e c e n t r a l l e a d i n g o r g a n s h a v e w o r k e d h a r d t o i m p r o v e P a r t y c o n d u c t . T h e r e r e m a i n s , h o w e v e r , m u c h t o f u n d a m e n t a l l y i m ­p r o v e i t .

T o d a y , t h e r e a r e a f e w P a r t y m e m b e r s a n d cad re s ' — v e t e r a n m e m b e r s a n d c a d r e s i n p a r ­t i c u l a r — w h o h a v e f a i l e d t o a d h e r e t o t h e p r i n c i ­p l e s a n d s p i r i t o f t h e P a r t y a n d h a v e y i e l d e d t o u n s o u n d p r a c t i c e s .

A n u m b e r o f s e r i o u s v i o l a t i o n s o f P a r t y d i s c i p ­l i n e a n d l a w s o f t h e s t a t e , s u c h a s p r o d u c i n g f a k e m e d i c i n e s a n d l i q u o r s a n d w i n e s , o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e P a r t y c o n s o l i d a t i o n c a m p a i g n .

T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f c a d r e s a n d p e o p l e i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e P a r t y h a v e b e e n o f f e n d e d b y t h e s e cases , w h i c h d e s e r v e t h e s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n o f t h e w h o l e P a r t y .

W e m u s t o n n o a c c o u n t d i s m i s s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i m p r o v i n g P a r t y c o n d u c t .

F i r s t , P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a t a l l l e v e l s s h o u l d p a y f u l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s . S e c o n d , l e a d i n g c a d r e s a t a l l l e v e l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n i o r o n e s , s h o u l d d o s o a n d s e t g o o d e x a m p l e s . T h i r d , v e t e r a n P a r t y m e m b e r s a n d c a d r e s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w h o h a v e r e s i g n e d f r o m l e a d i n g p o s t s o r h a v e r e t i r e d a l t o ­g e t h e r , s h o u l d p a y f u l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t a s k . T h e r e ' s n o s u c h t h i n g a s r e t i r e m e n t w h e n i t c o m e s t o se t ­t i n g g o o d e x a m p l e s , c o n c e r n i n g o n e s e l f a b o u t P a r t y c o n d u c t a n d d i s c i p l i n e a n d e x e r c i s i n g s u p e r v i s i o n . E v e r y P a r t y m e m b e r s h o u l d a l w a y s s t a n d a t t h e f r o n t l i n e s o l o n g a s h e o r s h e i s a l i v e .

I h o p e t h a t t h e P a r t y ' s s e n i o r l e a d e r s w i l l s e t a g o o d e x a m p l e i n e d u c a t i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n , w h o a b s o l u t e l y m u s t n o t u s e t h e i r p a r e n t s ' p o s i t i o n s i n p u r s u i n g p e r s o n a l p o w e r a n d i n t e r e s t s a h d b e c o m ­i n g p r i v i l e g e d .

(5) We must intensify ideological and political work and preserve the prestige of the Party's depart­ments in charge of this work.

I n m y o p i n i o n , i t w a s e s s e n t i a l t h a t i n t e n s i f y i n g i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k w a s r e c e n t l y d i s c u s s e d b y t h e S e c r e t a r i a t . A t p r e s e n t , o u r P a r t y , w h i c h i s i n p o w e r , i s f a c i n g a n e w p e r i o d o f n a t i o n a l d e v e l ­o p m e n t . S o h o w t o b u i l d u p t h e P a r t y i d e o l o g i ­c a l l y a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y i s o f p a r a m o u n t i m ­p o r t a n c e .

T h e r e a r e n o w s o m e p e o p l e , i n c l u d i n g s o m e

P a r t y m e m b e r s , w h o h a v e f o r s a k e n t h e s o c i a l i s t a n d c o m m u n i s t i d e a l a n d t u r n e d t h e i r b a c k s o n s e r v i n g t h e p e o p l e . I n p u r s u i t o f t h e i r o w n s e l f i s h g a i n , t h e y " p u t m o n e y a b o v e a l l e l s e , " r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e s t a t e ' s a n d p e o p l e ' s i n t e r e s t s , t o t h e e x t e i i t o f v i o l a ­t i n g t h e l a w a n d d i s c i p l i n e . A s t h e p r e s s h a s m o r e t h a n o n c e p u b l i s h e d , s o m e o f t h e m h a v e b e c o m e r i c h b y u n l a w f u l m e a n s s u c h a s s p e c u l a t i o n a n d s w i n d l e , g r a f t a n d a c c e p t a n c e o f b r i b e s . I n t h e i r d e a l i n g w i t h f o r e i g n e r s , t h e y h a v e n o c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l o r n a t i o n a l d i g n i t y .

T h e s e p r o b l e m s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e l a x a ­t i o n o f i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k a n d t h e d e ­c l i n e i n t h e f u n c t i o n a n d a u t h o r i t y o f d e p a r t m e n t s i n c h a r g e o f i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k . W e s h o u l d t a k e t h i s a s a l e s s o n .

P a r t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a t a l l l e v e l s s h o u l d c o n d u c t i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k i n e a r n e s t a n d s a f e ­g u a r d t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h o s e d e p a r t m e n t s .

E d u c a t i o n i n c o m m u n i s t i d e a l s a n d p u b l i c i z i n g t h e P a r t y ' s f o u r c a r d i n a l p r i n c i p l e s s h o u l d b e r e ­g a r d e d as t h e c e n t r a l t a s k s o f o u r i d e o l o g i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k . W e m u s t a b s o l u t e l y n o t s l a c k e n o u r e f f o r t s i n t h e s e r e s p e c t s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , w e m u s t r e d o u b l e o u r e f f o r t s .

D u r i n g t h e d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n , w e e d u c a t e d P a r t y m e m b e r s a n d p r o g r e s s i v e s a m o n g t h e m a s s e s i n c o m m u n i s t i d e a l s , t h u s e n d o w i n g t h e P a r t y w i t h i n e x h a u s t i b l e c o m b a t e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d , t h e r e b y , t h e a b i l i t y t o w i n v i c t o r y i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n .

S o c i a l i s t . e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d r e f o r m o f t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e r e q u i r e a n e v e n h i g h e r d e g r e e o f d e d i c a t i o n t o t h e c o m m u n i s t c a u s e .

I n t e n s i v e e d u c a t i o n i n p a t r i o t i s m a n d r e v o l u ­t i o n a r y t r a d i t i o n s s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d h a n d - i n - h a n d w i t h i n t e n s i v e e d u c a t i o n i n c o m m u n i s t i d e o l o g y .

(6) Adherence to democratic centralism is a principle prescribed by the Party Constitution.

E x p e r i e n c e t e a c h e s u s t h a t p r a c t i s i n g d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m i s n o t e a s y .

I t i s m y h o p e t h a t t h e y o u n g a n d m i d d l e - a g e d c a d r e s j u s t e l e c t e d t o t h e l e a d i n g b o d i e s w i l l l e a r n h o w t o p e r f o r m t h e i r d u t i e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h d e m o c r a t i c c e n t r a l i s m .

L e a d i n g b o d i e s a t a l l l e v e l s m u s t p r a c t i s e d e ­m o c r a c y f u l l y , t a k e h e e d o f t h e f u l l r a n g e o f o p i n i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y d i f f e r i n g o n e s . T h e y s h o u l d d i s c h a r g e t h e i r d u t i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e P a r t y C o n ­s t i t u t i o n . N o i n d i v i d u a l s h o u l d t r y t o h a v e t h e f i n a l s a y .

A l l d e c i s i o n s o n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e s m u s t b e m a d e b y t h e c o l l e c t i v e a f t e r c o m p l e t e d i s c u s s i o n t o a v o i d | m i s t a k e s a n d u n n e c e s s a r y d e t o u r s a n d t o a c h i e v e b e t t e r r e s u l t s .

T h a t ' s a l l 1 h a v e t o s a y t o d a y . •

20 Beijing Review, No. 3 9

Chinese Athletes at Kobe Universiade

by LING YANG Our Correspondent

"The Chinese athletes displayed good sportsmanship and, at the same time, learnt a lot from athletes from the other countries," said Zhao Changtai, head of the Chinese sports delegation to the I3th Universiade held in Kobe, Japan, from August 24 to September 4. The Kobe Univer­siade, attended by 4,800 athletes from 106 countries and regions, was the competition's largest since the first Universiade was held in Paris in 1957. China sent 162 people to the event and collected six of the 118 gold medals award­ed at the games. Chinese athletes

also won seven silver and six bronze medals.

Divers Excel The Chinese diving team

captured first place in four of the six diving events — the women's team, the men's springboard and the men and women's platform competitions. China's divers also won two silver medals for second place finishes in the men's team and the women's springboard diving events and one bronze medal in the men's platform diving.

China's Tan Liangde, 20, won the springboard diving champion­ship after bridging a narrow gap

between his score and that of Cuba's Abel Ramirez when Tan executed a near-perfect forward two-and-a-half flip with two twists.

In the women's platform diving final, Lu Wei, 20, the women's platform diving champion of the 12th Universiade, recaptured the title, giving China both the men and the women's diving champion­ships.

Tong Hui, 22, nabbed the men's platform diving title with a per­formance that included five different somersauhs.

Gymnasts Share Gold The first gold medal of the

competition for China was award­ed to Huang Wofu in the men's floor exercise event. Dmitry Bjlozerche of the Soviet Union, shared the first place title with Huang.

In the women's gymnastics team event, the Soviet Union emerged once again as the world's top gymnastic team. China, however, beat out Romania for the silver medal.

Fencing Champion Retains Title

Luan fujie, 27, China's Olympic fencing champion, defeated Olga Voshakina of the USSR to capture the top honour in women's foil fencing. Luan's victory was intensified by her performance three months ago at the world fencing tournament in Brazil in which she did not even enter the finals. Her Chinese fans, rooting for a win, were relieved when after a worrying loss at the start of the finals, Luan rebuilt her momentum and took first place.

Despite Luan's stellar per­formance, on the whole, China is

Ton Liangde performing his last dive in the men's springboard competition at Kobe Universiade,

September 30, 1985 21

The Chinese team competing against the American team in a football game.

w e a k i n t h e f e n c i n g e v e n t s , w h i c h h a v e b e e n t r a d i t i o n a l l y d o m i n a t e d b y t h e E u r o j j e a n s . J u d o w a s i n c l u d e d i n t h e 1 3 t h U n i v e r s i a d e f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , a n d C h i n a ' s X u G u o q i n g f i n i s h e d s e c o n d i n t h e o p e n c a t e g o r y f i n a l , e a r n i n g C h i n a ' s f i r s t h o n o u r i n w o r l d J u d o c o m p e t i t i o n .

Football Prowess improves

O u t o f t h e 1 2 t e a m s p a r ­t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e f o o t b a l l c o m ­p e t i t i o n s a t K o b e , C h i n a ' s t e a m c a m e i n t h i r d , g i v i n g C h i n a i t s f i r s t f o o t b a l l p r i z e a t a w o r l d t o u r n a m e n t .

E a r l i e r , a t t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a ­t i o n a l F o o t b a l l F e d e r a t i o n ( F I F A ) U n d e r - 1 6 K o d a k C u p W o r l d T o u r n a m e n t h e l d i n B e i j i n g i n A u g u s t , t h e C h i n e s e t e a m m a d e i t as f a r as t h e q u a r t e r f i n a l s . A t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Y o u t h F o o t b a l l C h a m p i o n s h i p s , h e l d i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a t t h e s a m e t i m e a s t h e K o b e g a m e s , C h i n a a l s o e n t e r e d t h e q u a r t e r f i n a l s , s h o w i n g t h a t t h e g a p b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d w o r l d -c l a s s f o o t b a l l t e a m s i s n a r r o w i n g .

C h i n a ' s U n i v e r s i a d e r e c o r d s i n b a s k e t b a l l a n d v o l l e y b a l l w e r e , h o w e v e r , d i s a p p o i n t i n g . C h i n a ' s w o m e n ' s v o l l e y b a l l t e a m l o s t t o t h e t e a m f r o m t h e D e m o c r a t i c P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a i n p r e l i m i n a r y e v e n t s .

P r i o r t o t h e U n i v e r s i a d e , C h i n a ' s w o m e n ' s b a s k e t b a l l t e a m d e f e a t e d A m e r i c a ' s u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s ' t e a m . B u t a t t h e U n i v e r ­s i a d e , t h e C h i n e s e t e a m l o s t t o Y u g o s l a v i a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . D e s p i t e a s t r o n g e f f o r t , C h i n a ' s b a s k e t b a l l t e a m p l a c e d o n l y f i f t h .

T h e C h i n e s e m e n ' s b a s k e t b a l l t e a m l o s t i t s f i r s t g a m e a g a i n s t E g y p t i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y c o m p e t i ­t i o n d u e l a r g e l y t o i t s i n a b i l i t y t o s h i f t r a p i d l y f r o m o f f e n s i v e t o d e f e n s i v e p l a y s .

C h i n a ' s t e n n i s a n d w a t e r , p o l o

p e r f o r m a n c e s w e r e e q u a l l y a s w e a k , w i t h a l l f o u r m a l e a n d f e m a l e t e n n i s p l a y e r s e l i m i n a t e d i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r i e s , w h i l e t h e w a t e r p o l o t e a m c a m e i n o n l y e i g h t h p l a c e .

Track and Field Sliowing Wealc

T h e C h i n e s e a t h l e t e s f a i l e d t o s h i n e i n t h e t r a c k a n d f i e l d e v e n t s a n d s w i m m i n g e v e n t s , w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s p o r t s a t m a j o r c o m p e t i t i o n s s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e s p o r t s t h a t i n d i c a t e t h e l e v e l o f a n a t i o n ' s p h y s i c a l c u l t u r e .

O n l y t w o o f C h i n a ' s s w i m m e r s e n t e r e d t h e f i n a l s , w h i l e t w o t r a c k a n d f i e l d a t h l e t e s , h o w e v e r , c a p t u r e d s i l v e r m e d a l s . B o t h w o m e n , t h e s i l v e r - m e d a l t r a c k a n d f i e l d w i n n e r s w e r e Y a n g Y a n q i n , a s h o t - p u t t e r , w h o m a n a g e d a d i s t a n c e o f 1 7 . 7 9 m e t r e s ( 2 . 6 8 m e t r e s l e s s t h a n t h e c h a m p i o n ) , a n d Y a n H o n g , a h e e l - a n d - t o e w a l k e r w h o c a m e s e c o n d i n t h e 5 - k m r a c e . L a s t y e a r , Y a n , t h e n 18 a n d 1 .51 m e t r e s h i g h , w o n t h e w a l k i n g r a c e h e l d i n N o r w a y w i t h a t i m e o f 2 1 m i n u t e s 4 0 . 3 s e c o n d s , c u t t i n g t h e w o r l d r e c o r d b y 1 1 s e c o n d s . A t K o b e , h o w e v e r , Y a n

w a s l e f t b e h i n d b y a S o v i e t w a l k e r w h o b a t t l e d w i t h Y a n f o r t h e l e a d a f t e r t h e 1 1 t h l a p a n d f i n a l l y o v e r t o o k h e r i n t h e l a s t 3 0 0 m e t r e s .

C h i n a ' s w e a k n e s s i n t r a c k a n d f i e l d e v e n t s i s a l o n g - e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m a n d i s d u e m a i n l y t o t h e a t h l e t e s ' p o o r p h y s i q u e s . A t t h e U n i v e r s i a d e , a l t h o u g h s o m e C h i n e s e a t h l e t e s h a d f a i r f i n i s h i n g s c o r e s i n t h e m e n ' s 1 0 0 - m e t r e r a c e , t r i p l e j u m p a n d p o l e j u m p , m o s t f a i l e d t o m a k e i t a s f a r as t h e f i n a l s .

S o m e a t h l e t e s f r o m o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , h o w e v e r , d i d q u i t e w e l l a t t h e t o u r n a m e n t . A 2 2 - y e a r - o l d S o v i e t j u m p e r 1 . P a k l i n s e t a w o r l d r e c o r d b y c l e a r i n g 2 . 4 1 m e t r e s , w h i l e o t h e r s b e t t e r e d t h e U n i v e r s i a d e r e c o r d s .

A t t h e U n i v e r s i a d e , t h e C h i n e s e a t h l e t e s d i s c o v e r e d m a n y o f t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t h a v e w i d e n e d t h e g a p b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e w o r l d ' s o u t s t a n d i n g a t h l e t e s . I n s o d o i n g t h e a t h l e t e s h a v e t h o u g h t o f t h e t o u r n a m e n t a s a c h a n c e t o t e s t a n d i m p r o v e t h e i r s k i l l s . T h u s , i n s p i t e o f t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r r r t -a n c e , a l l o f C h i n a ' s a t h l e t e s l e f t K o b e f e e l i n g t h e y w o n s o m e t h i n g . •

22 B e i j i n g Review, N o . 4 0

Snow's Star Still Shines At a symposium held in July in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, to mark the 80th birthday of American writer Edgar Snow, participants recalled Snow's journey from Shanghai to Saratsi, Inner Mongolia — a journey that marked a milestone in Snow's ideological development and provided abundant material for his world-famous book "Red Star Over China."

by LING YANG Our Correspondent

ACADEMICS, journalists and historians from around the

world gathered in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, in July to mark the 80th birthday of American writer Edgar Snow (1905-72). Snow,' the first Western writer to follow the lives and the progress of the Chinese people and their leader Mao Ze­dong during the battle against Jap­anese occupation and the Kuo-mintang forces, achieved celebrity status after the publication of his world-famous work Red Star Over China, which chronicles those experiences.

The five-day symposium high­lighted Snow's journey from Shanghai to Saratsi, Inner Mongo­lia, where he was sent by the China Weekly Review in 1929, as a milestone in the author's ideologi­cal development.

"Fifty-six years ago the horror of a famine in Inner Mongolia awakened the fledgling American reporter to the immediate need for conscientious investigation and

1 consideration of the causes of such tragedies," said Lois Wheeler Snow, the author's second wife.

^ That realization, she said, led Snow "into a life-long commitment against bigotry, fascism and Nazism everywhere.

"Here on Inner Mongolian soil, Ed's worldwide writings and re-portings came into being."

Later in 1929, Snow published an account of his findings in In­ner Mongolia in a piece entitled

Saving 250,000 Lives, a work that is now considered the predecessor to Red Star Over China.

After returning to Shanghai from his Saratsi tr ip. Snow quit his job with the New York Heruld Trib­une and began working for the US Consolidated Press Association as a roving correspondent. After a year in that job. Snow had toured central, south, east and southwest China, as well as other areas in Asia. "All my experiences were going to shape my life and work beyond any capacity of mine as yet to appreciate," Snow later said of those early years. " I was losing my good prime ignorance and begin­ning to know a little something about 'not-knowing.' "

Robert Farnsworth, an executive member of the board of directors of the US Edgar Snow Memorial Fund and a professor of British and American literature, in a speech entitled, "A New Man, A New Land," focused on Snow's recollections of his Saratsi ex­perience and on how later events gave perspective and meaning to what he experienced there.

Yao Xipei, a literature re­searcher from the Lu Xun Museum in Beijing, analysed in her paper how Snow acquired a deep un­derstanding of the Chinese situa­tion after his Saratsi trip and got "a key to the understanding of China" from Lu Xun, a famous writer and one of the leaders of the left-wing literature movement. Yao also explained how Snow knew the Chinese people about

their lives and their thinking through Chinese literature and art and in 1936 edited and translated a collection of short stories under the title Living China written by 15 modern Chinese writers.

Rewi Alley, a New Zealand writer and poet and a friend of Snow's, reiterated the importance of Snow's Saratsi awakening with a personal anecdote.

"One impression he had that he did not write of was when he stood on the new canal bank and saw a thousand or more farm folk, all clothing off, working together like some powerful machine. Paid in grain, they had been eating relative­ly well and so had preserved con­siderable strength. Some years later in Shanghai, Snow said that sight was where he first got the understanding of the enormous strength organized and led in a way that made him feel he was looking at the harbingers of a new era in China."

Other friends of Snow's — Israel Epstein, Ruth Weiss, Ruth Coe and William Hinton — also recalled in their speeches the im­portant personal benefits they each gained from knowing Snow and from reading his works after his odyssey in Inner Mongolia.

Lu Guangmian, former head of the Northwest Industrial Co-opera­tive, explained how China Indusco, established under the auspieces of Snow and his first wife, Helen Foster Snow, whose pen name was Nym Wales, supported the pro­tracted War of Resistance Against

September 30, 1985 25

J a p a n a n d h a d t h e s y m p a t h y o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e w o r l d f o r t h e w a r .

W a n g F u s h i , w h o a c c o m p a n i e d H e l e n F o s t e r S n o w i n 1 9 3 7 t o Y e n a n as h e r i n t e r p r e t e r , s a i d h e f o u n d n e w h o p e f o r t h e b a t t l e a g a i n s t t h e J a p a n e s e i n Red Star Over China a n d t r a n s l a t e d t h e b o o k i n t o C h i n e s e u n d e r t h e t i t l e , A Foreign Correspondent's Impres­sions of the Northwest China.

X u E r w e i , w h o s e r v e d a s S n o w ' s i n t e r p r e t e r i n 1 9 7 0 d u r i n g h i s t h i r d v i s i t t o C h i n a a f t e r t h e f o u n d i n g o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c , s a i d t h a t a t t h a t t i m e S n o w h a d b e c o m e v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n a c u p u n c t u r e a n d b a r e f o o t d o c t o r s , a n d t h a t h e s a i d h e d o u b t e d a b o u t t h e t e a c h i n g m e t h o d s u s e d d u r i n g t h e " c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n , " w h i c h e m p h a s i z e d p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e t o t h e n e g l e c t o f s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y . S n o w a l s o t o l d C h a i r m a n M a o o f h i s u n e a s e a b o u t t h e c u l t o f p e r s o n a l i t y a n d h i s r e s e n t m e n t a g a i n s t t h e p r a c t i c e o f d i s p a r a g i n g a n d a t t a c k i n g v e t ­e r a n c a d r e s a n d t h e e m p t y r h e t o r i c t h a t w a s r i f e a m o n g c e r t a i n p e o ­p l e . X u s a i d S n o w e v e n r i d i c u l e d o n e o f S h a n g h a i ' s r e b e l l e a d e r s .

X u a l s o r e c a l l e d S n o w ' s l a s t d a y s i n S w i t z e r l a n d . W h e n h e w a s t o l d t h a t t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t w a s s e n d i n g h i m a m e d i c a l t e a m , S n o w ' s r e s p o n s e t o t h e o f f e r , X u s a i d , w a s a s i m p l e " 1 a m h u m b l e d . "

X u s a i d S n o w h a d m o v e d t o S w i t z e r l a n d b e c a u s e h i s i d e a s o n C h i n a w e r e i n c o m p i t a b l e w i t h t h o s e o f t h e U S g o v e r n m e n t a n d s o m e n e w s p a p e r s w e r e r e f u s i n g t o p u b l i s h h i s s t o r i e s b e c a u s e h e p e r ­m i t t e d n o c h a n g e m a d e i n t h e c o n ­t e n t s o f h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n s . F u r t h e r ­m o r e , S n o w ' s w i f e w a s a v i c t i m o f a g o v e r n m e n t b l a c k l i s t t h a t m a d e f i n d i n g w o r k n e a r l y i m p o s s i b l e . U n d e r s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e f a m ­i l y w a s c o m p e l l e d t o m i g r a t e t o S w i t z e r l a n d , w h e r e t h e y f e l t t h e y w e r e b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d a n d r e s p e c t e d .

A t t h e s y m p o s i u m , m a n y p a r t i c i ­

p a n t s a l s o d i s c u s s e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f S n o w ' s w o r k s i n I t a l y . M a u r i z i o B r u n o r i , a n I t a l i a n e x p e r t a t R a ­d i o B e i j i n g , c a l l e d S n o w t h e " M a r c o P o l o o f t h e M o d e r n A g e , " a n d s a i d h i s w o r k s h a d a p a r t i c u ­l a r l y s t r o n g i m p a c t o n I t a l i a n r e s p o n s e s t o C h i n a .

P e t e r H y u n , a n A m e r i c a n p u b ­l i s h e r a n d w r i t e r o f K o r e a n o r i g i n , t a l k e d o f h i s e f f o r t s a t i n t r o d u c i n g S n o w ' s w o r k t o h i s K o r e a n c o l ­l e a g u e s , w h i l e W u S o n g j i a n g , a l e c t u r e r f r o m F u j i a n U n i v e r s i t y , s a i d Red Star Over China h a d l o s t i t s v a l u e as a n e w s s t o r y , b u t t h a t i t s i n f l u e n c e a n d p r e s t i g e a s h i s ­t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e e n d u r e s . Red Star Over China i s s t i l l a s t r o n g s e l l e r i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C h i n a a n d h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n m o r e t h a n t e n l a n g u a g e s i n c l u d i n g F r e n c h , S w e d i s h , J a p a n e s e a n d H e b r e w . I t s E n g l i s h e d i t i o n , o f w h i c h 8 , 0 0 0 c o p i e s a r e s o l d e a c h y e a r , h a s b e e n l i s t e d a s o n e o f t h e 2 0 b e s t b o o k s a b o u t C h i n a b y t h e U S D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t e .

S e v e r a l C h i n e s e c o r r e s p o n d e n t s a n d j o u r n a l i s t r e s e a r c h e r s a p p r e c ­i a t e d S n o w ' s u n i q u e j o u r n a l i s t s t y l e , e s p e c i a l l y h i s s p i r i t o f r e s p e c t ­i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e r e a l i t y a n d e x ­p o s i n g t h e f a c t s b o l d l y , a n d c a l l e d h i m a " b r i l l i a n t e x a m p l e f o r a l l c o r r e s p o n d e n t s . " W u S o n g j i a n g

a n a l y s e d t h e a r t i s t i c a c h i e v e m e n t s o f Red Star Over China a n d i t s v i v i d , f l u e n t a n d h u m o r o u s l a n ­g u a g e . H e c a l l e d t h e b o o k a c o m ­b i n a t i o n o f a r e p o r t a g e , b i o g r a p h y , t a l e , d i a r y a n d c o m m e n t .

Other Friends Remembered H u a n g H u a . c h a i r m a n o f t h e

S m e d l e y , S t r o n g a n d S n o w S o c i e t y , t h e m a i n s p o n s o r o f t h e s y m p o ­s i u m , s a i d a t t h e o p e n i n g c e r e m o n y t h a t S n o w r e p r e s e n t e d a n i m p o r ­t a n t e l e m e n t i n t h e a n t i - f a s c i s t a g e i n w h i c h t h e C h i n e s e a n d m u c h o f t h e w o r l d s t r u g g l e d f o r i n d e p e n ­d e n c e a n d t h e r i g h t t o b u i l d t h e i r c o u n t r i e s . H u a n g a l s o e x t o l l e d S n o w as a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a g r o u p o f " a d v a n c e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t s , " w h o w o r k e d f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g ; f r i e n d s h i p a n d c o - o p e r a t i o n b e ­t w e e n t h e C h i n e s e a n d A m e r i c a n p e o p l e s . H e c a l l e d f o r t h e s t u d i e s o f a l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t s w h o h e l p e d t h e C h i n e s e r e v o l u t i o n a r y c a u s e , a n d f o r p u b l i c i z i n g t h e i r m e r i t s i n o r d e r t o e d u c a t e t h e y o u n g g e n e r a ­t i o n s .

H i s t o r i a n T o m C r u n f e l d f r o m N e w Y o r k i n t r o d u c e d m o r e t h a n 3 0 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e C o m ­m u n i s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l , d o c t o r s , j o u r n a l i s t s a n d r e l i g i o u s f i g u r e s w h o v i s i t e d C h i n a b e f o r e t h e

Edgor Snow, a friend of the Chinese people, (Woodcut)

24 Beijing Review, No. 39

f o u n d i n g o f N e w C h i n a i n 1 9 4 9 . T h e s e p e o p l e , G r u n f e l d s a i d , e x e r t e d a n i n f l u e n c e o n t h e C h i ­n e s e p e o p l e t h e y c o n t a c t e d d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d .

L i n n L u b k e m a n , a p r o f e s s o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n , s p o k e o f h e r r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e m o t i v a t i o n o f A g n e s S m e d l e y , a n o t h e r A m e r i ­c a n j o u r n a l i s t , a n d S t r o n g t o c o m ­m i t t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e C h i n e s e r e v ­o l u t i o n a r y c a u s e a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e t h e y r e c e i v e d i n C h i n a .

Visit to Saratsi F o l l o w i n g t h e s y m p o s i u m t h e

p a r t i c i p a n t s t r a v e l l e d t o g e t h e r t o t h e m u c h - d i s c u s s e d S a r a t s i a n d f o u n d a p l a c e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h i c h s o a f f e c t e d S n o w .

T o d a y t h e " l a n d o f d e a t h , " a s S n o w c a l l e d i t , h a s c h a n g e d b e y o n d r e c o g n i t i o n .

T h e y f o u n d a g r a t i f y i n g p a s -

D u r i n g t h e g r e a t N o r t h w e s t f a m ­i n e , w h i c h l a s t e d r o u g h l y f o r t h r e e y e a r s a n d a f f e c t e d f o u r h u g e p r o v ­i n c e s , I v i s i t e d s o m e o f t h e d r o u g h t - s t r i c k e n a r e a s i n S u i y u a n ( w h i c h w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o I n n e r M o n g o l i a i n 1 9 5 4 — Ed.), o n t h e e d g e o f M o n g o l i a , i n J u n e , 1 9 2 9 . H o w m a n y p e o p l e s t a r v e d t o d e a t h i n t h o s e y e a r s I d o n o t a c c u r a t e l y k n o w , a n d p r o b a b l y n o o n e w i l l e v e r k n o w ; i t i s f o r g o t t e n n o w . A c o n s e r v a t i v e s e m i - o f f i c i a l f i g u r e o f 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 i s o f t e n a c c e p t e d , b u t 1 a m n o t i n c l i n e d t o d o u b t o t h e r e s t i m a t e s r a n g i n g as h i g h a s 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 .

T h i s c a t a s t r o p h e p a s s e d h a r d l y n o t i c e d i n t h e W e s t e r n w o r l d , a n d e v e n i n t h e c o a s t a l c i t i e s o f C h i n a ,

t o r a l s e t t i n g o f w i l l o w s a n d p i n e s , h e a l t h y f i e l d s , c a n a l s , a n d p u m p ­i n g s t a t i o n s t h a t i r r i g a t e t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f h e c t a r e s o f l a n d . C o r r e s p o n d e n t G u o Y u f r o m In­ner Mongolia Daily t o l d t h i s c o r ­r e s p o n d e n t t h a t f i s h i n g i n c a n a l s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d i n t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s a n d l o c a l p e o p l e e a r n e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e s u m o f m o n e y f r o m b r e e d i n g s i l v e r c a r p s , C h i n e s e i d e s a n d A m e r i c a n r a i n b o w t r o u t s a n d P a c i f i c h e r r i n g s . I n d e e d , t h e d a y s i n w h i c h S n o w " e s t i m a t e d e a c h c a t t y i s s u f f i c i e n t t o f e e d f i v e p e r ­s o n s f o r o n e d a y " a r e l o n g g o n e . T h e l o c a l p e o p l e n o w l i v e i n b r i c k -a n d - t i l e h o u s e s , b u y m o d e r n f u r n i ­t u r e , e a t p l e n t y o f n o u r i s h i n g f o o d a n d w e a r f a s h i o n a b l e c l o t h e s .

T h e s c e n e t h e g r o u p e n c o u n ­t e r e d i n c o n t e m p o r a r y S a r a t s i p r o v e d S n o w ' s p r e d i c t i o n r i g h t t h a t f o r t h e p e o p l e o f t h a t v i l l a g e t h e " R e d s t a r i s a s y m b o l o f h o p e a n d f r e e d o m . " •

b u t a f e w c o u r a g e o u s C h i n e s e a n d f o r e i g n e r s a t t a c h e d t o t h e A m e r i ­c a n - f i n a n c e d C h i n a I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a m i n e R e l i e f C o m m i s s i o n — i n ­c l u d i n g i t s s e c r e t a r y , D w i g h t E d ­w a r d s ; O . J . T o d d , t h e A m e r i c a n e n g i n e e r ; a n d a w o n d e r f u l A m e r i ­c a n m i s s i o n a r y d o c t o r , R o b e r t I n ­g r a m * — r i s k e d t h e i r l i v e s i n t h o s e t y p h u s - i n f e s t e d a r e a s , t r y i n g t o s a l ­v a g e s o m e o f t h e h u m a n w r e c k a g e . I s p e n t s o m e d a y s w i t h t h e m , p a s s ­i n g t h r o u g h c i t i e s o f d e a t h , a c r o s s a o n c e - f e r t i l e c o u n t r y s i d e t u r n e d i n t o d e s e r t w a s t e l a n d , t h r o u g h a l a n d o f n a k e d h o r r o r .

1 w a s t w e n t y - l h r e e . I h a d c o m e t o t h e E a s t l o o k i n g f o r t h e " g l a m o r o f t h e O r i e n t , " s e a r c h i n g f o r a d ­v e n t u r e . T h i s e x c u r s i o n t o S u i y u a n

h a d b e g u n as s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a t . B u t h e r e f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n m y l i f e I c a m e a b r u p t l y u p o n m e n w h o w e r e d y i n g b e c a u s e t h e y h a d n o t h i n g t o e a t . I n t h o s e h o u r s o f n i g h t m a r e I s p e n t i n S u i y u a n 1 s a w t h o u s a n d s o f m e n , w o m e n , a n d c h i l d r e n s t a r v i n g t o d e a t h b e f o r e m y e y e s .

H a v e y o u e v e r s e e n a m a n — a g o o d h o n e s t m a n w h o h a s w o r k e d h a r d , a " l a w - a b i d i n g c i t i z e n , " d o i n g n o s e r i o u s h a r m t o a n y o n e — w h e n h e h a s h a d n o f o o d f o r m o r e t h a n a m o n t h ? i t i s a m o s t a g o n i z i n g s i g h t . H i s d y i n g f l e s h h a n g s f r o m h i m i n w r i n k l e d f o l d s ; y o u c a n c l e a r l y see e v e r y b o n e i n h i s b o d y ; h i s e y e s s t a r e o u t u n s e e ­i n g ; a n d e v e n i f h e is a y o u t h o f t w e n t y h e m o v e s l i k e a n a n c i e n t c r o n e , d r a g g i n g h i m s e l f f r o m s p o t t o s p o t . I f h e h a s b e e n l u c k y h e h a s l o n g a g o s o l d h i s w i f e a n d d a u g h t e r s . H e h a s a l s o s o l d e v e r y ­t h i n g h e o w n s — t h e t i m b e r o f h i s h o u s e i t s e l f , a n d m o s t o f h i s c l o t h e s . S o m e t i m e s h e h a s , i n d e e d , e v e n s o l d t h e l a s t r a g o f d e c e n c y , a n d h e s w a y s t h e r e i n t h e s c o r c h ­i n g s u n , h i s t e s t i c l e s d a n g l i n g f r o m h i m l i k e w i t h e r e d o l i v e s e e d s — t h e l a s t g r i m j e s t t o r e m i n d y o u t h a t t h i s w a s o n c e a m a n .

C h i l d r e n a r e e v e n m o r e p i t i a b l e , w i t h t h e i r l i t t l e s k e l e t o n s b e n t o v e r a n d m i s s h a p e n , t h e i r c r o o k e d b o n e s , t h e i r l i t t l e a r m s l i k e t w i g s , a n d t h e i r p u r p l i n g b e l l i e s , f i l l e d w i t h b a r k a n d s a w d u s t , p r o t r u d i n g l i k e t u m o r s . W o m e n l i e s l u m p e d i n c o r n e r s , w a i t i n g f o r d e a t h , t h e i r b l a c k b l a d e - l i k e b u t t o c k s p r o t r u d ­i n g , t h e i r b r e a s t s h a n g i n g l i k e c o l ­l a p s e d s a c k s . B u t t h e r e a r e , a f t e r a l l , n o t m a n y w o m e n a n d g i r l s . M o s t o f t h e m h a v e d i e d o r b e e n s o l d .

T h o s e w e r e t h i n g s 1 m y s e l f h a d s e e n a n d w o u l d n e v e r f o r g e t . M i l ­l i o n s o f p e o p l e d i e d t h a t w a y i n f a m i n e , a n d t h o u s a n d s m o r e s t i l l d i e d i n C h i n a l i k e t h a t . I h a d s e e n f r e s h c o r p s e s o n t h e s t r e e t s o f S a r a t s i , a n d i n t h e v i l l a g e s 1 h a d

Death and Taxes The following is a reprint of the chapter from Edgar Snow's book

"Red Star Over China." The chapter describes Snow's journey to Inner Mongolia in 1929. This excerpt is intended to help our readers better appreciate the foregoing article "Snow's Star Still Shines." — Ed.

September 30, 1985 25

Snow ond his wife, Helen Foster Snow, in Chino in the 1930s.

seen shallow graves where victims of famine and disease were laid by the dozens. But these were not the most shocking things after all. The shocking thing was that in many of those towns there were still rich men, rice hoarders, wheat hoar­ders, moneylenders, and landlords, with armed guards to defend them, while they profiteered enormously. The shocking thing was that in the cities — where officials danced or played with sing-song girls^— there were grain and food, and had been for months; that in Peking and Tientsin and elsewhere were thousands of tons of wheat and millet, collected (mostly by contri­butions from abroad) by the Fam­ine Commission, but which could not be shipped to the starving. Why not? Because in the Northwest there were some militarists who wanted to hold all of their railroad rolling stock and would release none of it toward the east, while in the east there were other Kuo-mintang generals who would send no rolling stock v,cestward — even to starving people — because they feared it would be seized by their rivals.

While famine raged the Commis­sion decided to build a big canal (with American funds) to help flood some of the lands baked by

drought. The officials gave them every co-operation — and promptly began to buy for a few cents an acre all the lands to be irrigated. A flock of vultures descended upon this benighted country and purchased from the starving farmers thousands of acres for the taxes in arrears, or for a few cop­pers, and held it to await tenants and rainy days.

Yet the great majority of those people who died did so without any act of protest.

"Why don't they revolt?" I asked myself. "Why don't they march in a great army and attack the scoundrels who can tax them but cannot feed them, who can seize their lands but cannot repair an irrigation canal? Or why don't they sweep into the great cities and plunder the wealth of the rascals who buy their daughters and wives, the men who continue to gorge on thirty-six-course banquets while honest men starve? Why not?"

I was profoundly puzzled by their passivity. For a while I thought nothing would make a Chinese fight.

1 was mistaken. The Chinese peasant was not passive; he was

not a coward. He would fight when given a method, an organiza­tion, leadership, a workable pro­gram, hope — and arms. The development of "communism" in China had proved that. Against the above background, therefore, it should not surprise us to learn that Communists were popular in the Northwest, for conditions there had been no better for the mass of the peasantry than elsewhere in China.

Evidence to that effect had been vividly documented by Dr. A. Stampar,** the distinguished health expert sent by the League of Nations as adviser to the Nan­king Government. It was the best thing available on the subject. Dr. Stampar had toured the Kuomin-tang areas of Shensi and Kansu, and his reports were based on his own observations as well as offic­ial data opened for him.

He pointed out that "in the year 240BC an engineer called Cheng Kuo is said to have constructed a system for irrigating nearly a mil­lion acres" in the historic Wei Valley of Shensi, cradle of the Chinese race, but that "this system was neglected; the dams collaps«d, and, though new works were from time to time carried out, the amount of territory irrigated at the end of the Manchu Dynasty (1911) was less than 20,000 mou" — about 3,300 acres. Figures he ob­tained showed that during the great famine 62 percent of the popula­tion died outright in one county of Shensi; in another, 75 percent; and so on. Official estimates re­vealed that 2,000,000 people starv­ed in Kansu alone — about 20 per­cent of the population.

To quote from this Geneva in­vestigator on conditions in the Northwest before the Reds arrived:

"In the famine of 1930 twenty acres of land could be purchased for three days' food supply. Making use of this opportunity, thg wealthy classes of the province

26 Beijing Review, No. 39

(Shensi) buih up large estates, and the number of owner-cultivators diminished. The following extract from the report for 1930 of Mr. Findlay Andrew of the China In­ternational Famine Relief Commis­sion conveys a good impression of the situation in that year:

" ' . . . The external appearances of the Province have much im­proved on those of last year. Why? Because in this particular section of Kansu with which our work deals, death from starvation, pes­tilence, and sword have doomed during the past two years such large numbers of the population that the very demand for food has considerably lessened.' "

Much land had become waste, much had been concentrated in the hands of landlords and officials. Kansu especially had "surprisingly large" areas of cultivable but un­cultivated land. "Land during the famine of 1928-30 was bought at extremely cheap rates by land­owners who, since that period, have realized fortunes by the execution of the Wei Pei Irrigation project" (a famine-relief measure financed by the Commission).

"In Shensi it is considered a mark of honor to pay no land tax, and wealthy landowners are there­fore as a rule exempted A practice which is particularly un­desirable is to claim arrears of taxes, for the period during which they were absent, from the farmers who abandoned their land during famines, the farmers being forbid­den to resume possession until their arrears are paid."

Dr. Stampar found that Shensi farmers (evidently excluding the landlords, who were "as a rule exempted") had to pay land taxes and surtaxes amounting to about 45 percent of their income, while other taxes "represent a further 20 percent;" and "not only is taxa­tion thus fantastically heavy, but its assessment appears to be hap­

hazard and its manner oi collec­tion wasteful, brutal, and in many cases corrupt."

As for Kansu, Dr. Stampar said:

"The revenues of Kansu have during the last five years averaged over eight millions . . . heavier taxa­tion than in Chekiang, one of the richest and most heavily taxed provinces in China. It will be seen also that this revenue, especially in Kansu, is not drawn from one or two major sources, but from a multitude of taxes each yielding a small sum, scarcely any commodity or productive or commercial activ­ity going untaxed. The amount which the population pays is even higher than is shown by the pub­lished figures. In the first place, the tax collectors are able to retain a share — in some cr< :s a very large share — of the amounts col­lected. In the second place, to the taxes levied by the provincial or hsien governments must be added those imposed by military leaders, which in Kansu Province are offic­ially estimated at more than ten millions.***

"A further cause of expense to the population is the local militia ( m i n - t ' u a n ) , which, formed origi­nally for defense against the ban­dits, has in many instances dege­nerated into a gang living at the cost of the countryside." Dr . Stam­par quoted figures showing that the cost of supporting the m i n - t ' u a n ranged from 30 t o 40 percent of the total local government budget — this quite in addition, of course, to the burden o f maintaining the big regular armies. These l a t ­ter, according to Dr. S t a m r a r , had absorbed over 60 percent o f the provincial, revenues in both Kansu and Shensi.

A foreign missionary I met in Shensi told me that he had once personally followed a pig from owner to consumer, and in the process saw six different taxes be­ing paid. Another missionary, of Kansu, described seeing peasants knock down the wooden walls of

thei. house? ( s v . i o d being expen­sive in the Northwest) and cart it to market to sell in order to pay tax collectors. He said t h a t the attitude of even some o f thr "rich" peasants, while not friendly when the Reds first arrived, was one of indifference, and a belief that "no government could be worse than the old."

And yet the Northwest was by no means a hopeless country eco­nomically. It was not overpopu-laied; much of its land was very rich; it could easily produce far more than it could consume; and with an improved irrigation system parts of it might become a "Chi­nese Ukraine." Shensi and Kansu had abundant coal deposits. Shensi had oil. Dr. Stampar prophesied that "Shensi, especially the plain in the neighbourhood of Sian. may itself become an industrial center of an importance second only to the Yangtze Valley, and needing for its service its own coal fields." Mineral deposits <:.r Kansu, C h i h g -hai, and Sinkiang, s a i d t o be very rich, were scarceiy toiiched^ In gold alone, said Siampar, "the re­gion may turn ou( t o be a second Klondike."

Here, surely, were conditions which seemed overripe f o r change. Here, surely, were t h i n g s f o r men to fight against, even if they had nothing to fight /or. And no won­der, v/hen the Red Star appeared in the Northwest, thousands of men arose to welcome it as a symbol of hope and freedom.

Notes:

• Dr. Ingram was killed a f e w y e a r s later b y Chinese bandits, b u t n o t . , d bandits. ** Dr. A. Stampar, The Northwestern Provinces and Their Posdbilities of Development, published p r i v a t e l y b y t h e National Fcouomic Council v N a n -king, J u l y , 1 9 3 4 >

*** This was a conservative e s t i r r s c i t e , since it included no mention of the chief illegal military taxation in both Kansu and Shensi. for many years the opium revenue.

September . T O , 1 9 8 5 2 7

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

New Concepts of Choosing Profession

from "LIAO WANG' (Outlook Weekly)

S I N C E 1 9 8 2 , 1 5 0 S h a n g h a i c o l ­l e g e g r a d u a t e s h a v e g i v e n u p

j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n s t a t e - o w n e d e n t e r p r i s e s t o g o t o w o r k i n n e i g h ­b o u r h o o d w o r k s h o p s .

I n t h e p a s t , o n l y a f e w s e n i o r m i d d l e s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s w e r e w i l l ­i n g t o w o r k i n r e s t a u r a n t s a n d h o t e l s . S i n c e 1 9 8 2 , h o w e v e r , a b o u t 2 8 p e r c e n t o f S h a n g h a i ' s m i a d l e s c h o o l g r a d u a t e s e v e r y y e a r w a n t e d t o w o r k i n t h e s e r v i c e t r a d e s .

F a s h i o n a n d f i n e a r t s m o d e l l i n g , h a i r s t y l i n g a n d a d v e r t i s i n g h a v e a l s o b e c o m e f a v o u r i t e j o b s f o r C h i n a ' s u r b a n y o u t h . A n d w h e n f i v e S h a n g h a i a r t i n s t i t u t e s a n d s c h o o l s a d v e r t i s e d f o r 1 0 a r t i s t s ' m o d e l s , m o r e t h a n 1 , 8 0 0 c a n d i ­d a t e s a n s w e r e d t h e c a l l .

T h e e a s t C h i n a m e t r o p o l i s n o w h a s a b o u t 5 0 , 0 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l l y - r u n s h o p s a n d s t r e e t s t a l l s o f f e r i n g a w i d e a s s o r t m e n t o f p o p u l a r i ^ o o d s .

B u t w h y d o t h e s e o n c e u n p o ­p u l a r j o b s n o w a t t r a c t s o m a n y y o u n g p e o p l e ?

" A f e w y e a r s a g o , I w o r k e d i n a l a r g e s t a t e - o w n e d f a c t o r y . I s o o n f o u n d t h a t I w a s i d l e a n d h a d l i t t l e t o d o . S o 1 t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n e i g h b o u r h o o d f a c t o r y . T h o u g h i t i s s m a l l a n d u n k n o w n , I c a n u s e m y k n o w l e d g e t h e r e , " s a i d F e n g Q i f a n g , a u n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a t e .

F e n g i s n o w a h e a d o f h i s f a c ­t o r y ' s t e c h n o l o g y s e c t i o n .

" M o r e a n d m o r e p e o p l e a r e a b a n i k n i n g t h e o l d c o n c e p t o f o n l y s e e k i n g f a m e a n d n o t h a v i n g a p r a c t i c a l p o i n t o f v i e w w h e n t h e y a r e l o o k i n g f o r a j o b . O n e ' s

r e p u t a t i o n i s n o t m e a s u r e d b y w h i c h u n i t s h e w o r k s f o r , b u t b y h o w m u c h h e c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s t a t e a n d s o c i e t y , " a n o t h e r g r a d ­u a t e a d d e d .

M a n y y o u n g p e o p l e n o w c h o o s e t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o w h e t h e r t h e y c a n d i s p l a y t h e i r t a l e n t s a n d s p e c i a l s k i l l s t h e r e .

X i a o X u , 2 7 , f o r m e r l y w o r k e d a s a s h o p e m p l o y e e e a r n i n g m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 y u a n a m o n t h . H e n o w t a k e s h o m e o n l y 8 5 y u a n f r o m h i s n e w j o b a s a n a r t i s t s ' m o d e l . W h e n a s k e d w h y h e c h o s e t h e p r o f e s s i o n , h e s a i d : " W h e n I w a s a c h i l d , a n a r t t e a c h e r d r e w a p i c t u r e o f m e . T h e p i c t u r e w a s r e a l l y t r u e t o l i f e , a n d f r o m t h a t t i m e o n I t o o k a n i n t e r e s t

/^Others, Children

from "BEIJING WANBAO" (Beijing Evening News)

A P A R T f r o m h a v i n g c h i l d r e n i n t h e s a m e t h i r d g r a d e c l a s s

a t a B s i j i n g s c h o o l , a g r o u p o f m o t h e r s h a s s o m e t h i n g e l s e i n c o m m o n — p e r f e c t a t t e n d a n c e r e ­c o r d s a t w o r k .

T h e s e m o t h e r s c a n a t t r i b u t e t h e i r s p o t l e s s w o r k r e c o r d s t o t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n . A s p a r t o f t ! i e Y o u n g P i o n e e r o r g a n i z a ­t i o n ' s c o n t e s t , t h e C r e a t i v e C u p , 5 4 m e m b e r s o f t h e t e a m w h o a r e p u p i l s a t t h e H u i j i a c h a n g P r i m a r y S c h o o l i n t h e O o n g c h e n g D i s t r i c t o f B e i j i n g s i g n e d m o t h e r - c h i l d c o n ­t r a c t s i n w h i c h t h e m o t h e r w a s o b l i g a t e d t o n e v e r m i s s a d a y o f w o r k a s l o n g a s h e r c h i l d d i d h i s

i n a r t a n d s o m e t i m e s m o d e l l e d f o r p a i n t e r s .

" N o w 1 a m a p r o f e s s i o n a l m o d e l . W h e n a c l a s s i s o v e r , 1 f e e l l i k e I ' m n o t s t e p p i n g d o w n f r o m t h e p l a t f o r m , b u t f r o m a p i c ­t u r e . I t a k e p r i d e i n m y p r o f e s ­s i o n , a n d t h e s t u d e n t s o f t e n c o m ­p l i m e n t m e o n m y w o r k . "

W o r k i n g i n f u n e r a l p a r l o r s i s u s u a l l y r e g a r d e d a s a l o w - s t a t u s o c c u p a t i o n . B u t 1 9 - y e a r - o l d X u W e i o f t h e S h a n g h a i L o n g h u a F u n e r a l P a r l o r s a i d , " I l i k e t o d o t h e w o r k t h a t o t h e r s d o n ' t l i k e . "

L a s t O c t o b e r , a f t e r p a s s i n g a n e x a m i n a t i o n , X u a n d 4 9 o t h e r s w e r e c h o s e n f o r t h e i r j o b s f r o m a m o n g 1 , 0 0 0 a p p l i c a n t s . T h e L o n g h u a F u n e r a l P a r l o r . n o w h a s 1 9 0 e m p l o y e e s — 8 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e m y o u n g p e o p l e w h o h a v e b e e n h i r e d i n t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s .

Partners in Time

o r h e r s h a r e o f t h e c h o r e s a t h o m e .

T h e c o n t r a c t s e n s u r e d t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n w o u l d w a k e u p e a r l i e r i n o r d e r t o h e l p w i t h t h e l a u n d r y , c l e a n i n g , e t c . I n s o d o i n g , t h e c h i l d r e n w e r e s u p p o s e d t o b e a l ­l o w i n g t h e m o t h e r s m o r e t i m e t o d e v o t e t o t h e i r j o b s o u t s i d e t h e h o m e a n d t o b e c o m e t h e m o d e l w o r k e r s t h e y o n c e w e r e — b e f o r e t h e i r c h i l d r e n w e r e b o r n a n d t h e i r h o m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s b e g a n t o i n ­f r i n g e o n t h o s e o f w o r k ' s .

T h e c l a s s w o n f i r s t p l a c e i n t h e C r e a t i v e C u p f o r t h e i r e f f o r t s , w h i l e t h e i r m o t h e r s h a v e a l s o b e e n c i t e d f o r t h e i r i m m a c u l a t e w o r k r e c o r d s , p r o v i n g t h a t w h e n f a m ­i l i e s p u t t h e i r h e a d s t o g e t h e r , a l o t c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d .

28 Beijing Review. No. 3 9

Answers of Primary School Pupils

from "ZHONGGUO FUNU" (Women of China)

LAST May two researchers sur­veyed 68 primary school chil­

dren in Henan Province. Of those surveyed, 33 were boys and 35 were girls. The 12-year-olds in the poll were asked the following three questions: What would you like to be when you grow up? What sort of people do you dis­like? And, what is your strongest wish?

With regard to the first ques­tion, 22.1 percent of the children said they wanted to be teachers; 20.6 percent wanted to be heroes; 13 percent wanted to be public security officers; 10.3 percent, scientists; another 8.9 percent (mostly girls) said doctors and nurses; 8.9 percent said they wanted to be like their parents — industrious, honest and intelli­gent; 7.4 percent said people who could make outstanding contribu­tions in ordinary work; 4.4 percent said scholars and writers; and 4.4 percent said athletes.

In answering, the second ques­tion, 45 percent of the pupils said they most disliked people who misbehaved and who liked to fight; 19 percent said that they disliked those who do not help others; 11.7 percent said they did not like dishonest and untrust­worthy people; another 11.7 per­cent said they disliked disrespect­ful people who made fun of others; 8.8 percent noted pick pockets were the worst sort of people; while 2.9 percent said they disliked boastful people who did little rather than talk.

In answering the third question, 54.7 percent of the surveyed said their strongest wish was to enrol into junior middle school without any difficulty; 17.5 percent said

they wanted to grow up soon and do something to alleviate their parents ' burdens; 8.8 percent said they hoped to learn more and to make their parents and relatives proud; 7.4 percent wanted simply

Sending T r a d i t i o n a l

from "NONGMIN RIBAO' (Peasants' Daily)

P EOPLE of the Zhuang nation­ality in Debao County,

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re­gion, have some interesting tradi­tional ways of showing love. Known by the local people as "signals" of love, the various pro­cedures involved are as follows:

• The cogongrass method. If a young man is fond of a young woman, he picks two cogongrass leaves, puts them together and nips off both ends, and then hands them to the woman of his affec­tions. The young woman can show her acceptance of her adorer's attention by accepting the leaves and then giving them back. If she is not interested, the woman can either refuse the leaves or take them, break off one of them and hand them back to the disap­pointed suitor.

• Bananas bring smiles and onions sour. If a young man wants to befriend a young woman, he can also send her a scarf. If the young woman accepts the gift, she should in turn send a pair of hc»nd-made shoes to her devotee. If she plans to accept the young man's love, she will put a piece of a bajiao banana with the shoes. If she does not want to encourage his advances, she should put a piece of spring onion in the pair of shoes.

to study hard and stay healthy; 5.8 percent said they wished they could be among the top five stu­dents in their class; 4.9 percent said they wanted most to be trust­ed and understood, to graduate and to get a good job so they could become independent; and 1.4 per­cent said they wanted to learn how to drive.

Love Signals

• One chopstick means yes, two no. If a young man is inter­ested in a young woman, he may either write her, or, if she is il­literate, he should send her some­thing to indicate his desire. If the woman responds to his sign with a pair of chopsticks, it means she has been engaged. If, however, only one chopstick is part of her reply, the woman is saying she is un­attached and interested in making friends. No chopsticks from the woman means simply that she turns his offer down and that further attempts to woo her will be in vain.

• Turn-up pants legs mean serious intentions. When a young man visits a young woman's fam­ily with his trouser legs turned up, he is showing his determination to pursue the woman. If the young woman is co-operative, she should take the initiative by setting up a date. If by chance a young man who has already engaged to a girl is careless enough to go to a young woman's family with rolled-up trouser legs, he will be ridiculed by the villagers.

September 30, 1985 29

BUSINESS AND TRADE

China Honours Credit Cards Although China is not a mem­

ber of the international credit card organization, foreign credit cards have entered the Chinese market.

The use of credit cards in China started in 1981. With the imple­mentation of China's policy of opening to the outside world and the development of the tourist in­dustry, an increasing number of foreign businessmen and tourists have come to China, with the re­sult that the credit card has devel­oped more quickly. Up till now, the Bank of China has concluded credit card agreements with seven banks from Hongkong, the United States and Japan, and has opened credit card services at various of­fices in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Hang-zhou. Master Card, Visa Card, Federal Card, Diners Club Card, Million Card, JCB Card and American Express Card all are now handled in China. The bank's credit card volume in 1984 was US$60 million, and the figure is expected to reach US$120 million

in 1985. Foreign credit cards are still not

common in China. When condi­tions allow, China will gradually expand its credit card business to accommodate its growing interna­tional business and tourist trade. The participation of the Nanyang Commercial Bank, which is a member of the Bank of China Group in Hongkong and Macao, in the Master Card International Inc. last year will undoubtedly help popularize the use of credit cards in China. China does not have any special establishment to issue credit cards. Individual branches of the Bank of China, however, have attempted to handle this business.

Well before handling credit cards, the Bank of China had begun honouring travellers cheques in the 1960s. Travellers cheques issued by 40 banks from over ten countries, including the United States, Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan, can be cashed in 600 branches and

sub-branches of the Bank of China. According to Russell Hogg, pres­

ident of Master Card Interna­tional Inc., there are bright prospects for popularizing the use of credit cards in China, but patience is required. " W e are doing explorative work in the Far East. But this requires us to have some sort of farsightedness, which will enable us to be always com­petitive," said Hogg ^ in a Septem­ber 16 interview with Beijing Review.

Master Card International Inc. held its annual conference in Bei­jing on September 16 and 17, in an effort to spark further business in China. More than 200 bankers from 15 countries and regions attended the two-day meeting. Hogg said the conference was in­tended to enable China to become better acquainted with this world organization. At the same time. Master Card International Inc. was to come to better understand China. He said, " O u r ultimate aim is that we hope China will join this international organization." Hogg also noted he is confident of developing a credit card business in China.

Master Card International Inc. is one of the world's larger credit card organizations, with 25,000 banks and financial institutions as members worldwide and 110 mil­lion card-holders. It has set up 5 million special agencies in 165 countries and regions around the world. Its business volume came to US$60 billion in 1984, and is ex­pected to be US$80 billion this year.

Beijing's Airfreight Takes Off

China's air transportation net­work, with Beijing as the centre.

50 Beijing Review. No. 39

has taken shape. Airplanes can now fly directly from the capital to 29 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (except Tai­wan), and 650 cities in 150 coun­tries and regions.

Beijing's import and export volume of airfreight accounts for more than 80 percent of the na­tion's total. In recent years, the Beijing airfreight station has forged business ties with 54 Chinese transport companies and 20 inter­national transport agencies. Apart from handling the business of re­ceiving and delivering, storing, declaring at customs, distributing and transferring import and export goods, the Beijing airfreight station has been expanding its business scope and has started an express delivery business for goods from Beijing to Hongkong, Tokyo, the United States and Europe.

A global express delivery service centre, China's first, was set up at the Beijing Hotel in the first half of this year. Commercial docu­ments, materials and small parcels can be delivered on the same day a request is made. Express mails from abroad can reach the con­signees within 24 hours.

Beijing's total import and export volume of airfreight in 1984 in­creased 280 percent over that of 1981. Imports went up 290 per­cent, while exports rose 19.3 times. The total weight of the 82,478 ex­press mails delivered in 1984 showed a 6.2 times increase over that of 1981.

Harbour Builders Speed Up Work

To further expand China's eco­nomic and trade relations with foreign countries and accelerate its modernization drive, major efforts will be devoted to harbour con­struction in 14 coastal cities and Hainan Island during the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90). It is ex­pected that 20 deep-water berths

will be built every year, for a total of 300 nationwide by 1990. Ten deep-water berths for 10,000-ton vessels and above will be built in Beihai in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Mawei in Fu-jian Province, Wenzhou in Zhe-jiang and Hainan Island.

A total of 54 deep-water berths were scheduled to be built during the Sixth Five-Year Plan period (1981-85). Twenty-one have already been completed and the rest will go into service by the end of this year.

More than 30 deep-water berths will be put into service this year, the biggest number in any year in China's harbour construction history.

New Lease Firm Set Up in Dalian

The North China International Leasing Company ( N C I L C ) will open for business in October in the northeast China city of Dalian.

N C I L C is jointly financed by the China National Technical Import Corporation, the Dalian branch of the Liaoning Provincial Interna­tional Trust and Investment Cor­poration, the Dalian Trust and In­vestment Company, the Nichimen Corporation of Japan and the Standard Chartered Bank of Brit­ain. The area's only leasing com­pany, which is the first ever estab­lished in northeast China with investment from the British bank, will serve Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.

Contracts establishing the ven­ture were signed on August 26 in Beijing. Preparations for the ven­ture's opening are now under way.

News in Brief • China signed a contract with

Egypt on the establishment of a garment company that will turn out 2 million robes, shirts, dresses

The recently completed Qinhuang-dao wharf where some of China's ships are loaded with coal for export.

and pajamas a year. The venture will have a registered capital of 2 million Egyptian pounds, in which Egypt will invest 75 percent, while Chinese will own 25 percent share of the venture. The head office of the venture will be set up in Cairo and the products will be sold in Egypt and other Arab countries.

It is also reported that an Egyptian garment company recent­ly signed a contract with the China Sichuan Economic and Technological Corp., in which 22 p a t t e r n designers and tailors from Chengdu will work with the Egyptian company.

• In the first half of this year, China gave 50,000 tons of grain to 30 disaster-stricken African coun­tries, including tht Sudan, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Niger and Tanzania. Together with the 120,000 tons of grain offered by China last year, the figure totals 170,000 tons.

September 30, 1985 31

CULTURE AND SCIENCE fl^MMMliiaBIBHMraWBMmillHIBSgBMn

Tour Generations' — a Hit in China Because of popular demand

Four Generations Under One Roof, a 28-episode television serial based on Lao She's epic drama of the same title, was shown again by China Central Television Sta­tion in August.

About ordinary people in Beijing during the anti-Japanese war, the serial has broad appeal not only for Beijing residents but also for the people in Shanghai and other cities in south China who are not familiar with the habits and customs of capital residents. Dur^ ing its first and second runs, peo­ple everywhere seemed to be set­ting their agendas around the airing of the drama's installments, afraid to miss one bit of the action packed series. Son:\ factories even cancelled extra evening shifts, units rearranged their worktime and the usually committed taxi drivers hurried home to watch Four Generations.

The serial has become a popular topic of conversation among China's TV viewers, spurring the elderly to recall their miserable lives in the. past and middle-aged people to remember their child­hood while the young also have been moved by the suffering caused by the Japanese invaders.

The serial has also drawn great attention from foreigners, with a dozen countries asking for copies of its video tapes. Yoshitaro Shi-bagaji, a professor at Tokyo University who studies Lao She's works, told an employee of the Beijing Television Station of his feelings for the drama, "Truly, I cannot afford for whole serial's video tapes. May I have three episodes?" When he got the video tapes, he felt as if he had found a treasure.

Cao Yu, a well-known Chinese playwright, called the serial "China's best ever television drama."

Shu | i , daughter of the late author Lao She, said, "When the serial was on, all of my family, old and young, watched it like every­one else in the city. We were all very excited and moved by the programme and were glad that my father's long-cherished wish — 'dedicated to the anti-Japanese war' — has been fulfilled."

Bao Chang, a member of the secretariat of the Chinese Writers' Association, said, "I have lived in Beijing since my childhood. Th$ serial touches my heart."

The Xiaoyangjuan Alley, where the serial is set, has now changed into Xiaoyangjia Alley. A 67-year-old grandma who lives in the lane recalled with tears in her eyes, "I never forgot the days of that period, and the serial describes them perfectly."

Lan Ling, a council member of the Chinese Writers' Association.

spoke highly of the movie's "na­tional style," saying, "All things with national features are always full of artistic vitality. Lao She's Four Generations Under One Roof profoundly analyses the society, the people's life and the national identity of that time."

The success of this serial should first of all be attributed to Lao She's work from which the story is drawn. In his work Lao She tells the story of Peiping (Beijing) un­der the occupation of the Japanese invaders during World War II through the eyes of people in an actual lane in Beijing's western district, where Lao She lived.

On July 7, 1937, the Japanese tanks entered Beijing and de­molished the tranquility of the lane and its 11 families. More than 40 people lived in the lane. Their different responses to the events weave the dense fabric that is the Four Generations tale.

The main families are the Qi, Qian and Guan families. The Qi family has 10 members. Old Qi, his son Tianyou and wife, his

32 Beijing Review. No. 39

e l d e s t g r a n d s o n R u i x u a n a n d w i f e , h i s y o u n g e r g r a n d s o n R u i f e n g a n d w i f e , h i s y o u n g e s t g r a n d s o n a n d t w o g r e a t g r a n d c h i l d r e n . O l d Q i ' s l a w - a b i d i n g s o n i s s u b j e c t e d t o t h e b u l l y i n g a n d h u m i l i a t i o n o f t h e J a p a n e s e g e n d a r m e s a n d c o m m i t s s u i c i d e b y j u m p i n g i n t o a r i v e r . T h e e l d e s t g r a n d s o n i s a r r e s t e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a d e r s , a n d a n e ' e r -d o - w e l l y o u n g e r g r a n d s o n t h r o w s i n h i s l o t w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e i n ­v a d e r s b u t i s f i n a l l y k i l l e d b y t h e m . T h e y o u n g e s t g r a n d s o n l e a v e s h o m e s e c r e t l y a n d j o i n s t h e a n t i -J a p a n e s e a r m y .

Q i a n , a p o e t , l i v e s t w o d o o r s d o w n f r o m t h e Q i f a m i l y , w h e r e h e l e a d s a s e c l u d e d l i f e d r i n k i n g a n d w r i t i n g p o e t r y . S o o n a f t e r B e i j i n g f e l l t o t h e J a p a n e s e , Q i a n ' s y o u n g e r s o n , a d r i v e r , d i e s a m a r t y r ' s d e a t h w h e n h e p l u n g e s h i s t r u c k f i l l e d w i t h J a p a n e s e s o l ­d i e r s d o w n i n t o a d e e p v a l l e y . Q i a n i s a r r e s t e d f o r h i s s o n ' s a c t i o n a n d b e a t e n b y t h e e n e m y . B a c k h o m e h e i i n d s h i s s i c k e l d e s t s o n h a s d i e d a n d h i s w i f e h a s k i l l e d h e r s e l f b y k n o c k i n g h e r h e a d a g a i n s t h e r s o n ' s c o f f i n . S e e i n g t h a t o n l y a p r e g n a n t d a u g h t e r - i n - l a w i s l e f t ; Q i a n i s d e t e r m i n e d t o j o i n t h e u n d e r g r o u n d w o r k o f o p p o s i n g t h e J a p a n e s e .

B e t w e e n t h e Q i a n d Q i a n f a m i ­l i e s l i v e s t h e G u a n f a m i l y . G u a n X i a o h e a n d h i s f a m i l y i d l e a w a y t h e i r t i m e i n p l e a s u r e - s e e k i n g , a n d t r y t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e J a p a n e s e o c c u p a t i o n b y s e e k i n g p o s i t i o n s a m o n g t h e i n v a d e r s . E g g e d o n b y t h e w i f e ( n i c k n a m e d D a c h i b a o ) t h e f a m i l y i n f o r m s a g a i n s t t h e p o e t i n o r d e r t o i n g r a ­t i a t e t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e . D a c h i b a o b e c o m e s h e a d o f t h e P e i p i n g b r o t h e l m a n a g e m e n t b u r e a u a n d o p e n s h e r f a m i l y u p f o r v i s i t s b y p r o s t i t u t e s , h o o l i g a n s , s p i e s a n d t r a i t o r s , t h u s i s r i d i c u l e d b y h e r n e i g h b o u r s .

D i f f e r e n t f r o m o t h e r w o r k s o n t h e a n t i - J a p a n e s e w a r , Four Generations, i n s t e a d o f d i r e c t l y d e s c r i b i n g t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a s i o n

a n d t h e C h i n e s e w a r a g a i n s t i t , p o r t r a y s a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s b y d e s c r i b i n g t h e m i s e r y o f t h e i r l i v e s t h e n . T h o u g h t h e s e t t i n g i s f a r f r o m t h e b a t t l e f i e l d , e v e r y s t a g e o f t h e w a r i s r e f l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s . T h e f i l m e x t o l s t h e p a t r i o t i s m a n d n a ­t i o n a l d i g n i t y o f t h e P e i p i n g p e o ­p l e a n d e x p o s e s t h e b r u t a l i t y a n d s h a m e l e s s n e s s o f t h e J a p a n e s e i n v a d e r s .

L a o S h e a n a l y s e s t h e p e r p l e x i t y o f t h e p e o p l e w h o l i v e d i n t h e e n e m y - o c c u p i e d a r e a s , t h e i r s t r u g ­g l e s a n d t h e i r a w a k e n i n g . T h e s e p e o p l e a r e c o p i n g w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e w a r i n t h e i r o w n w a y . A t

t h e s a m e t i m e t h e y t h e m s e l v e s a r e c h a n g i n g e v e r y d a y . S o m e p e o p l e y i e l d , b e t r a y t h e m s e l v e s a n d u n s u c c e s s f u l l y s t r u g g l e t o m a i n ­t a i n t h e i r o w n d i g n i t y , w h i l e o t h e r s a w a k e a n d j o i n t h e h e r o i c f i g h t a g a i n s t f a s c i s m . L a o S h e p r a i s e s t h e n a t i o n a l d i g n i t y o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p J c v a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e s a t i r i s a n d c a s t i g a t e s t h e s o r d i d a c t i o n s o f s o m e .

D i r e c t o r s , c a m e r a m e n a n d s e t d e s i g n e r s h a v e b s e n v e r y l o y a l t o L a o S h e ' s w o r k . T h e y f o l l o w e d n o t o n l y t h e o r i g i n a l s t o r y a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e v e r y c h a r a c t e r , b u t a l s o t h e a u t h o r ' s r i g o r o u s r e a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h . T h e y n e i t h e r

September 30, 1985 35

r o m a n t i c i z e d t h e s t o r y , n o r a d d e d i r r i t a t i n g s c e n e s . I n s t e a d , t h e y e m p h a s i z e d t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i n n e r m o s t w o r l d o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s , m a k i n g t h e s h o w a t t r a c t i v e a n d e x c i t i n g .

. > \ n o t h e r s e c r e t o f t h e s u c c e s s o f Four Generations i s t h e e x c e l l e n t p e r f o r m a n c e s g i v e n b y a c t o r s a n d a c t r e s s e s . L a o S h e ' s w i f e H u l i e q i n g a n d t h e c h i e f d i r e c t o r L i n R u w e i s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e a c t o r s a n d a c t r e s s e s b e f r o m B e i j i n g , s p e a k t h e l o c a l d i a l e c t a n d h a v e f aces u n f a m i l i a r t o t h e a u d i e n c e . E v e r y a c t o r a n d a c t r e s s a u d i t i o n e d f o r a p a r t a n d w a s s c r u t i n i z e d b y L a o S h e ' s w i f e . A f t e r a s e r i o u s s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s t h a t l a s t e d s i x m o n t h s , t h e h u g e cas t w a s se t u p .

L i W a n f e n , a n a c t r e s s f r o m t h e B e i j i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e w h o h a s b e c o m e f a m o u s i n B e i j i n g f o r h e r p a n as D a c h i b a o , G u a n X i a o -h e ' s w i f e , t a l k e d a b o u t w h a t s h e t h o u g h t w h e n s h e a c c e p t e d t h i s r o l e . " A t f i r s t I w a s n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s r o l e a n d w a s u n c o m f o r t a b l e p l a y i n g i t . L a t e r , 1 f o u n d t h e r o l e h a d a c o m p l i c a t e d i n n e r w o r l d . D a c h i b a o i s v u l g a r , s e r v i l e , r u d e a n d a r b i t r a r y b u t p r e t e n d s t o b e g r a c e f u l . S o I h a d t o m a s t e r t h e r o l e a n d e x p o s e h e r f i l t h y s o u l b e ­f o r e t h e a u d i e n c e . "

S h a o H u a f r o m t h e C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e p l a y s t h e 7 0 - y e a r - o l d Q i . S h a o c a m e f r o m s o u t h C h i n a b u t k n e w t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f o l d p e o p l e i n B e i j i n g — h o w t o w e a r h i s c a p , h o w t o l o o k a t p e o p l e a n d h o w t o h o l d h i s h a n d s . W h e n O l d Q i d i s c o v e r s t h e d e a t h o f h i s s o n , S h a o i n t e n t i o n a l l y l i m i t s h i s s p e e c h b u t r e p e a t s s e v e r a l t i m e s t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h u m p i n g h i s h a n d o n t h e e d g e o ! h i s b e d t o e x p r e s s O l d Q i ' s p r o f o u n d g r i e f .

O l d Q i ' s e l d e s t g r a n d d a u g h t e r -i n - l a w Y u n m e t i s g e n t l e , v i r t u o u s a n d f i l i a l . A f t e r h e r f a t h e r - i n - l a w d i e d a n d h e r h u s b a n d w a s a r r e s t e d , s h e c o n t i n u e s t o d o h e a v y c h o r e s f o r t h e h u g e f a m i l y a n d g r a d u a l l y b e c o m e s s t r o n g e r ' t h r o u g h s t r u g g l e .

T h e r o l e d e m a n d s t h e a c t r e s s t o b e q u i c k , n e a t a n d s e d a t e , a n d i s a d i f f i c u l t p a r t f o r a y o u n g a c t r e s s . L i W e i k a n g , a m e m b e r o f t h e B e i ­j i n g o p e r a , w a s c a s t f o r t h e p a r t . H e r e x p r e s s i v e e y e s b r i m m i n g w i t h t e a r s t e l l o f h e r d e e p s y m p a t h y f o r t h e s u f f e r i n g p e o p l e .

Z h e n g B a n g y u p l a y s t h e e l d e s t g r a n d s o n o f O l d Q i a n d h i s s o l i d p e r f o r m a n c e e x p r e s s e s t h e c h a r a c ­t e r ' s v a c i l l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p r o ­t e c t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d h i s f a m i ­l y a n d b e t w e e n l o y a l t y t o t h e s t a t e a n d f i l i a l i t y t o h i s f a m i l y .

T h e t h i r d r e a s o n f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e s e r i a l i s t h a t p e o p l e a r e n o w t i r e d o f s h o d d y l o v e s t o r i e s a n d k u n g f u f i l m s . F r o m f o u r Genera­tions p e o p l e h a v e s e e n t h e w i d e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r C h i n e s e t e l e v i s i o n . X i a C h u n , a w e l l - k n o w n d i r e c t o r o f m o d e r n d r a m a , s a i d , "Four Generations h a s o p e n e d a n e w t r a i l f o r t e l e v i s i o n s e r i a l s . "

T h e r e r u n o f Four Gen­erations p r o v e s t h a t t h e C h i ­n e s e a u d i e n c e , i n c l u d i n g t h e y o u n g , i s n o t o n l y i n t e r e s t e d i n d i f f e r e n t w o r k s w i t h v a r i e d t h e m e s , b u t i s a l s o f o n d o f w o r k s w i t h r i g o r o u s t h e m e s a n d u n i q u e n a t i o n a l s t y l e s .

C O R R E C T I O N S : I n t h e a r t i c l e " C h i n a ' s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e R e g i o n s : H u n a n : A g r i ­c u l t u r e E n j o y s P r i o r i t y " i n o u r i s s u e N o . 37, t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h b e n e a t h t h e s u b h e a d " O t h e r M a i n P r o d u c t s ' ' o n p . 21 s h o u l d b e g i n " D o n g n a n h u i s o n e o f H u n a n ' s b lgge . s t p r o d u c e r s of r e e d s . "

T h e s i x t h l i n e f r o m t h e b o t t o m , l e f t c o l u m n , p . 22 , s h o u l d r e a d " p e r c e n t i n 1984, a s h i f t m a d e p o s s i b l e . "

T h e t h i r d l i n e o f t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h u n d e r t h e t i t l e " H e n g d o n g C o u n t y T a p s W a t e r E n e r g y , " p . 22, s h o u l d r e a d

" m i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s o f w a t e r , 218. . . . "

T h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e b e n e a t h t h e t i t l e " W e s t H u n a n : G e t t i n g R i d o f P o v e r t y ' ' o n p . 24 s h o u l d s t a r t " W e s t e r n H u n a n I s i n h a b i t e d m o s t l y b y T u j a a n d M i a o p e o p l e ( t h e p r o v i n c e i s m u l t i - n a ­t i o n a l , w i t h 40 e t h n i c g r o u p s , a t o t a l o f 2.2 m i l l i o n p e o p l e ) . "

T h e s e c o n d l i n e i n r i g h t c o l u m n o n p . 35 s h o u l d r e a d " T h e p r o v i n c e h a s a l s o a y o u n g s t e e l i n d u s t r y , h o w e v e r , i t s d e v e l o p m e n t i s s o m e w h a t l o p s i d e d , " a n d t h e t h i r d l i n e I n t h e n e : r t p a r a g r a p h s h o u l d b e " l a i n p r o d u c t i o n a n d r a m i e t e x t i l e s h a v e . . . . "

THE STORY O F CHINESE BOOKS

(Folk Tales from China)

China has a recorded history of 4,000 years, and Chinese books have taken almost as| long a period of time to become what they are today. This book tells the story of Chinese books "Irom the ancient oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and stone records, writings on bamboo, wood and silk, down to the development of book publishing and printing in New China. * Detailed descriptions, In-. « eluding pictures, are pro- | vided for some important < ancient writings! that are ^ still extant. ^

A valuable work of ref- ^ erence to help people ^ know more about the A

history of Chinese culture. 4

136 pages, 18.5 x 12 cm. A Paper cover ^

Published by the Foreign ] Languages Press i

Jt

Order from your local * bookseller or write to: ^

China International Book f Trading Corporation ] (GUOJI SHUDIAN)

P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chfna '

54 Beijing Review, No. 39

A School offish.

A Doe and a Deer.

Cockfighting. ART PACE

Plastic Engravings by Fang Zhenning F a n g Z h e n n i n g , b o r n i n 1 9 5 5 i n N a n j i n g ,

n o w w o r k s a s a n a r t i s t a t t h e P a l a c e M u s e u m i n B e i j i n g . F o l l o w i n g i s a s u i t e o f e n g r a v i n g s e n t i t l e d Beauty of Nature.

Tadpoles.

O r d e r s

and

E n q u i r e s

A r e

Welcome

CHINA TODAY The series is pub­lishing a selection of informative articles specially edited and supplemented. The series will serve as a guide to events in the world's third largest country, a nation of roughly 1 billion paople.

books have been The following published: • Population and Other Problems • Life at the Grassroots • Economic Readjustment and Reform • From Youth to Retirement • A Nation at School • Modernization — The Chinese W a y • Tibet: Today and Yesterday • China After Mao • On Rolls the Green Revolution

• Journey Into Revolutionary China • China's Army — Ready for

Modernization

Three books will be published soon: • The Open Policy at Work • Women in Transition • The 14 Coastal Cities and Hainan

island

CHINA AND THE WORLD Books in this Beijing Review series carry major articles on current world affairs and important China foreign policy state­ments. Five books have been published and Books Six and Seven will be coming soon.

O r d e r f r o m y o u r local b o o k s e l l e r or write d i r e c t l y to the

CHINA INTERNATIONAL BOOK TRADING CORP. (GUOJI SHUDIAN) E d i t e d a n d p u b l i s h e d by BEIJING REVIEW

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