jefferson alters the nations course the united states expanded its borders during thomas jeffersons...
TRANSCRIPT
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Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s
administration.
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JEFFERSON WINS ELECTION!
• Bitter fight between Adams (Federalist) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)– They made wild accusations about each other
Adams – a tool of the rich!
Jefferson- a dangerous revolutionary And supporter of France
JEFFERSON – AN ATHEIST BENT ON DESTROYING ORGANIZED RELIGION!
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ELECTORAL DEADLOCK
• Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes• BUT – Jeff’s running mate – Aaron Burr – had
the same number of electoral votes as Jeff! • So, House of Representatives has to choose!
– And choose for 6 days and 35 ballots, until they chose Jeff
• Hamilton actually talked some Federalists into casting blank vote to give Jeff the win
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Why did Hamilton do it?
• Despite their political differences, Hamilton knew that Jefferson was the better man for the job– Much more qualified than Burr
• Hamilton did it for the good of the country!This deadlock pointed out a flaw in
Constitution – as a result 12th amendment was passed, requiring separate ballots be cast for President and VP
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JEFFERSON AS PRESIDENT
• Tried to extend hand of peace to his opponents• “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of
principle.”• “We are [Democratic] Republicans; we are all
Federalists.”– But Jeff planned to restore the republican ideals of 1776
against the strong-government policies of Federalism– He replaced some Federalist officials w/ Dem-Reps
• By 1803, government is evenly divided between the 2 parties.
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Keep it simple, Stupid!
• Jefferson tried to cutback on government– He appealed to the common man (even wearing
slippers and work clothes in the office!)
• He reduced the size of the army
• Halted an expansion of the navy
• Cut back on costs of govt social functions
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JEFFERSONIAN ECONOMICS
• Eliminated all internal taxes
• Reduced the influence of the National Bank
• Favored free-trade rather than government-controlled trade and tariffs– Jeff figured free trade was the answer because
America was busy producing the raw materials and food that Europe needed
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SOUTHERNERS DOMINATE WHITE HOUSE
• Location of White House is key to growing power of Southerners• Jefferson James Madison James Monroe – all from Virginia• New England and Federalists are declining in power
in national political life– Federalists also lose power because Jefferson is moderate– Because Feds don’t want to appeal in political campaigns
to “common man”– And because as the nation expanded, the new states
tended to vote “D-R” – for farmers
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JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT
• Federalists are very important
in the courts, however.
Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice; Marshall served for 30 years
his decisions strengthened power
of SC and of federal government
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THE “MIDNIGHT JUDGES”
• As Adams is about to leave office, he pushes through Congress the Judiciary Act of 1801
• He adds 16 new federal judges!• All the new judges are – you guessed it –
Federalists. (Adams hopes to influence future federal judiciary decisions this way.)
• As he signed their appointments late on his last day in office they are called the Midnight Judges.
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JEFFERSON’S REACTION TO ADAMS’ “PACKING THE
COURT”• Furious! – Jeff argues that some of the
documents authorizing the appointments had not been delivered by the time Adams left office, they were invalid
• THIS LED TO ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT CASES OF ALL TIME: – MARBURY v. MADISON
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MARBURY v. MADISON 1803• This creates the case of Marbury v Madison which is
one of THE MOST IMPORTANT COURT DECISIONS in U.S. history
– to-be-judge Wm. Marbury never got his papers from J. Madison
– he takes it to court saying the Judiciary Act of 1789 required those papers to be delivered
– Chief Justice John Marshall says that Judiciary Act of 1789 DID NOT give the Supreme Court power to issue a demand that those papers be served
» In others words: the Constitution is the law of the land not the Supreme Court
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You would have thought that John Marshall being a Federalist would have supported that decision and not have gone against itBut John Marshall establishes the most important principle of judicial review which became a cornerstone of American gov’t.Judicial review means the Judicial branch is equally important as the Executive and Legislative branches and this establishes yet another check and balance to the systemYou would have thought Jefferson would have been happy since it got rid of the Federalist judge Marbury. But this was a warning to Jefferson and Congress that the Supreme Court does have the power to affect them.
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Marbury vs. Madison
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Westward ho!• Through the Cumberland Gap – a narrow
passage through the Appalachians near where KY, TN, and VA meet
• “The Wilderness Road” becomes a major route for migration– Daniel Boone led the clearing of
a road from VA to KY• Population of Ohio: 1800: 45,000
1810: 231,000
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THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
• 1800, Napoleon persuades Spain to return Louisiana to France. – [Spain had gotten it from France in 1762.]
• Secret Transfer of Louisiana to France worries Jeff – a strong French presence mid-continent may force US into an alliance w/ GB
• Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans and western Florida from the French
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“Let’s Make a Deal”
• Jefferson sends Monroe to negotiate w/ Napoleon
• Napoleon had tried to reconquer France’s most important island colony (Saint Dominque, now Haiti), but failed
• So Napoleon wants to sell all of Louisiana!• Monroe and Livingston (US ambassador to
France) close the deal for $15,000,000
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Is the purchase constitutional?
• Jefferson actually doubted that the government could legally buy Louisiana– Especially for a “strict constructionist” – since
no where in the Constitution does it say a president can buy land
• But Senate ratified the treaty.• Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the US
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LEWIS AND CLARK
• “The Corps of Discovery” – Jefferson appoints Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory- use scientific discovery– From St. Louis to the Pacific– Information about unknown plants and animals– Learn as much as possible about Native Americans as
they travel through the region– 2 years and 4 months resulting in acquisition of
invaluable info about the western territories– Sacajawea serves as interpreter and guide