jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijathe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the...

32
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorija FIZIKA PSS-GRAD 29. studenog 2017.

Upload: others

Post on 24-Jan-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Jednadžba idealnog plinai kinetička teorija

FIZIKAPSS-GRAD29. studenog 2017.

Page 2: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.1 Molekulska masa, mol i Avogadrov broj

To facilitate comparison of the mass of one atom with another, a mass scaleknow as the atomic mass scale has been established.

The unit is called the atomic mass unit (symbol u). The reference element ischosen to be the most abundant isotope of carbon, which is called carbon-12.

kg106605.1u 1 27

The atomic mass is given in atomicmass units. For example, a Li atom has a mass of 6.941u.

Page 3: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

One mole of a substance contains as manyparticles as there are atoms in 12 grams ofthe isotope carbon-12.

The number of atoms per mole is known asAvogadro’s number, NA.

123 mol10022.6 AN

AN

Nn

number ofmoles

number ofatoms

14.1 Molekulska masa, mol i Avogadrov broj

Page 4: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

moleper Massparticle

particle m

Nm

Nmn

A

The mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substancehas the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomicmass units).

For example Hydrogen has an atomic massof 1.00794 g/mol, while the mass of a single hydrogen atom is 1.00794 u.

14.1 Molekulska masa, mol i Avogadrov broj

Page 5: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example 1 The Hope Diamond and the Rosser Reeves Ruby

The Hope diamond (44.5 carats) is almost pure carbon. The RosserReeves ruby (138 carats) is primarily aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Onecarat is equivalent to a mass of 0.200 g. Determine (a) the number ofcarbon atoms in the Hope diamond and (b) the number of Al2O3 molecules in the ruby.

14.1 Molekulska masa, mol i Avogadrov broj

Page 6: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

mol 741.0

molg011.12

carat 1g 200.0carats 5.44

moleper Mass

mn(a)

(b)

molecules 271.0molg96.101

carat 1g 200.0carats 138

moleper Mass99.15398.262

mn

atoms1046.4mol10022.6mol 741.0 23123 AnNN

atoms1063.1mol10022.6mol 271.0 23123 AnNN

14.1 Molekulska masa, mol i Avogadrov broj

Page 7: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

An ideal gas is an idealized model for real gases that have sufficiently low densities.

The condition of low density means that the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact except during collisions, which are effectively elastic.

TP

At constant volume the pressureis proportional to the temperature.

Page 8: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

At constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.

VP 1

The pressure is also proportionalto the amount of gas.

nP

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 9: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

The absolute pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the Kelvintemperature and the number of moles of the gas and is inversely proportionalto the volume of the gas.

V

nRTP

nRTPV

KmolJ31.8 R

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 10: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

NkTTN

RNnRTPV

A

AN

Nn

KJ1038.1

mol106.022

KmolJ31.8 23123

AN

Rk

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 11: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example 2 Oxygen in the Lungs

In the lungs, the respiratory membrane separates tiny sacs of air(pressure 1.00x105Pa) from the blood in the capillaries. These sacsare called alveoli. The average radius of the alveoli is 0.125 mm, andthe air inside contains 14% oxygen. Assuming that the air behaves asan ideal gas at 310K, find the number of oxygen molecules in one ofthese sacs.

NkTPV

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 12: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

air of molecules109.1

K 310KJ1038.1

m10125.0Pa1000.1

14

23

33345

kT

PVN

molecules107.214.0109.1

sac onein oxygen of molecules ofNumber 1314

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 13: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conceptual Example 3 Beer Bubbles on the Rise

Watch the bubbles rise in a glass of beer. If you look carefully, you’llsee them grow in size as they move upward, often doubling in volumeby the time they reach the surface. Why does the bubble grow as itascends?

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 14: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consider a sample of an ideal gas that is taken from an initial to a finalstate, with the amount of the gas remaining constant.

nRTPV

i

ii

f

ff

T

VP

T

VP

constant nRT

PV

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 15: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

i

ii

f

ff

T

VP

T

VP

Constant T, constant n:iiff VPVP Boyle’s law

Constant P, constant n:

i

i

f

f

T

V

T

V

Charles’ law

14.2 Jednadžba stanja idealnog plina

Page 16: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

Čestice se u neprekidnom, nasumičnom gibanju sudaraju jedna s drugom te sa stijenkama posude.

U svakom se sudaru brzinačestice mijenja.

Kao rezultat toga, čestice (atomi ili molekule)imaju različite brzine.

Page 17: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

RASPODJELA BRZINA MOLEKULA

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

brzina molekule, m/s

post

otak

mol

ekul

a u

inte

rval

u br

zina najvjerojatnija brzina je oko 400 m/s

najvjerojatnija brzina je oko 800 m/s

Page 18: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

KINETIČKA TEORIJA

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

F = ma = mΔ vΔ t

=Δ(mv )

Δ t

F =(+mv )−(−mv )

2 L/v=

mv 2

L

Prosječna sila za jednu molekulu:

Page 19: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prosječna sila za jednu molekulu:

rms (root-mean-square)brzina

volumen

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

Prosječna sila za N molekula:

F =mv 2

L

F =N3

m v2

L

v rms = √ v 2

p =FA

=FL2 =

N3

m v2

L3

v rms2

= v 2

Page 20: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

p =N3

m v2

V

pV =13

N (mvrms2

)=23

N (mv rms

2

2)

EkN k T

N k T =23

N Ek

E k =32

k T

Page 21: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Konceptualni primjer 5 Ima li pojedinačna čestica temperaturu?

Svaka čestica plina ima kinetičku energiju. Prosječnu kinetičku energijupovezali smo s temperaturom idealnog plina.

Možemo li onda zaključiti da i pojedinačna čestica ima temperaturu?

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

Page 22: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Primjer 6 Brzina molekula u zraku

Zrak je smjesa molekula dušika N2 (molekulske mase 28,0 u)

i molekula kisika O2 (molekulske mase 32,0 u). Uz pretpostavku

da se zrak ponaša kao idealni plin, odredite prosječnu (rms) brzinu molekula kisika i dušika, ako je temperatura zraka 293 K.

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

mvrms2

2=

32

k T

v rms = √ 3 kTm

Page 23: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Za dušik, masa jedne (N =1) molekule:

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

v rms = √ 3 kTm

= √ 3⋅1,38⋅10−23 J/K⋅293K

4,65⋅10−26 kg= 511m/s

m =MN A

=28,0g/mol

6,022⋅1023 mol−1 = 4,65⋅10−26 kg

n =mM

=NN A

=1N A

Page 24: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

UNUTRAŠNJA ENERGIJA JEDNOATOMNOG IDEALNOG PLINA

14.3 Kinetička teorija plinova

Ek =m vrms

2

2=

32

k T

U = N⋅Ek =32

N k T =32

n RT

R = k N A

Page 25: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.4 Difuzija

Proces u kojem se molekule gibaju iz područja više koncentracijeu područje niže koncentracije nazivamo difuzijom.

NA POČETKU KASNIJE

Page 26: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Konceptualni primjer 7 Zašto je difuzija relativno spora?

Molekula plina, na sobnoj temperaturi, ima prosječnu (rms) translacijsku brzinu od nekoliko stotina metara po sekundi.S takvom brzinom molekula bi mogla stići s kraja na kraj sobeu djeliću sekunde. No, obično treba nekoliko sekundi, ili čakminuta, da se miris iz otvorene bočice parfema proširi po sobi.Zašto treba toliko puno vremena?

14.4 Difuzija

Page 27: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.4 Difuzijapoprečni presjek = A

poprečni presjek = A

nižakoncentracijaC

1

višakoncentracijaC

2

tok topive tvari

tok toplinevišatemperaturaT

2

nižatemperaturaT

2

Page 28: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

L

tCDAm

Δ

FICKOV ZAKON DIFUZIJE

Masa m otopine koja difundira u vremenu t kroz stupac otapaladuljine L i poprečnog presjeka A je

gradijentkoncentracije

difuzijska konstanta

Jedinica SI za difuzijsku konstantu: m2/s

14.4 Difuzija

Page 29: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ZADACI ZA VJEŽBU

1. Masa od 135 g nekog elementa sadrži 30,1 · 1023 atoma. Koji je to element? RJEŠENJE: aluminij

2. Valjkasta čaša vode ima polumjer 4,50 cm i visinu 12,0 cm. Gustoća vode je 1,00 g/cm3. Kolika je količina vode u toj čaši? RJEŠENJE: 42,4 mol

3. Da bi se napunio balon potrebno je 0,16 g helija. Koliko bi, za isti balon, trebalo grama dušika (istog tlaka, volumena i temperature)? RJEŠENJE: 1,1 g

4. Na sunčanoj strani Venere atmosferski tlak je 9,0 · 106 Pa, a temperatura 740 K. Na površini Zemlje tlak je 1,0 · 105 Pa, a temperatura može doseći 320 K. Ovi podaci pokazuju da Venera ima "deblju" atmosferu tj. da je broj molekula po jediničnom volumenu (N/V) na Veneri veći nego na Zemlji. Koliko je puta veći? RJEŠENJE: 39

Page 30: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ZADACI ZA VJEŽBU

5. Soba je široka 4,0 m, dugačka 5,0 m i visoka 2,5 m. Zrak u sobi sadrži 79% dušika (N

2) i 21% kisika (O

2). Kolika je masa zraka pri temperaturi od 22oC i

tlaku od 1,01 · 105 Pa? RJEŠENJE: 59 kg

6. Dva mola idealnog plina nalaze se u posudi volumena 8,5 · 10–3 m3 pri tlaku 4,5 · 105 Pa. Odredite prosječnu translacijsku kinetičku energiju molekule plina. RJEŠENJE: 4,8 · 10–21 J

7. Prije početka vožnje tlak u automobilskoj gumi je 2,81 · 105 Pa. Vanjska temperatura je 284 K. Nakon vožnje tlak je 3,01 · 105 Pa. Kolika je temperatura zraka u gumi? Zanemarite rastezanje gume. RJEŠENJE: 304 K

Page 31: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ZADACI ZA VJEŽBU

8. Kisik za bolničke pacijente drži se u posebnom rezervoaru pod tlakom od 65 atmosfera i na temperaturi od 288 K. Rezervoar se nalazi u posebnoj sobi, a kisik se dovodi u pacijentovu sobu pod tlakom od 1,00 atmosfera i na temperaturi od 297 K. Koji volumen u pacijentovoj sobi zauzima kisik koju u rezervoaru zauzima 1,00 m3? RJEŠENJE: 67 m3

9. Tlak sumporovog dioksida (SO2) je 2,12 · 104 Pa. U 50,0 m3 nalazi se 421 mol

toga plina. Odredite prosječnu (rms) translacijsku brzinu molekula SO2.

RJEŠENJE: 343 m/s

10. Helij se nalazi u posudi volumena 0,010 m3 pod tlakom od 6,2 · 105 Pa. Koliko dugo mora raditi stroj snage 0,25 konjskih snaga (jedna konjska snaga je 746 W) da bi energija koju "proizvede" odgovarala unutrašnjoj energiji spomenutog helija? RJEŠENJE: 50 s

Page 32: Jednadžba idealnog plina i kinetička teorijaThe mass per mole (in g/mol) of a substance has the same numerical value as the atomic or molecular mass of the substance (in atomic mass

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

PITANJA ZA PONAVLJANJE

1. Idealni plin

2. Atomska jedinica mase

3. Količina tvari

4. Avogadrova konstanta

5. Boyle-Mariotteov zakon

6. Charlesov zakon

7. Gay-Lussacov zakon

8. Jednadžba idealnog plina

9. Boltzmannova konstanta

10. Unutrašnja energija

PITANJA ZA PONAVLJANJE