review of atomic model. key words subatomic particle energy levels atomic mass protonisotope...
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Review of Atomic Model
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Key Words
subatomic particle energy levels
atomic mass proton isotope
electron neutron ion
atomic mass unit (u) atomic number
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Elements are pure substances containing one type of atom – found on the Periodic Table.
The atom is the smallest part that retains all the properties of that element.
protons (p+) neutrons (no) electrons (e-)
Charge
Mass
Location
+1.6 x 10-19 C 0 -1.6 x 10-19 C
1.67 x 10-24 g 1.67 x 10-24 g 9.11 x 10-28 g
Nucleus Nucleus Orbit clouds
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The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom - identifies an element.
The atomic mass (A) is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
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H : the hydrogen atom
H+ : a positively charged hydrogen ion H- : negatively charged
hydrogen ion
Ion: an atom that has gained or lost electrons.
Results in a negative or positive charge equal to the electrons transferred.
Neutral: an atom with the same number of protons and electrons – cancelled charges.
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Deuterium Atomic Mass = 2
Atomic Number = 1
Hydrogen Atomic Mass = 1
Atomic Number = 1
Isotopes: Atoms with the but a different number of neutrons.
Atomic mass is actually an average of isotopes of an element based on relative abundance in nature.
same number of protons
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Mass spectrometer determines the mass of individual atoms or isotopes.
Sends atoms through a magnetic field which bends their paths.
The heavier the atom – the less it bends.
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Potassium isotopes:
1. 19 protons and 20 neutrons - mass number of 39(potassium-39 39K)
2. 19 protons and 21 neutrons - mass number of 40 (potassium-40 40K)
3. 19 protons and 22 neutrons - mass number of 41 (potassium-41 41K)
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Magnesium exists as three isotopes in the world:
78.99% is 24Mg (23.985 μ)10.00% is 25Mg (24.986 μ)11.01% is 26Mg (25.982 μ)
(0.7899)(23.985 μ) = 18.95 μ
(0.1000)(24.986 μ) = 2.499 μ
(0.1101)(25.982 μ) = 2.861 μ
= 24.31 μ +
Calculate the average atomic mass of magnesium:
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helium 5He 6He
The nucleus of some isotopes are unstable and break apart over time - radioactivity.
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Radioisotopes - unstable nuclei releasing energy and/or particles.
Release of energy is called radioactive decay.
Atom may be converted into another isotope or a completely different element.
Half-life - amount of time it takes for half the radioisotope to be converted into another particle.
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Many different types of decay: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay
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• Isotopes - differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons.
• Relative / percent abundance is the fraction of each isotope found in an average sample of the element.