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JCOAL Journal Vol.33 Jan 2016
Page
1 Foreword
◆JCOAL Special
3 Clean Coal Day 2015: International Symposium
8 Policy advocacy report
◆Regional Information
11 The Coal Situation in India
◆Technical Report
14 Current Status of Coalbed Methane (CBM) Development
◆JCOAL Project
17 2nd Japan – Ukraine Energy Security Seminar 2015
19 ASEAN Energy Business Forum (AEBF) 2015, Report about participation and speech by JCOAL
21 Report about India CEA – JCOAL workshop
25 Report of Workshop : Best Practice in Production of Electricity from Coal – Organized by
United Nation Economic Commission for Europe
26 Report of 2015 Symposium on Effective Utilization of Coal Ash
30 CCT Transfer Business, Invitation for Technology Exchange
40 CCT Technology Exchange Seminar in Vietnam
Foreword
Masayoshi Kitamura, Chairperson, JCOAL
Firstly, I would like to offer my heartfelt wishes for all our partner governments
and institutions, international organizations and private sector players. My sincere
wishes that the coming year of 2016 will be more prosperous, successful and
peaceful for each and every one of us who have been working together for clean
and environmentally sustainable coal utilization throughout the entire value chain.
The past 2015 saw JCOAL continuously engaging in a wide range of activities toward materialization
of GHG emissions reduction through facilitation of clean coal utilization that will bolster both GHG
emissions reduction and economic growth, as coal is most affordable and available among all fossil
fuels. Our belief is that we should work on relevant issues in the context of coal utilization not by
piece meal basis, but in comprehensive manner; throughout the global and local coal value chain.
That is why my colleagues of JCOAL headed by Mr. Tsukamoto, President of JCOAL, have been trying
hard in consistently improving our organization that is deemed as the focal point in Japan of any and
all coal related issues, apart from engaging in studies and programs for resources development,
technology development and dissemination, business development and HRD, all of which are to be
conducive to sharing of knowledge, experience and technology for emissions reduction and for
globally sustainable energy supply, steady economic growth and optimal industrial development.
It is still fresh in our mind that we have made one big step forward at the annual global forum on
climate change; COP21 in December 2015. It is crystal‐clear that the Paris Agreement has set out an
agreed objective of keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius
above pre‐industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5
degrees Celsius, may not be achievable only with the volume of reduction voluntarily committed by
relevant countries. It is said that every 5 year the reduction target has to be renewed, enhanced and
then achieved.
Under such situation, it is understandable that coal again has come to be contentious as some
criticizes coal as the major contributor to global warming. However, that coal emits more than other
fossil fuels does not close the door for us global community to utilize the resource, in view of the
expected increase of the world population from the current scale of over 7 bln to 90 bln in the
middle of this century. It is not the right path to just exclude coal without making efforts for clean
and sustainable utilization, while under the current energy situation, rest of the available energy
sources may allow only limited number of people to enjoy the benefit. That is why we advocate that
coal should remain in the global energy mix on condition that clean, efficient and environmentally
acceptable coal utilization is observed.
In this context, we are urged to accelerate our shared endeavors in order to introduce CCS for all
fossil fuel utilization to balance the emitted and absorbed amount of CO2 in the latter half of this
century. We acknowledge that we may not apply CCS immediately and indiscriminately to the
on‐going or near‐future projects. Global introduction and application of the proven and available
CCTs through the world‐wide drastic shift from conventional technology to high‐efficiency CCTs can
make us achieve substantial reduction of emissions in the short to mid‐term.
As for coal utilization in the power sector, A shift to SC and then USC has been on‐going especially in
growing economies. With such shift to USC, we can expect considerable amount of emissions
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Foreword
reduction as well as the overall efficiency and environmental improvement. However, further pursuit
of low and zero emissions technology should go on toward A‐USC, IGCC, IGFC until we can introduce
CCS on commercial scale.
It should be noted that through gasification of brown coal that is available globally, aquifer CCS and
associated production of hydrogen may be commercially viable, which means we human obtain
another option of clean energy.
It is our mission to support acceleration of the aforementioned CCT introduction, dissemination and
development, which I believe is crucial in save and sustain our Earth both in terms of environment
and economy.
Let us continue working together in close cooperation.
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Clean Coal Day 2015: International Symposium Toshiko Fujita, JAPAC
Japan Coal Energy Center (JCOAL) conducted the Clean Coal Day 2015 International Symposium (24th) for 2 days on 8th and 9th September 2015 in ANA Intercontinental Hotel, Tokyo. It included 22 speeches (including 5 featured speeches, and 3 keynote addresses) from 10 countries. It was participated by 4 international organizations (WCA, IEA, GCCSI and ACE)with 700 delegates totally. We received support from 27 embassies in Tokyo with whom we have close business ties, 6 state governments in Australia and Canada, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), Global CCS Institute, and Ube city. As mentioned above, speeches were delivered by: 4 international organizations including the governments and relevant government organizations of main coal producing and utilizing countries such as Australia, US, China, India, Indonesia, Canada, Russia, Colombia. Also the speakers from Japan were Mr. Fujii ‐ Director‐General, Natural Resources and Fuel Department Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI); Mr. Kakudo ‐ Director, Coal Division; Mr. Tsurugi ‐ Managing Officer, Chief Operating Officer of Energy Business Unit 1, Mitsui & Co., Ltd.; Mr. Mabuchi ‐ Senior Executive Vice President, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. (MHPS); Mr. Sakanashi ‐ Senior Counsellor, Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J‐POWER); Mr. Tsuzuku ‐ Director, Group Leader, Research & Coordination Group, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE); and Mr. Zaima ‐ Director General, Environment Department, Energy and Environment HQ, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). Please refer to the detailed program published on the last page of this report. Furthermore, press release of JCOAL’s statement was done after the completion of meeting.
• Coal excels in having stable supply and being
economical, and it would become an indispensable
energy resource by “ensuring the power stability
based on appropriate energy mix”.
• Establishment and continuous implementation of
specific policies aiming for the usage of low‐carbon
coal are further required in order to enjoy the benefits
of coal for a long time in the future as well.
• It is evident that the demand for coal in the future
would continue to increase especially in the
emerging/developing countries, which are compelled
to use coal to promote the economic growth, and
from the perspective of preventing global warming in
these areas, usage of clean coal should be promoted
in the method that is best suitable to the country's
circumstances.
• Technical and economic support of developed
countries is indispensable in order to promote the
introduction of high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal
power in emerging/developing countries, by replacing
the existing obsolete equipment or construction of
new facilities.
• From the perspective of preventing global warming,
R&D and implementation of CCS are important steps
for taking measures to reduce CO2 generated from
coal usage, and efforts should be taken with
international cooperation.
• Above mentioned is the common knowledge for using
coal, a limited resource, in a more efficient way and
with a long‐term stability while securing both
environment conservation and energy security. Please refer to JCOAL website if you would like to go through the speech documents. http://www.jcoal.or.jp/coaldb/shiryo/material/ccd/2015accelerating_in_powering_cctccshele_technology_with_sustainable_advanced_coal_supply.html This time, along with receiving the Keynote Address from Mr. Benjamin Sporton who has assumed office as new Chief Executive of World Coal Association (WCA), the details of this conference were promptly introduced on the top page of WCA website. http://www.worldcoal.org/world‐coal‐association‐ceohighlights‐importance‐cleaner‐coal‐technologies‐duringclean‐coal‐day Well then, I would like to report to you the summary of main lectures of this time’s international conference. 1) Opening Remarks Masayoshi Kitamura Chairperson, JCOAL Post‐Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster, Basic energy policy “3E+S” was determined in April last year. It was
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reassessed that coal is a fuel that excels in having stable supply and being economical, and it was clearly emphasized that efforts should be made to ensure the coexistence of stable power supply and reduction in environmental impact with the introduction of latest technologies and
technology development for reduction of CO2 emissions. In continuation, the forecast of Long‐term energy demand of year 2030 was determined in July this year, and it was announced that coal would contribute for 26% of amount of power generated. Establishment of realistic technology road‐map related to coal‐fired thermal power, promoting its development and implementation seems to be the pressing need. Coal is a resource that plays a role in energy diversification in Japan, and it is also an indispensable source of energy in order to support the power demand and economic growth of emerging/developing countries. Production of shale oil and shale gas is increasing in countries such as US. In a state where the world population would reach 9 billion in the year 2040 from the present 7 billion, it is important to continue using clean and high‐efficiency coal on a global scale, in order to achieve economic development without any kind of energy struggle, and while alleviating climate change. Although the technical support of coal‐using advanced countries including Japan, and financial support of international public financial organizations are indispensable in order to promote the usage of CCT in Non‐OECD countries, supporting coal‐fired thermal power generation using public funds has been restricted in US, and there might be a requirement to revise it. While the coal prices are sluggish, oligopoly of the market is continuing and resource nationalism is occurring in the Pacific region. Coal demand of the emerging or developing countries would certainly increase in the future. Market is also changing continuously. For example, surplus coal in US is being sent to Europe; coal from Colombia is being introduced into the Pacific market via the new Panama Canal; coal from Mozambique is being introduced in the market newly. In Japan, the development of innovative technologies (such as hydrogenation) is being anticipated for enabling the clean usage of unused low‐grade coal, such as lignite. Emission of greenhouse gases in the year 2030 in Japan is expected to be 26% less when compared to 2013, and by assuming that the rate of increase of atmospheric temperature in the year 2100 is limited to 2°C, although drastic reduction of greenhouse gases on a global scale is being targeted by 2050 based on December’s COP21, achieving this seems to be difficult. Early introduction of IGCC, IGFC, A‐USC and CO2 reduction, and promoting the preparations for introduction of CCS are considered to be important. Since the storage potential differs depending on the country, the participation and support of governments of all countries is essential for CCS.
Theme of this year’s symposium is, “Accelerating Power CCT/CCS (HELE Technology) sustainable and advanced coal supply”. This Symposium is a forum to share the problems of countries associated with coal and discuss regarding the solutions. This forum is used to maintain and promote good relations between the participating countries, and for building networks. It is anticipated that the outcome of discussions here help in dealing with both ensuring energy security and issues of climate change, and is linked to the sustainable growth of the mankind all over the world. 2) Welcome Address Mr. Toshihiko Fujii Director‐General, Natural Resources and Fuel Department
Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) (Reading on behalf of Mr. Satoshi Kusakabe, Commissioner, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry (METI)) This is the 24th Symposium, and the circumstances surrounding coal have greatly changed. It might continue to change significantly in the future as well. ‘Basic Energy Plan’ was Published by the government last year. Although coal excels economically and has stable supply, it has a disadvantage that the amount of CO2 generated is high compared to other fossil fuels, and it is required to promote its usage by considering both its advantages and disadvantages. Further, the government has announced the energy mix this year. According to the government's perspective, the coal would occupy 26% of the total amount of power generated in the year 2030. In other words, 1/4th of power generated would be from coal. Upon shifting the focus away from Japan, rapid expansion of coal‐fired thermal power stations is anticipated especially in the emerging countries in Asia. Increased use of coal is expected, both in Japan and around the world. But on that premise, we should be earth‐friendly, or in other words we must be environmentally conscious. Road map of next generation coal‐fired thermal power generation technology that would substantially increase the efficiency has been consolidated as a part of government's initiative. Our ideal is to develop new technology such as IGCC, IGFC, and continue to use it globally as well as in Japan. Conditions are changing in every aspect of market, technology and utility. From such a point of view, if a consensus is built in this conference regarding the kind of changes that would occur, the manner in which the international community would continue to deal with it, then
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I am quite hopeful that it would turn out to be a great opportunity. In the end, I wish for the successful completion of this conference. 3) Keynote Address I
“Japan's Coal Policy and International Contribution” Mr. Toshihiko Fujii Director‐General, Natural Resources and Fuel Department Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry (METI) Japan’s new energy mix targeting the year 2030 was determined in July 2015, wherein the composition ratio of coal was 26% based on the amount of power generated, and it is being considered as major energy resource on the premise of reducing the environment burden. Japan imports most of its coal, and diversification of the supplying countries or promoting the usage of low‐ranked coal is essential to ensure stable supply of coal. Accordingly, the following 2 points would form the base for Japan's coal policies in the future.
① Maintaining stable supply of coal that is economically
superior
② Introducing next generation coal‐fired thermal power
generation technology such as IGCC, A‐USC within 10
years to control CO2 emission, and bring the average
power generation efficiency of domestic coal‐fired
thermal power stations to USC level by the year 2030. Development of USC or air‐blown IGCC has been completed and, the plan for next generation coal‐fired thermal power technology is to complete the development of A‐USC by 2015, oxygen‐blown IGCC by 2020, and IGFC by 2025. Technology development of CCUS and CCS is also being implemented to achieve zero emission from coal‐fired thermal power stations. Demand of coal‐fired thermal power would increase globally in the future from the perspective of ensuring energy security, and ease of obtaining it. Further, this trend would be particularly high in Asia. Hence, high‐efficienct coal‐fired thermal power generation is extremely important for prevention of global warming. Japan is working hard for popularizing Japan’s CCT in order to realize the increase in global coal energy demand and to reduce the environmental load at the same time. Japan possesses the operation and maintenance technology in order to maintain the high‐efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power, and has been promoting the supporting technologies such as capacity building. I think that it might be possible in the future to introduce the IOT for remote
operation from Japan as well. Usage of low‐ranked coal is also an important agenda for the stable supply of coal, and it is considered that Japan’s IGCC can contribute to the usage of low‐ranked coal for power generation. Demonstration test of the plant manufacturing SNG and chemicals from lignite is also being implemented. In order to use coal while reducing the environmental burden, Japan, as a global forerunner, is progressing to contribute to the implementation of next generation CCT. Further, efforts are being taken to popularize the next generation CCT in the world so that it can contribute to the prevention of global warming. Japan plans to do its best to enable the world to continue using coal by striving to reduce greenhouse gases. 4) Featured Speech I
“Power generation: A Continued Rule of Coal?” Mr. Keith Burnard Head, Energy Supply Technology Unit International Energy Agency (IEA) Although IEA predicts high growth of
renewable energies such as wind power or solar energy, there are vast coal reserves and extensively supply is stable. However, problem of air pollution or CO2 are important factors. On the other hand, efforts are being taken globally to enhance the efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power generation, and it is said that Japan achieved the most efficient operation in 2011. New Isogo Unit 1 and 2 in Japan, and 4 Waigaoqiao units in China symbolize this. There is a similar high‐efficiency trend for lignite power generation as well. For instance, USC conditions are being used in Niederaussem K of Germany and it is operating with a power generation efficiency of more than 43.2% (LHV base). Achieving similar high‐efficiency is possible in IGCC as well, and it is being considered that efficiency of more than 50% (LHV sending end base) can be achieved by combining gas turbines of 1,500°C class. Edwardsport IGCC of US and GreenGen IGCC of China have started the operations recently. On the other hand, retirements of the coal‐fired thermal power plants are also continuing one after the other; generation of 6,000 GW power was suspended in the year 2013, and it is assumed that 10,000GW power would be suspended by the year 2040. Development of Ausc of 700 to 760°C temperatures mentioned above is in progress at present by assuming even higher efficiency. With Japan, US, China etc., playing the key role, it is aimed to start the operation by targeting the year 2020. However, CCS is the last card, operation of world’s first commercial scale CCS has been started at Boundary Dam in Canada on 2nd October 2014, and it was successful in storing 1 million tons of CO2 annually. Here, lignite is the fuel for power
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generation. Based on the above situation it can also be said that countermeasures for air pollution and CO2 are required for usage of coal, and it is anticipated that research related to this will progress even further.
5) Featured Speech II “Powering Economies with 21st Century Coal Technology” Mr. Benjamin Sporton Chief Executive, World Coal Association (WCA) Coal is a major fuel of the 21st century,
and it would occupy an important position in the energy mix in the future as well. Although the world’s energy demand would rapidly increase, coal continuous to play an important role. Though 20% population of the world are not being able to use modern energy such as power etc., coal which is available abundant and is easy to use, plays an important role as an energy source with respect to supplying power in the future. Asia’s capacity of generating power from coal would continue increasing in the future as well. Capacity of coal‐fired thermal power generated by Asia on a global scale was 38% in 2000, 69% in 2015, and it would reach 77% in 2040. Although China would continue to grow in the future, the growth of coal‐fired thermal power seems to be declining. However, it is being assumed that the amount of power generated from coal would occupy more than 45%, even in 2040. India’s demand for power would rapidly increase in the next 25 years. Requirement of coal‐fired thermal power would be more than double, and there would be an exponential increase in the requirement of renewable energy. According to IEC, it is assumed that an investment of 2 trillion dollars is required for power supply. Taking countermeasures for climate change is a global challenge, and it is important to remove large quantity of CO2 from the energy system. CCS measures of fossil fuel are important. Usage of renewable energy more than ever is required for the elimination of CO2. It is equivalent to the upstream part of natural gas or GHS emission due to leakage from pipe‐line. From the life cycle perspective, gas and coal have the same level of emissions and switching over to gas is not necessarily the correct choice. CCT such as ESP, selective catalytic reduction or blowing of activated charcoal can remove 90 to 99.9% of contaminants from coal combustion. Improvement/enhancement of the efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power can contribute to the reduction of CO2. 1% improvement in efficiency (LHV standard) can reduce CO2 emission by 2 to 3%. If the current 33% average efficiency of world‐wide coal‐fired thermal power plants can be increased to 40% by using new technology, it would be possible to reduce 2G tons of CO2. This corresponds to India’s annual CO2
emissions. In order to reduce 2G tons of CO2, 53 years are required in case of ETS of EU (European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme), and levels of 3 times and 195 times the present are required according to Kyoto Protocol and solar power generation respectively. However, theoretically it is possible to achieve it by increasing the total efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power from 33% to 40%. CCS is capable of reducing GHG emission of coal‐fired thermal power up to 90%, and it is anticipated to achieve 14% reduction of GHG by the year 2050. Coal + CCS also has cost competitiveness when compared to other low emission technologies. World's first large‐scale coal‐fired thermal power CCS project is the Boundary Dam power station owned by Sask Power, and operations were started in September 2014. WCA plans to put forward the following proposal for COP21 in December.
• HELE coal‐fired thermal power generation technology
has high possibility of CO2 reduction, and
international financial assistance is required to
introduce this technology for the development of
power generation in developing countries.
• Financial support is required to support and develop
the international CCUS activities that are essential to
undertake countermeasures of global climate change.
• It is essential that the political position of CCUS is
same as other low emission technologies for
international change mechanism or policy decisions
in the country. 6) Keynote Address II
The Role of Coal in an “All of the Above” Energy Strategy” Mr. David Mohler Deputy Assistant Secretary Office of Fossil Energy, US Department of Energy
The United States is also taking global environmental measures and initiatives for coal to improve its energy usage efficiency. CCUS in particular is a technically and economically effective option, and Boundary Dam project is a part of it. Further, construction related to Kemper’s group project of gasification + CO2 capture + EOR is also complete and is in the inspection stage. This project would capture 60% of CO2. Further, in the open‐pit mining site of 100m width, it is planned to restore the present state after the rehabilitation, and demonstrate the reality of self‐cleaning action to the environmental organizations. “Skymine” project of Skyonic in Texas State is the project of manufacturing baking soda from CO2, and pilot project of Algenol is to capture CO2 using algae and converting it into liquid form etc.
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Plan of the federal energy related budget is to allocate 8 billion dollars to the financing program and 4.5 billion dollars to the ARRA project. Planned budget for CCT and CCUS related is 400 million dollars, and it has been designed under President Obama's Climate Action Plan while considering the balance of cost required for energy needs and technology development. Although there are opinions that CCS is a waste of money, best practice is being studied by matching with rules of new EPA such as improving CCT efficiency, CCS, and environmental impact on EOR etc. There is a plan of large scale geological testing of CO2 storage in US known as ‘Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships’. This is a project in which more than 600 million dollars would be spent on 23 small projects and 8 big projects (storage of 0.1 to 3.5 million tons of CO2). Office of Fossil Energy, US Department of Energy (DOE) is carrying out R&D about ensuring security of all energy sources. Improving the efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power, development of materials, CO2 capture and usage, development of value‐added products, storage technology, project cost reduction, management of federal energy technology research institutes etc., are the targets. CCUS cannot be done by one's country alone, and building domestic and international partnership seems to be the way in the future.
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Policy advocacy report Toshiro Matsuda, JAPAC
JCOAL draws up documents as the policy advocacy concerning coal every year, and the JCOAL Chairperson hands it directly to the Commissioner of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) by 5th September which has been set as the "Clean Coal Day" (CCD). Further, the details are briefed to the President of Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) and the Chairman of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) by the Chairperson of JCOAL. Since the last 3 years, for the compilation of the said written request, JCOAL has conducted a survey for its member companies and incorporated the results in the request. In this fiscal year, the preparation of request letter was started after collecting the opinion of members via survey conducted in April, and we wrote down the main points of requests for coal policies based on the outcome of survey in June. And, the outlook of share in energy resources on electricity power supply and the target for reduction of greenhouse gases aiming COP21, were published in July by METI. Based on the official announcements, "requests" were compiled as "recommendations", and the report was handed over to the Commissioner of ANRE on 28th August. Briefing to JOGMEC President was carried out on the same day, and briefing to NEDO Chairman was carried out on 2nd September. Following 8 items are this year’s recommendations.
1. Support for the positioning of coal‐fired thermal
power
2. Introduction and dissemination of high‐efficiency
technology in replacement of existing obsolete
facilities and construction of new coal‐fired thermal
power stations
3. Development of low‐carbonization technology in coal‐
fired thermal power, and its introduction and
dissemination in Japan
4. Overseas promotion of Japan’s CCT transfer
5. Development of low‐rank coal utilization technology,
and promoting its usage
6. Ensuring stable supply of coal
7. Fostering the coal‐related human resource
development
8. Intensifying activities in Public Acceptance (PA) of coal
The recommendations are shown below. 1. Support for the positioning of coal‐fired thermal power In the outlook of long‐term energy supply and demand, in the power supply configuration of 2030, the share of coal‐fired thermal power is 26% taking into account the advantage of coal as an energy resource, and it shows the position of base load power supply in the future. On the other hand, in light of COP21 that would be held in Paris in December this year, the target for reducing the greenhouse gases in 2030 has been decided to be lowered by 26% in comparison with 2013. Therefore, we request that the CO2 suppression policies against coal‐fired thermal power for achieving this target would be decided with adequately considering about ensuring energy security. 2. Introduction and dissemination of high‐efficiency technology in replacement of existing obsolete facilities and construction of new coal‐fired thermal power stations As low‐carbonization activity, although the replacement of obsolete coal‐fired thermal power facilities etc., would be proactively progressed by using latest high‐efficiency technologies, electric utilities are assuming the risk of changing business environment (trend of environmental regulations, proportion of renewable energy deployment, detailed design of the system of liberalizing retail electricity sales) in the future while implementing construction projects. They are using this as information to take decisions related to planning and implementation. Accordingly, early implication of the trends is required in order to enhance the predictability. Since the burden of high initial cost would be the obstacle to implement new technology, we request that grant incentives to reduce the burden on electric utilities and rapidly introduce the outcome of technology development would be established. Further, about the processing of coal ash which is unavoidable when using coal, along with developing and implementing technology for effective utilization of coal ash, we request that activities to expand the utilization such as recycling and resource recovery would be supported. 3. Development of low‐carbonization technology in coal‐fired thermal power, and its introduction and dissemination in Japan There are the 3 main subjects in low‐carbonization technology of coal‐fired thermal power, which are high efficiency, woody biomass co‐firing and CCS, and we request to create a road map that incorporates expected CO2
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reduction effect quantitatively for every technological theme in each subject. It is necessary to implement the corresponding technologies along the lines of this road‐map steadily. About the high efficiency technology, construction of the facility to carry out the demonstration test of oxygen‐blown IGCC is in progress as the first one in Japan. Along with continuing support the Osaki Cool‐Gen Project in which the introduction of IGFC technology would be scheduled in the future, we request that the continuous support for the commercialization of the corresponding next‐generation coal‐fired thermal power technologies such as IGCC and A‐USC would be carried out. In the co‐firing of coal and woody biomass, ensuring a stable supply of wood is the biggest issue to increase amount of woody biomass. We request the support by building a promotion framework by collaborating with the Forestry Agency and other relevant ministries. About CCS, it is necessary to expand the potential of CCS in Japan by developing efficient and economical method for CO2 capture, and selecting suitable locations for CO2storage. We request that the support for steadily implementation of Tomakomai CCS project, launch of the succeeding national projects, and participation to an international project as the next of successful completion of Australia's Callide Project. Further, we request initiatives taken together by public and private sectors to clearly articulate policies for securing CO2 storage areas, establishment of monitoring methods for storage conditions and cost burden etc., in order to steadily progress with the implementation of CCS. 4. Overseas promotion of Japan’s CCT transfer Introduction and spread of the CCT as proven technology to overseas including the developing countries, is an essential and effective way as the actual countermeasure for global warming. Apart from being highly efficient, having high reliability that has been developed through the proven track record of domestic usage is also the forte of Japan’s CCT. We request the continuous awareness activities to support introduction and dissemination of the CCT by public‐private units, and early recognition and proactive usage at an international level of bilateral offset credit system as one of effective measures for the CCT transfer to host countries. Further, proper financing from Multilateral Development Banks is essential for the introduction of coal‐fired thermal power to promote CCT, and we request the continuation of activities at the government level such that this becomes an international consensus. 5. Development of low‐rank coal utilization technology, and promoting its usage Expansion of framework to utilize low‐rank coal is required to ensure long‐term stable supply of coal. We request the continuous financial support to progress
demonstration and to promote implementation of all technology at consistently used from upstream to downstream in domestic and overseas, concerning gasification, reforming, condensation, drying etc., of low‐rank coal. Projects of demonstrating and implementing the usage technologies in low‐rank coal producing counties have mutual benefits for both Japan and the host countries. In future, it is anticipated that the hydrogen or SNG that is manufactured on‐site by gasification of coal, such as lignite, will be imported and used in Japan for domestic purpose. We request to build cooperative relation at the government level for tax incentives in the partner country, activities involved in mutual support, and for the development and implementation of series of technologies. 6. Ensuring stable supply of coal In order to continue ensuring the stable supply of coal, Japan should ensure procurement based on friendly relations with the countries for which Japan is their largest importer, such as Australia that is a coal exporting country and is troubled with depreciation of coal prices or countries like Indonesia in which resource nationalism has been in active. Activities targeting coal exporting countries such as North America, Colombia in South America, are also important from the perspective of diversification of procurement. Support is required for reducing country risk and promoting resources diplomacy based on public‐private initiatives, including countries such as Mozambique, that are expected to develop in future and become a new country supplying coal to Japan. Further, we request to JOGMEC for continuing the support system for investigation and development of coal, carrying out improvement such as expansion of target projects supported or increasing the assisted credit limit, and providing new support measures for acquiring interest in coal mine. 7. Fostering the coal‐related human resource development Continuous development of human resources in all the upstream and downstream areas of coal is indispensable to maintain and improve Japan’s technological strength and international competitiveness, and we request the continuous support for human resource based on long‐term perspective. Collaborating for the development of personnel with the partner country at technologies of coal usage, coal mining, and safety management is also essential to ensure stable supply of coal and progress uninterrupted overseas deployment of CCT, and we request to support the project activities for achieving this. 8. Intensifying activities in Public Acceptance (PA) of coal Social awareness about the role of coal as important energy, and for utilization of coal, CCT is the technology that can bring harmony with environment is still not sufficient in the world including Japan. Dissemination of correct
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information regarding coal is essential for the coal related industries to carry out business activities while aiming for both the new energy mix targeted for 2030 that is based on Japan's Basic Energy Plan, and countermeasures for global warming. JCOAL will strive to develop publicity activities, and we request the proactive participation of the governmental organizations in the PA.
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Regional Information
The Coal Situation in India Yasushi Kawamura, Satoru Matsuyama, and Kazuyuki Murakami, Business Promotion Department
Tatsuhito Nakano, Research and Development Department Nobuhiro Koyanagi, Resources Development Department
1. Introduction In India, a new government led by Modi has taken over the reins in May 2014. He is pro‐actively pursuing a number of policies like “Make in India”, based on the track record of infrastructure development that he aggressively promoted in Gujarat state during his chief ministerial term. In particular, for energy‐related policies, he has taken new decisive actions pertaining to the human resources, such as asking the Minister of Finance Affairs Mr. Goyal to concurrently serve the New Energy and Renewable Energy Ministry, the Ministry of Coal, and the Ministry of Power. Modi is actively promoting these policies, which could not be implemented until now due to the vertical administrative structure. In this paper, we have summarized the current situation in coal and power fields based on these changes. 2. Energy Policy and Coal Policy India's Energy administration is divided into 5 fields, namely, the Ministry of Power, the Ministry of Coal, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, the New and Renewable Energy Ministry, and the Atomic Energy Commission. Each one of the ministries formulates and implements a Five‐Year Energy Plan, and currently, the 12th Five‐Year Plan (2012 ‐ 2017) is in progress. According to the energy source‐wise demand outlook, in 2016, the total demand will reach 738 Mtoe, which is about 1.4 times that of the year 2010, and the demand for coal will reach 407 Mtoe (in this, approximately 22% will be imported coal), which is 1.5 times that of the year 2010. Modi government upholds the "Supply of electricity 24 hours a day, seven days a week without power failure" in each house across the country as one of its public commitments, and it has pointed out the adverse effects of vertically divided administration as a factor that prohibits the reform of energy policy. The government is promoting measures for increasing the fuel supply, such as easing of coal business regulations, increased production of coal, increase in the allocation of coal to the power plants, and the development of railway network. Among the other planned power transmission & distribution and power generation projects for each state, the government has focused on a project called "24x7 Power for All", and is promoting the measures to accelerate its implementation.
For increasing the domestic coal supply and reducing the trade deficit caused by energy imports, such as coal, crude oil and gas, the government has announced that the production of CIL will be doubled to 1 billion tons in the next five years. If this is achieved as planned, the current excess of import can be eliminated. Due to these measures, the shortage of power supply, which was nearly 10% every year, has currently reduced to 2% range, and now it seems that the coal‐fired thermal power plants secure the fuel stock equivalent to 2 weeks of the planned volume. As for the coal mining areas, the Indian Supreme Court ordered the cancellation of allocations of 204 mining areas in September 2014, and the Ministry of Coal began allocations on the basis of a new system in February 2015. This allocation is divided into Schedule I to III. In schedule I, 37 mining areas have been allocated to the public sector companies in power generation, such as NTPC and State Power Corporations, and 1 mining area has been allocated to SAIL. In schedules II and III, the mining areas have been allocated to private sectors by auction and the scale of which will reach the annual production of about 90 million tons commensurate with the production volume. The 10 mining areas, for which allocations have not been decided yet, are currently open for public offering. 3. Energy Situation With its abundant reserves of coal and natural gas, India has been using them as the domestic resources. In terms of the primary energy consumption in year 2012, India was ranked the 3rd largest country in the world after China and USA, and the energy consumption is expected to increase even further in the future. As the domestic production of petroleum is not able to keep up with the rapidly growing domestic demand, India is highly dependent on imports. However, in recent years, the domestic production of coal and natural gas resources has also not been able to cope with the demand. As a result, India is experiencing a chronic power shortage. Although the domestic energy resources, such as coal, bio‐energy, and hydropower are available, they are not sufficient to meet the domestic demand. Consequently, imports are increasing and the energy self‐sufficiency rate in 2012 was reported as 69%. As a result, in addition to intensifying the exploration of fossil fuel resources and
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improvement of productivity, the usage of hydropower, nuclear power and renewable energy is being promoted while taking into account the policies for prevention of global warming. Figure‐1 indicates the share of India’s primary energy sources in year 2012. In 2014, the coal production in India was about 643.98 million tons and was ranked 3rd largest in the world after China and USA. It accounted for about 7.89% of the world’s total production. The consumption of coal was about 360.16 million tons (of oil equivalent), still being the 3rd largest in the world after China and USA and accounted for 9.28% of the entire world’s consumption. As of March 2015, the composition ratio of the installed capacity was, coal 62%, natural gas 9%, oil 0.4%, nuclear power 2%, hydropower 15%, and renewable energy 12%, and coal accounted for more than half of the total installed capacity. The power generation facilities in India are intended to take advantage of the rich domestic coal resources, and the power plant construction plans until 2030 are also centered around the coal‐fired thermal power. In the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013, the coal reserves of India accounted for about 7% of the entire world’s reserves amounting to 60.6 billion tons of coal, ranking India 5th largest after USA, Russia, China and Australia. However, owing to the reduction in quality due to 40% ash content and delay in the improvement of production efficiency of coal mines and transport, India tends to increase the imports of high‐quality overseas coal at a cost lower than the domestic coal. 4. Coal Situation Figure‐3 indicates the coal demand and supply trends. Since the production of coal was not able to keep up with the ever‐increasing demand for coal, the amount of coal imported in 2014 was more than 200 million t. (Coking coal: 44 million t, Thermal coal: 174 million t) Table‐1 shows the amount of coal resources. Leveraging on its vast coal resources, the government has set a higher production target in order to reduce the dependence on imported coal. In FY2019, the government is planning to increase the production as follows: CIL will double its production from the current 494 million t to 1 billion t, SCCL will increase its production from the current 53 million t to 80~100 million t, and in the captive coal mines, over six‐fold increase will be done from the current 64 million t to 400 million t. This total of 1.5 billion t coal matches the demand of coal used in the power generation. However, from the viewpoint of both quantity and quality, the import of coking coal will be necessary in the future as well. The government has introduced competitive bidding in the allocation of mining areas of captive coal mines for achieving the production targets (According to the Supreme Court’s
decision in September 2014, allocation of 204 mining areas had become invalid). The government is also considering introduction of commercial mining by the private sector. Following issues must be resolved for achieving the production goals.
• Land acquisition, rehabilitation and re‐settlement
issues
• Delays in the approvals from the Ministry of
Environment and Forests
• Shortage of coal transportation infrastructure
• Instability/insecurity issues in the mine areas On the other hand, the technical issues to be resolved are as follows.
• Technology development and modernization
• Strengthening and development of human
capabilities
• Enhancement of exploration activities 5. The Situation of Electric Power 5.1. Promotion of the high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power While economic growth continues in India, the promotion of high efficiency is progressing along with the increase in power generation capacity. Particularly, in the characteristic PAT (Perform, Achieve and Trade) scheme of India that is intended to achieve energy efficiency, the promotion of high efficiency is sought in the thermal power generation, including even the existing establishments, which consume about 70% of primary energy. In particular, the replacement of old plants is also being considered since last year. Small plants that do not have re‐heaters are either subjected to replacement or closure. As for the new establishments, the first supercritical unit started operating in October 2010. While the deployment of supercritical plants (Table‐2) is progressing, about 40% of the new plants in the 12th Five‐Year Plan period are super‐critical, and in the 13th Five‐Year Plan period, all the plants have been specified as higher than or equal to supercritical. According to the CEA guidelines, in the design criteria of 500 MW sub‐critical plant, the steam pressure, main steam temperature/reheat steam temperature, and efficiency are, 170 kg/cm2, 535/535 , and 38.5% (HHV) respectively. However, in the supercritical plants with capacity of 660 MW to 800 MW, these parameters are 247 kg/cm2, 565/565 or 593 , and 39.5% to 40.5% (HHV) respectively. In the specifications for new projects issued in 2015, the conditions such as 270 kg/cm2, 593/593 and 270 kg/cm2, 600/600 have been presented. From these conditions, CEA views the plants as ultra‐supercritical. Further, heavy electrical major BHEL and power generation major NTPC have been jointly considering A‐USC demonstration plant, in which, the steam conditions are expected to be 310 kg/cm2, 710/720 .
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5.2. New emission regulations for coal‐fired thermal power In April 2015, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC) announced a draft of new reference values for emissions and water usage in coal‐fired power plants. It is noteworthy that the regulatory values of NOx, SOx, and mercury have been incorporated. Numerical values themselves are not at all severe when compared to those in Japan. However, considering the fact that the current numerical regulations are for PM only and the stack height regulations are applicable for SOx, it is a remarkable progress when compared to that level. In the new standards draft, the newly established and existing plants are divided in 2 stages based on their establishment year (i.e. plants established before 2003 and after 2003) and their emission standards are determined. If these reference values are established, PM will be reduced by 25%, SOx by 90%, and NOx by 70%. Also, a grace period of 2 years has been granted to the existing power plants for implementing the required countermeasures. When the current reference value of PM (which is 150 mg/m3) and the new reference value for new establishments (which is 30 mg/m3) are compared, 80% reduction is observed. Table‐3 shows the current regulatory values for emission in coal‐fired thermal power plants and newly proposed reference values of MoEF. After the public comments (30 days from 15th May), the legislation process is expected to progress. And, after the enforcement, the existing power plants have been granted a grace period of two years for the compliance. The environmental technology related to coal‐fired thermal power plants is expected to provide support to both the new & the existing plants, and will become a large market. It is a great business opportunity for equipment manufacturers. However, it will give rise to a major equipment burden for the power generation companies. Given that the Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA) and the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) are not linked even today, the power generation companies are compelled to face difficult management situations. And, the power generation companies will closely watch the future trends about how the government brings the revision of emission standards, which is the cause of further increase in the cost, to a conclusion. 6. Conclusion In January 2016, the India‐Japan Energy Policy dialogue is scheduled to be held in Japan, under the co‐chairmanship of the ministers of two countries. In coal‐fired thermal power, importance of the promotion of high efficiency from the perspective of global warming measures, and further progress in Japan’s technology contribution, are expected. Table‐3: Current regulated emission values of the coal‐fired thermal power plants, and new standard values proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India
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Technical Reports
Current Status of Coalbed Methane (CBM) Development H. Hirasawa, Strategic Information, Planning & Communication Dept.
CBM Resource CBM is a natural gas contained in the coal seam and the CBM resource is calculated by multiplying the coal resource volume and unit gas content of the coal seam. The gas in the coal seam is classified in two types, they are free gas (free gas in micro pore of coal seam) and absorbed gas (gas absorbed on the surface of micro pore), and calculated as follows: GIP (CBM resources in Place) = GC x A x H x d = (GCf + GCa) x A x H x d
GC:unit gas content of the coal seam(m3/t)
GCf:free gas (m3/t)
GCa:absorbed gas (m3/t)
A:square measure of coal seam (m2)
H:thickness of coal seam (m)
d:density of coal (t/m3)
The following table shows the CBM resource of major countries, even assuming that the accuracy of survey is low and the data is widely varies, it is considered that the CBM resource is comparable to the conventional natural gas resource.
Table 1 CBM Resource of major countries
Unit(trillion m3)
Development of CBM As above mentioned, CBM resource is evaluated by coal resource and unit gas content of coal seam, the permeability (penetration rate of gas) of coal seam is also important factor during the development stage of CBM. CBM development is conducted by the drilling from the surface to coal seam and pumping up of underground water. As the diameter of the drill holes is not so large, for the effective movement of the gas from coal seam to drill hole, the high permeability is advantageous for the gas production. Therefore for the evaluation for CBM development potential, unit gas content
and permeability of coal seam and ground water volume to be pumped up are important in the same way. The reason of rapid growth of CBM production in USA has been the introduction of the preferential tax system for CBM development and at the same time the technology development has also accolated the CBM production. One of the new technology is the directional drilling technology and it makes it possible to drill a hole as planned location and direction and easy to vent hole from a vertical well to a horizontal well. It becomes also possible to branch a single vertical well to many horizontal wells like veins in coal seam.
Photo 1 Inclined Drilling Machine
Fig. 1 Branch Drilling Holes(CDX Co)
At the same time, the cavity completion technology has been developed to improve the permeability of coal seam by injection of high pressure air or nitrogen into the drill hole and repeating the pressurization and depressurization. This technology is to improve the permeability of coal seam by
CountryCBM
ResourceConventionalGas Resource
Canada 17 ~ 92 2.3Russia 17 ~ 80 44.6China 30 ~ 35
Australia 8 ~ 14USA 4 ~ 11 8.5India 2.6
Indonesia 13Source:IEA and others
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destruction and expanding the fracture of drilled hole wall. And so called fracking technology, one of hydro fracturing technology has also been developed. This technology is to expand the fracture of coal seam by injection of high pressure liquid, and after the fracturing conducted, proppant (fine sand) or fine ceramic are injected with high pressure liquid to prevent the obstruction of the fracture. The fracture made by these technology will be flow path of the gas. Recently the environmental problem has been caused by injection of fine sand and fine ceramic. The gas composition of CBM and shale gas are shown in the
table below but the composition fluctuates by the region and in some area the nitrogen contents exceeds 50 %. Table 2 Example of gas composition of CBM and shale gas
(%)
Methane Ethane Propane Nitrogen
CBM 95~98 0.5~1.3 0.0001~
0.0003 0.7~3.0
Shale
Gas 80~94 3~12 0~5 1~8
In case the quantity of the nitrogen exceeds the quality standard of the natural gas, the nitrogen must be removed before injection of these gases into the natural gas pipeline.
Photo 2 N2 Removal System (membrane)
CBM Production (1) USA USA has firstly started the commercial production of CBM, and after that the countries listed on table 1 have started the development of CBM, recently. In USA, after 1970s the natural gas resources has continued to decline and as the countermeasures, tax incentives has been introduces for natural gas development. As the result, CBM development has been accelerated during late 1980s to 1990s. This tax incentives is obsolete now. On the other hand, the natural gas resources has increase reversed since 2000. And due to the recent favorable price of natural gas and the technological innovation, the unconventional gas CBM as well
as shale gas have been developed as new energy source. Many small and medium‐sized enterprises began to invest up to the development of shale gas and shale gas began to be noticed as a new resource, since the reserves and development potential is enormous, the gas supply and demand outlook in USA has been changed to make the LNG import be unnecessary. As the result, CBM production has been decreased as the increase in shale gas production as shown in Fig 1. .
(Source: US EIA)
Fig 1 CBM production in USA (2) Indonesia CBM development has been started during 2000s. Although based on the original ambitious government target, the CBM production in 2015 was set at 0.5 billion ft3/day (14 million m3/day), after that it has been reduced to 8.9 million ft3/day (0.25 million m3/day). As a matter of fact, the total CBM production in 2014 was only 0.62 million m3/day (18 thousand m3/day). 50 CBM license area were applied at the first stage, almost all areas have been stayed at the feasibility study stage and the new application of license area has been none. The reason for the development does not proceed, a) unfavorable geological condition and seepage of many underground water, b) over lapping of license area with coal mining, c) the production sharing scheme with the government is heavily disadvantageous for the developer. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources is now considering the new contract scheme for the developer and it may reduce the risk of the developer, to facilitate the return on investment.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CBM Production in USA (Billion ft3)
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Photo 3 CBM production well in Indonesia
Photo 4 CBM development in China (3) China Although large scale CBM development has been planned in the national 5 year development plan, the development of CBM has been delayed. The reason is a) development of new technology is not in progress could be applied for the complicated geological condition in China, b) the gas price is low and the government subsidy is few and the economic feasibility is low, c) very complicated right relationship for the development. The new development organization and system are necessary.
(4) Japan Around 20 new model projects for the local creation has been approved by the government including Yubari city. This model projects are based on the Regional Revitalization Act amended in last year and 5 billion yen in total is allocated to the local government where the regional revitalization plan is approved. At Yubari city, at the name of “Challenge to vitality creation by making the compact city and the Yubari renewable energy utilization”, CBM development is planned and the produced gas will be used for power generation and local heating. The drilling work may be started in this year.
Photo 5 CBM development in Yubari (former project)
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JCOAL Project
Technology exchange in Ukraine, Part ③
2nd Japan ‐ Ukraine Energy Security Seminar 2015 Toshiko Fujita, JAPAC
This first seminar was conducted in Kiev, Ukraine in last February, and the participants from both the countries were of the Deputy Minister level. Program to get exposed to Japan’s technological strength was conducted by visiting Japan one week later, and efforts were taken so that the people engaged in coal‐fired thermal power along with the important Ukrainian government officials can get extensive knowledge about Japan’s coal‐fired thermal power generation technology. This project was discussed by Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, and Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine on 5th August 2014 in Kiev, and joint declaration was announced (cooperation in the area of Energy policy and coal‐fired thermal power generation). Conducting technical dialog by experts, including the details related to the formulation of Energy Master Plan in Ukraine, and implementation of facility inspection for the improving the efficiency of coal‐fired thermal power plant etc., were published in this declaration. Accordingly, initiatives were started with The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ) focusing on supporting the formulation of Energy Master Plan, and JCOAL focusing on providing technical support related to the improvement of efficiency and environment of coal‐fired thermal power facilities. After the successful completion of the 1st seminar and program of visiting Japan in last February, recently the 2nd
seminar was held on 1st October in Kiev (Hilton Kiev) with the participation of Parliamentary Vice‐Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, Mr. Iwai and Mr. Demchyshyn, Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine. After the 1st seminar and visit to Japan, the main content of this seminar was the presentation of Energy Master Plan by Japan to Ukraine, and announcement of joint declaration that clearly articulates the cooperative alliance between both the countries. Outline of the meeting is as given below. 1) Date: 1st October 2015 (Thursday) 2) Venue: Hilton Kiev, Kiev, Ukraine 3) Organizers:
Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry, Ukraine (MECI) Japan Coal Energy Center (JCOAL) The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)
4) Co‐Organizers: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan (METI)
The Embassy of Japan, Ukraine 5) Cooperated by: Coal Energy Technology Institute, Ukraine
(CETI) 6) Outline This seminar was successfully completed with the participation of approx.120 persons (including 22 participants from Japan, and 10 participants from the Japanese companies present in Ukraine), along with Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine HE Demchyshyn, HE Parliamentary Vice‐Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, Iwai and HE Ambassador of Japan to Ukraine, Sumi. Further, participants also included Ukrainian representatives of European Union and representatives of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The main focus of this seminar was the signing of joint
declaration by both governments and handing‐over (※) of
the Energy Master Plan that was created as a part of Japanese government’s Ukraine supporting activities since last year. However, session on support of high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power technology, a part of Ukraine supporting activities mainly carried out by JCOAL, was held in the second half, and technology introduction was given by Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. (MHPS). Although the seminar was slightly postponed and the official announcement was done in the last minute, we think that the participation of large number of persons from Ukraine signifies high expectations from Japanese collaboration. In addition to promoting Japan's cooperation and support to Ukraine for the coal‐fired thermal power generation that is aimed at improving Ukraine's energy security, it is expected that this seminar will also help in creation of highly cost‐effective business based on actual efficacy; and hence this seminar was considered to be productive. The signing ceremony and other details have already been published on the websites of both the governments. Please refer to the links given below. Ukraine: http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/minugol/control/uk/publish/article?art_id=245046285&cat_id=35109 Japan: http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2015/10/20151005005/20151005005.html
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ASEAN Energy Business Forum (AEBF) 2015
Report about participation and speech by JCOAL Fumiko Yamada, Business Promotion Department
Multi‐level cooperative relationship is being continued in between JCOAL and ACE (ASEAN Centre for Energy), for more than 5 years since 2009. While all ASEAN countries are reviewing the popularization of CCT, and are having challenges, ACE has recognized that coal‐fired thermal power is one of the main sources of power in most of its member countries, and hence exploring clean usage methods for coal. JCOAL and ACE entered into the first MOU in May 2009, and since then they have been developing mutually beneficial cooperation. Recently, 1st edition of "ASEAN CCT Handbook for Power Plant" that would be provided to ASEAN power related personnel as a reference, was printed in 2014, and was officially announced during the AMEM (ASEAN Ministers of Energy Meeting) in September 2014. Currently the content of the 2nd edition, which is planned to be published, is being discussed so that it serves as a further reference to the policy makers of each country and the management of power companies. ASEAN Energy Business Forum is jointly held along with the Energy Ministers’ Meeting that is usually held during September‐October every year. JCOAL, by cooperative relation with ACE mentioned above, is participating every year since 2009 and has been delivering speeches and carrying out publications during these meetings. In the Minister’s meeting this year, in addition to the final draft of ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) for the period of 10 years from 2016 that aims for the ASEAN integration at the end of 2015 and AEC establishment, there was also an opportunity to discuss about various challenges related to energy in ASEAN. President Tsukamoto participated in this meeting, and also delivered the speech. Outline of main sessions is given below. <AEBF 2015>
• Opening session Dr. Sanjayan, Executive Director of ACE stated that the
booming energy sector of ASEAN that has the potential to create several investment opportunities also has many challenges. Issue of climate change is being perceived as a global challenge, and since the concern of society about environmental impact is also high, it is necessary for ASEAN, which would continue to use coal in the future as well, to proceed with the development of well‐balanced and truly sustainable energy and power in the future. He also
emphasized that energy security, stable supply of energy, and green energy should be realized by harnessing creativity. In the opening remarks, Dr. James, Honorary Vice‐Minister
of Ministry of Energy Malaysia (KeTTHA), stated that energy is the largest source of emission, and Malaysian government is conscious about the balance of climate change measures, energy development & its usage, and has been advocating the “green technology”.
• Session 1: “Long‐term outlook of ASEAN energy” Dr. Wolfgang Eichhammer, Head of Fraunhofer ISI, Germany,
who is the in‐charge of the 4th ASEAN Energy Outlook (till 2035), reported the present condition analysis of long‐term outlook aiming for the year 2035. New Energy Program Leaders, who are being developed by GIZ as panelists along
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JCOAL Project
with ACE, participated in the discussion as panelists. In particular, the possibility of promoting the development of new and renewable energy was emphasized. Further, Executive Director of ACE Dr. Sanjayan, who acted as the Chairman commented that “How to deal with the coal consumption that is increasing annually at a rate of 7%, is also an important perspective”.
• Session 2: “Financing ASEAN power” ERIA economist Dr. Yanfei Li acted as the Chairman (Note: It
seems that Dr. Phoumin, who was primarily involved in the cooperation between ACE and Japan in no more in the charge. Although Dr. Li is a Chinese person, he has obtained his doctorate from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore). Briefing of planning and present status of power financing in Malaysia‐Singapore, GMS (Great Mekong Sub‐region), and Borneo was carried out by SP Power Grid Ltd., ADB and Sarawak Energy respectively, and exchange of opinions was carried out.
• Session 6: “Latest developments in utilization of coal” Datuk Abdul Razak, Chairman of ST Malaysia acted as the session Chairman. (Note: It was informed that he is engaged in the creation of blue‐print for reorganization of power sector after being entrusted with a special mission by the EPU (Economic Planning Unit).) JCOAL’s President Tsukamoto cited METI’s presentation material in 13th AFOC, and emphasized on the necessity of introducing CCT in ASEAN, and the importance of raising voice continuously against the trend of international financing regulations. Background of Japan’s energy policy, and knowledge and experience related to operations management of coal‐fired thermal power and rehabilitation were also shared. Apart from this, standard briefing by GCCSI (commercialization of CCS and status of implementation of pilot project) was carried out, report on the status of environmental concerns regarding 'Mae Moh lignite‐fired power plant' in Thailand by EGAT, and report on the progress of CCS research by TNB research etc., were also presented in this session. Every year, JCOAL is also participating in the annual Board of Directors meeting of AFOC (ASEAN Forum on Coal), which is the central agency for coal cooperation among ASEAN countries. Japan’s message ‘introduction of clean CCT that is constantly raised in this conference would result in steady reduction of emissions, and in order to achieve this, since Japan would continuously request for understanding about the discussion of international regulations of coal‐fired thermal power, we request for the continuous cooperation from all ASEAN countries’ was appealed at a higher level. In addition to this, it was also possible to have activities to once
again strengthen exchange and networking with relevant officials from several countries, and was a major outcome.
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JCOAL Project
Report about India CEA‐JCOAL workshop Fumiko Yamada, Business Promotion Department
India considers coal to be the primary energy source and main power source supporting economic growth, and has been promoting large‐scale thermal power generation development plans (Ultra Mega Power Project/UMPP). On the other hand, even among the emerging countries that have had remarkable growth, it has been promoting early introduction of domestic emission trading scheme, and has been undertaking energy saving and emission reducing measures based on PAT (Perform, Achieve and Trade) scheme. New emission regulation bill that clearly describes the regulation value of SOx, NOx, PM and Mercury, proposed by The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MEFCC) under the Government of India, is currently being reviewed. There is also a thought that as a country that belongs to the top group of emerging countries, and which has led discussion from the emerging country's perspective even during international negotiations relating countermeasures for climate change, India should rather proactively engage in low‐carbonization and environmental measures related to power supply which were limited till now. Further, it can be observed that there is a growing momentum aiming at "environment‐friendly high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power" which Japan has been requesting earnestly till now. Workshop is being organized every year since 2010 under the bilateral cooperation of JCOAL with Central Electricity Authority (CEA), and the CEA‐JCOAL Workshop FY2015 mentioned above was held for the 5th time. In the current workshop, the sessions have been arranged by considering the fact that the environment technology, in which Japan has the expertise, abundant knowledge and experience, will play a pivotal role in cooperation with India, by working on the themes of environmental regulation trends and possibility of support by CCT, and by identifying the future challenges along with sharing of knowledge, experience and understanding by the relevant organizations of both Japan and India. Noteworthy points from the remarks made by speakers of each session are given below. Opening session
Welcome speech JCOAL Director Masamichi Hashiguchi
Keynote Address 1 MOP Mr. A. K. Singh, Joint Secretary, Thermal
Keynote Address 2 NTPC Mr. K. K. Sharma, Director,
Operation
Opening address CEA Mr. Major Singh, Chairperson
Speech by CEA Chairperson Opening session was participated by Mr. Major Singh, CEA Chairperson; Mr. T.K. Barai, CEA Member; Mr. A.K. Singh, Thermal Joint Secretary, Ministry of Power; and Mr. K.K. Sharma, Director (operations), NTPC, and speeches were given by high level officials from Japan and India. Outline of speech by JCOAL:
• After the advent of the new government in India in
last May, the progress in energy policies has become
more apparent than before. Among that is “24×7
Power for all”, which includes policies to increase coal
production and policies to increase power supply.
Although it is said that discussions by relevant
officials about the new emission standards for coal‐
fired thermal power station that were drafted by the
Ministry of Environment and Forest in April this year
are in progress, it is noteworthy to mention about
our impression that India has also entered into a new
era of economic development without sacrificing the
environment.
• We have heard that steady policies such as
promotion of PAT which is India's domestic scheme
of energy saving, promoting the introduction of high‐
efficiency plants such as SC and USC for coal‐fired
thermal power generation, shutdown of small scale
aging plants which do not have re‐heater, are being
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JCOAL Project
promoted, and JCOAL also wants to continue and
enhance the associated cooperation and support.
• Since signing of the first MOU with CEA in April 2010,
JCOAL has been developing relevant activities such as
workshop, in addition to carrying out facility
inspection that would contribute in improving the
efficiency and environment of the coal‐fired thermal
power in India. Facility inspection has been
completed in 8 units of NTPC and 7 power stations
managed by state power companies. In this year also,
multilateral activities such as further in‐depth
investigation as planned in session 1, inviting relevant
officials, and organization of this annual workshop
are also continued. 22 Outline of speech by MOP:
• Among India’s entire installed capacity of 280 GW,
thermal power constitutes 195 GW, out of which
170 GW is from coal‐fired thermal power. Although it
is certainly an ambitious target for Indian
government based on “24×7 Power for all” policy,
efforts are being taken to promote policies with the
outlook of increasing the coal production of CIL to 1
billion ton by the year 2019‐2020.
• Under such circumstances, although it is natural that
environmental concerns would rise due to further
expansion of coal‐fired thermal power generation,
government would encourage the usage of low‐
carbon technology with the consideration of
environment more effectively than before, and
would also increase the usage of coal ash which is
60% at present to 100%. Although SC is being made
mandatory for new establishments in the future as
per the guidelines of MOP & CEA, rather than
confining to this, the idea is to use the latest low‐
carbon technology to the maximum possible extent. Outline of speech by NTPC:
• According to the business vision of NTPC, which is at
the core of India’s coal‐fired thermal power or to say
the power generation industry in India, efficiency and
environment are of the topmost priority, and with
this perspective, India deeply welcomes the
cooperation with JCOAL. Under the CEA‐JCOAL
cooperation, which is a part of bilateral cooperation
in this sector, the replacement inspection has been
started recently at Badarpur power station, and
diagnostic inspection is in progress in Dadri power
station.
• NTPC invests around 11 to 12 billion rupees annually
in R&M. It is considered that R&M would play a key
role in the future as well by developing cooperation
with JCOAL. Outline of speech by CEA:
• Coal‐fired thermal power accounts for more than
60% of India’s entire installed capacity of 290 GW,
and it plays a major role. Along with MOP, CEA has
been promoting various policies and measures
concerning stable supply including R&M, and has
been striving to eliminate various obstacles in order
to achieve it.
• As presented by MOP, we saw various developments
and improvements related to coal‐fired thermal
power especially in these 5 years. In particular, the
production output of coal that can be domestically
used has increased by 18.3%, and it is perceived that
the present coal shortage is reducing.
• Decrepit power generation facilities accounting to
5,800 MW would be abolished in the future and
replaced with SC. Power generation companies of all
states must also share responsibility for these policies.
• Although 184 million tons of coal ash was generated
in 2014‐2015, its usage rate is limited to 55%.
• NTPC will certainly participate in this workshop and
will give various inputs to the state power generation
companies that would deliver speeches. We wish
that this would result in the discussions having even
higher significance. 1. Cooperation of CEA‐JCOAL with Indian power sector Outline of presentation by CEA:
• In the power source installed capacity base, coal
accounts for 60.7%, renewable energy 13.0%,
hydraulic power 15.2%, gas 8.7%, nuclear power
2.1% and diesel 0.4%. Coal is at the core of power
generation, and based on the capacity of power
generation, increase of 10% of units is being shown
even now.
• Although the power supply has a stable trend, a
shortage of 2% of units has occurred in October 2015,
including the peak time.
• Among the total 169 power stations that are
assumed to be aimed for R&M, the operational
period of 40 power stations is more than 30 years, for
93 power stations it is between 20 to 30 years, and
for 37 power stations it is between 15 to 20 years.
• Performance by indexes has been shown, and this
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includes enhancement of thermal efficiency due to
R&M (increase from 2.14% to 17.1%), efficiency
improvement (increase from 0.38% to 5.68%), PLF
enhancement (increase from 0.79% to 66.77%).
• Briefing regarding the accomplishments of CEA‐
JCOAL cooperation and future direction was given in
the second half of the presentation, and it was
concluded by appealing each power company to
enable shutdown inspection in a timely manner so
that accuracy of inspection that would form the base
of R&M, would be high. Outline of presentation by JCOAL:
• Apart from outlining the accomplishments of CEA‐
JCOAL cooperation, briefing was given about the
remaining‐life assessment study and the replacement
study (although the latter is being implemented
under a different scheme, it is positioned to be
implemented under the framework of umbrella
cooperation of CEA‐JCOAL in the bilateral relation),
CCT (invitational) program, and diagnosis follow‐up
(sharing Japanese expertise with the state power
companies having the potential), that are being
implemented this year. Combustion test, which is
planned to be introduced in the 2nd session, was also
referred. 2: Aiming for continuous, stable and low‐carbon power supply Outline of presentation by NTPC:
• The coal‐fired thermal power plants with the capacity
of 42,013 MW have been planned as the new
establishments in the future against the existing
installed capacity (including JV) of 45,548 MW.
• Following are the various O&M systems established
in NTPC: 1) establishing framework of maintenance
management for each power station unit and
regional unit, 2) establishing maintenance
management division in the power station, 3) LMI
(Local Management Instructions) system in order to
carry out efficient and safe operation, instead of
unnecessarily depending on the head office for the
maintenance management of the plant equipment,
4) ROPR(Regional Operation Performance Review)
that carries out advanced level review and evaluation
at a regional level in every quarter.
• R&M implementation strategy was discussed in the
end, and briefing was given about the R&M
implementation that should be based on the study of
remaining‐life assessment, and guidelines for
implementing R&M (Mid Life R&M for up to 25 years,
and Mega R&M for which 25 years have been
passed).
• We could see the extent of confidence of NTPC in
their statement made at the beginning and at the
end of the presentation that “Best practice does not
exist. That is because, we are always pursuing for
even better things. Hence, ‘best’ would never surpass
the things that have been achieved at that time”.
Outline of presentation by TSGENCO:
• Telangana state was formed in 2013 after the division
of Andhra Pradesh into 2 states, and TSGENCO is the
state power company established at that time. Total
installed capacity is 4445.26 MW. Although the
number of existing hydraulic and thermal power have
almost half‐and‐half share, it is planned to increase
the number of coal‐fired thermal power stations in
the future.
• Though 11 out of 13 thermal power stations are old,
an average PLF (Plant Load Factor) of 80.31% is
maintained.
• The following topics were raised as best practices
from TSGENCO: securing superior quality of coal
based on joint sampling activity, energy management
activity (energy auditing), timely preventive
maintenance, proper management of spare parts,
and shortening of overhaul period by formulation of
detailed maintenance and implementation plan. Outline of presentation by J‐POWER:
• Briefing was given about the trend of Japan’s coal‐
fired thermal power generation technology, along
with preventive maintenance in Japan related to
O&M, the concept of remaining‐life assessment, and
processes were explained while providing examples
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for important items. Outline of presentation by MHPS:
• While the emission regulations are becoming
stringent globally, it is possible to handle the emission
regulations by applying the Air Quality Control
System (AQCS) of MHPS, and hence the same
technology was introduced. It was mentioned that,
apart from SOx, NOx and PM, it is also effective for
Mercury. 24 3: Trend for tightening the environmental regulations and sustainable operations of the plant Outline of presentation by APGENCO:
• Thermal power accounts for 5,092.5 MW (57.07%) of
the total power generation capacity of 8,923 MW.
PLF of Vijayawada (Dr. NTTPS) Power Station, which
was inspected by JCOAL in the 2012 and 2013, is
82.40%.
• Efficiency improvement, shortening the duration of
unplanned downtime, fuel consumption,
consumption of power by auxiliary machines, coal
ash management as an environmental challenge, and
emissions reduction etc., were raised as general
technological challenges. Outline of presentation by JBIC:
• While the power stations are trying to comply with
the environmental regulations, financing could be
possible if there is an involvement of Japanese
companies.
• However, there are issues like bankability and
interest rates. Further, guarantee from local or
central government is necessary for obtaining the
loan.
• From the perspective of promoting IPP investment,
we would like to request the cooperation of the
Indian government, specifically from MOP in order to
execute PPA smoothly.
• Finally it was commented that, for environmental
regulations, provision of appropriate incentives is also
important in order to comply with the regulations. Outline of presentation by JICA:
• Briefing about the achievements of support by ODA
in the Indian power sector, and possibility of support
in the area of coal‐fired thermal power was done by
giving examples of collaborations in Bangladesh.
• Advanced technology and USC were mentioned as
matters of priority.
Panel discussion Summary In the second half of the session, which was scheduled to explore ways to deal with the tightening of environmental regulations that are perceived as having high feasibility, presentations about best practices and various challenges were given by NTPC, 2 state power companies, J‐POWER, MHPS and JCOAL based on their respective experiences. Panel discussions were hold with the participation of JBIC and JICA as the financing institutions. In particular, knowledge sharing by J‐POWER about the efficiency improvement and preventive maintenance activities in Japanese power stations, and superiority of MHPS Air Quality Control System (AQCS) technology that was demonstrated by JCOAL and Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. [MHPS] (joint presentation) through the test of using the AQCS technology during the usage of coal in India, attracted attention. As a reflection of India’s evaluation of this year’s Japan‐India collaboration projects (2 projects for NTPC and environment technology), high level officials from CEA, MOP and NTPC gathered for the opening session this time. Additionally, with the passionate speech from the NTPC R&M head, the expectations of the participants were increased. There were numerous questions for Indian speakers about promotion of R&M policies, initiatives for various related issues, R&M or O&M policies of NTPC and actual results etc. from related officials. Apart from this, questions on specific methods related to examples of best practices by state power companies, specific results with the introduction of environmental technology by MHPS, timing of the closure of old plants in case of replacement in Japan etc., also attracted interest. The year 2016 is paving the way for JCOAL to introduce Japan's high‐efficiency power plants or environmental systems, and we intend to further strengthen the cooperation and support while planning the Japan‐India cooperation projects and their formation including even coal sorting and effective utilization of coal ash.
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Report of Workshop :
Best Practice in Production of Electricity from Coal ‐Organized by
United Nation Economic Commission for Europe, Keiji Makino, Strategic Planning and Information Department
United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) organized workshop to innovate Clean Coal Technology (CCT) in European member countries. Title of the workshop is “Best Practice in Production of Electricity from Coal” and the member countries are Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Serbia, Tadzhikistan, Yugo, Ukraine, Turkey, Poland, Romania, Norway, UK and United States. As written here, main member are Central Asian countries. JCOAL has played its role in Asian version of UNECE, that is
ESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific), in 2012 whose member countries are Russia, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. JCOAL made a presentation at that time about “Up‐to‐Date Clean Coal Technology”. JCOAL was requested again from United Nation to support
the innovation of Clean Coal Technology in USECE. JCOAL accepted, because one of JCOAL’ major Activities is innovation of Japanese high level of CCT in all over the world. Workshop was held October 29‐30, 2015 in Palais des
Nations in Geneva.
Main gate of Palais des Nations Workshop First of all, UNECE introduced the objectives of the workshop, then delegations from member countries made speeches introducing their activity for CCT. JCOAL also made a presentation from the stand point of CCT expert. Following is the summary of presentations.
1. A picture of current and future global coal use,
World Coal Association, Ms Milagros Miranda 453 coal power plants are under construction globally now, and further 1,579 plants are planned. China, India and Indonesia occupy 71% among this number and many others are planned in Philippines, Vietnam, Turkey, Pakistan, Russia, etc. Based on this situation, it is highlighted that coal is still be a key fuel for power generation. Ms Miranda also told, “I am convinced that energy will be supplied sustainably which will be made by coal.”
2. Electricity generation technology overview,
IEA Clean Coal Center, Dr. Andrew Minchener Dr. Minchener showed the trend of global demand and supply of coal first of all. Then developing countries need more coal in order to develop the economic situation of their own country. These countries must depend on coal power generation at present and in the future either for their growth, but OECD countries must make their own portfolio for energy supply considering global warming. Such countries like Japan and Germany, “leading USC countries”, must support developing countries for their USC innovation, using their high level of CCT. A‐USC is being developed by some countries written below for further efficiency improvement. Parameters of A‐USC are also shown below.Here Demonstration plant will be started in the year of 2021 or later for almost all the countries. Japan : 700C Efficiency =50% or higher US : 760C Efficiency =45‐47% China : 700C Efficiency =46 ‐50% India : 700C Efficiency =50% or higher Note: EU started A‐USC development earlier, but they stopped to develop due to excess higher cost.
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3. Overview of solutions‐‐‐‐Summary and deep dive on one
specific perspective,
EPRI, Mr. Revis James A‐USC development is most important for installing coal power generation. EPRI has been leading development of 760C A‐USC in US. Mr. James seems to engage in the high temperature material development and his presentation is very detail and professional. He showed the candidate materials for A‐USC. Schedule is shown below. Commercial readiness is later than 2029.
4. Clean coal technology for the future power generation,
JCOAL, Keiji Makino
Large number of countries who depend on coal power generation say coal power is essential. However, consideration for global warming are also required. High efficient coal utilization, USC, is one of the most important solutions and USC is now being world standard. Looking asround the world, ten countries have already installed USC units and electricity is generated efficiently by small CO2 emission.USC. If CO2 should be injected into the deep ground for storage, that is CCS, combination of high efficient generation and CO2 injection is most economical. Then, Japanese government will contribute CO2 reduction in the world appling its very high USC technology. Figures shown below are the relation between electricity and coal demand for fifty years of trend, from 1990 to 2040. World trend is rising to the right and Asian trend is very similar to this. But EU trend is quite different and falling to the right. This means that world average and Asia need more coal in the future, but coal needs of EU will be falling. The reason of EU is power generation will move to biomass rather than coal in a long range. As shown here, Asian countries need more coal in the future, but they must consider USC or higher efficient power generation.
5. Role of coal in Turkey Turkish Coal Enterprises,
Ms Mucella Ersoy Turkish Energy status was presented in detail. Especially, Turkish lignite was introduced in detail. Turkey has many low rank coals and environmentally friendly coal utilization is very important. So efficiency improve and cleaner coal use are important and at the same time renewable energy is also big issue in Turkey. Import of high rank coal is considered and these coals will be used for high eficient modern plants.
6. Role of coal in Polish energy system KATOWIC,
Dr. Leon Kurc Zabinski Poland is the largest coal reserve country of hard coal and lignite. Polish energy security is bore by coal. Due to coal power generation, price of electricity is kept low. Other fuels like oil and nuclear fuel are all imported, and price of natural gas import is rather expensive. Power transmission line across the border is still under construction. Poland has problems for energy security.
7. Summary
Status of energy highly depends on coal in Central Asian countries. It is very important for these countries how to develop their own economic development. They notice global warming is a big issue, but no less important is their country’s economy. Concerning CCT, they started to study how to apply this technology for their country. JCOAL presented CCT to these countries based on its high technology and experiences, and no less important is to support more for the individual countries from the first step.
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JCOAL Project
Report of 2015 Symposium on Effective Utilization of Coal Ash Takao Tanosaki, Research and Development Department
1. Introduction Coal ash is generated inevitably with the use of coal in the boilers that are used for power generation. For promoting uninterrupted usage of coal, effective utilization of coal ash is an important factor and is the prerequisite. Thus, it also contributes significantly to the formation of recycling‐oriented society, importance of which is being pointed out in the recent years. The symposium on effective utilization of coal ash is being held once every alternate year and is hosted by JCOAL in order to get closer to this goal. This is the 7th time the symposium is being held after it has been named as above. It was held on 12th November this year also in the Science and Technology Building, Science Hall, located in Kitanomaru, Chiyoda ward with the support of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (ANRE, METI). The research and study related to the effective utilization and the generation of coal ash was introduced together with the international situation concerning the status of resource recycling. The purpose of the meeting was to reflect on future of coal ash. 2. Agenda It was held on a grand scale with the gathering of 240 prior applicants (70 participants related to power, 40 participants related to construction, and 38 related to cement & concrete), and 10 panelist speakers. With Director Teramae as the moderator, 3 sessions were held after the opening remarks by JCOAL President Tsukamoto, greetings by J‐Power Special advisor Nakagaki, and Director of Coal Division Kakudo. It was concluded with the closing address by Managing Director of JCOAL Hashiguchi. Session I included keynote and invitational lectures by experts from Japan, South Korea and Indonesia. Outline of research was briefed by the panelist from each sector in the Session II after which workshop was held to discuss about the briefing of gasification slag, and database. Session III included the display of related products. Certification in the Japan Society of Civil Engineers Continuing Professional Development (CPD) program and certification of registration were also done. 3. Details of speeches in the symposium Although the first keynote address by Prof. Ninomiya of Chubu University had an unfamiliar topic of “Usage of Coal and inorganic components”, the content included the results of latest research. Briefing about melting mechanism of mineral particles inside coal ash and slag, which used to be
traditionally explained in terms of separation component from thermal equilibrium and glass phase, was given in terms of observation based on CCSES (computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy) of actual inorganic components present inside coal and based on the experimental results of combustion & gasification. This explanation was new and it was considered to be an awakening session for most of the audience. In particular, it was pointed out that with the change of state of iron under redox conditions, there is a possibility of changes in properties of the slag. It is expected that these might become indicators associated with quality control of slag.
Photo‐1: Greetings by J‐Power Special advisor Nakagaki
Photo‐2: Speech by K‐COAL Vice President Park
Subsequently, many questions were raised during the speech “Usage of coal ash in South Korea” by Park, Vice President of K‐COAL, and high level of interest was seen. In South Korea, 6.95 million tons of coal ash is generated (actual results of FY2013) from power generation and out of which
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JCOAL Project
5.73 million tons is being effectively used; however, in addition to that, 1.35 million tons of coal ash was imported from Japan as the raw material for cement. It was explained that the import of ash from other countries when the generation of ash is increasing in South Korea, increase of resource recycling awareness in South Korea, coupled with trend of concerns about environmental impact due to ash in South Korea and other countries, were becoming social problems. Although it is not well known in Japan, import and export of coal ash is being commonly carried out in India, the Middle and Near East, and Europe.
Photo‐3: Keynote address of Prof. Ninomiya (top) and Q&A session (bottom)
Photo‐4: Panel discussion (Top) and Briefing by JCOAL (bottom)
Final speech of the morning session "Coal ash management in Suralaya Power Station", which was supposed to be given by Mr. Nugroho of Indonesia Power, was given on his behalf by the JCOAL secretariat since he could not come to Japan at the last minute due to various reasons. Indonesia’s largest power company ‘Indonesia Power’ depends on coal‐fired thermal power for 54% of its power generation, and 1/4th of this is accounted by the Suralaya Power Station located on the west side of Java island. It has 7 units generating 0.4 to 0.6 million kW, totaling to around 3.4 million kW. It uses coal from various coal mines in Sumatra and Kalimantan, and most of the power generation equipment are made in Japan. Fly ash of around 0.5 million tons and bottom ash of around 0.1 million tons are generated every year. Although a part of it is being effectively used as material of cement mix or in concrete blocks, most of it is being discarded. One of the reasons is Indonesia’s environmental standards. Although the environmental safety in Indonesia is basically evaluated using the US style elution test TCLP method, regardless of its danger, the ash generated from the coal‐fired power plant was previously specified as B3 (harmful and dangerous) waste. Panel discussion was held in the afternoon with Prof. Fujiwara of Utsunomiya University, the Chairperson of JCOAL's Coal Ash Usage Committee, acting as the moderator. The initial introduction about "Present status of cement and concrete technology" was presented by Prof. Fukudome of National Institute of Technology, Ishikawa College. After the explanation of concrete from Roman era leading to the present was given, examples of controlling salt intrusion in hardened coal ash, new effective usage method Geo‐polymer technology, and initiatives in Hokuriku region were briefed. The importance of making the quality of concrete stable by supplying fly ash of stable quality was emphasized. Subsequently, topic of “Soil improvement and usage of agricultural land” was shared by Senior Researcher Terazoe of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry. It was explained that, in case of Japan, although the porous and lightweight clinker ash having high water retention property is easier to be used effectively, its usability is inferior when using fly ash as a countermeasure for acidic soils. Further, briefing regarding "Mud recycling and development of social infrastructure" was given by Prof. Takahashi of Tohoku University. Construction examples in the area struck by The Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster were explained by using Fiber‐cement‐stabilized soil for which recycled paper was used. It was suggested that if coal ash is used at that time as the raw material, then lightweight aggregate or aging (existing) ash can be used. At the end of panel briefing, Prof. Osawa from Aichi University, who is the Chairperson of JCOAL Coal Ash Effective Utilization System Review Committee, expressed his views from the perspective of environmental economics. The treatment of coal ash belongs to the “venous economy”, and although a “small cycle” needs to be developed in order to
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connect it to the “arterial economy”, the inconvenience of connecting it to the “large cycle” for returning to the natural environment continues. The market of goods and money works in the "small cycle". However, in case of "large cycle", it is not a market wherein both disposed goods and money flow in the same direction, and therefore support is required for "venous economy" to bring it on par with the "arterial economy". This would be “system improvement” and information is open to public. In other words, the publicity activities are essential to understand the good and bad aspects of coal ash. While most of it was technical explanation of traditional sciences, this was a fresh explanation based on economics. Continuing with the Q&A session, one point comments of each panelist regarding the future direction of effective utilization of coal ash are as given below. Prof. Fukudome: Since using fly ash in concrete is considered to be the best, we would want to put our efforts in that direction. Prof. Terazoe: Although we think that there is considerable potential in the field of agriculture, since the safety is under scrutiny, we would like to continue sharing the information after understanding the environmental impacts. Prof. Takahashi: Research related to machinery is also in progress, and we want to get involved in the earthquake disaster restoration at the earliest. Prof. Osawa: I felt that from the technological pursuit of combining various waste matters, such as Geo‐polymer, the information analysis is necessary after analyzing the marketability in the respective venous markets. After the panel discussion, briefing of "Initiatives for effective utilization of coal gasification molten slag" was given by Mr. Horie of Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., and briefing of "Development of website related to coal ash" was given by JCOAL Secretariat. Next generation power production method with low environmental burden including the amount of CO2 emissions, is being developed in Fukushima and Hiroshima prefectures. In that case "molten slag" would be generated instead of "ash". Effective utilization of slag is important in addition to ash, and standardization of slag as aggregate would be promoted. 4. Display of products using coal ash As a new attempt this time, series of products were displayed in the Science Hall lobby. From the variety of coal available worldwide, actual items, samples and pamphlets about coal ash generation mechanism, various types of slag, and various types of products using ash were on display. The Kushiro Pacific Ocean charcoal and deodorants made from ash were distributed, and usage of various coal ash mixed materials which are currently put to practical use, such as "coal ash concrete without using cement", and "coal ash solidified products that are made without using cement but by using the waste matter from fishing industry" was explained by the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry using models, and this event witnessed a large
turnout of visitors. Part of the panel explanation was the preceding display of “Eco‐products 2015”, and it was intended towards the explanation to kids.
Photo‐5: View of the display in the lobby (left), and Display by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (right) 5. Conclusion Since it was on a weekday, most of the participants were working professionals apart from few students, and it was a special symposium of ash experts. However, it was possible to gather many participants and high level of interest for coal ash was seen. Along with our gratitude for all the persons involved, we wish that initiatives such as these would continue in the future as well.
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CCT Transfer Business, Invitation for Technology Exchange Kazuyuki Murakami, Business Promotion Department
1. Introduction Japan's coal‐fired thermal power has achieved world‐class standard power generation efficiency by means of highly efficient technology (USC) and operation & management know‐how, and it has been maintained for a long time even after starting the operations. It is estimated that if the efficiency of these state‐of‐the‐art coal‐fired thermal power plants is applied to the overseas coal‐fired thermal power plants, a significant reduction in CO2 can be expected. However, President Obama’s Climate Action Plan that was published by the US has set forth the provisions, such as strengthening the loan limits of international policy‐based financial institutions for new coal‐fired thermal power plant constructions. Therefore, the surrounding environment does not seem to be particularly favorable. However, in the developing and emerging countries, use of coal is essential in order to secure energy to cope with the rapidly increasing power demand. Therefore, it can be said that supporting the promotion of low‐carbonization on a continuous basis for facilitating the use of coal in these countries and regions is a mission imposed on the developed countries. In the midst of the prospect of increase in the world‐wide demand of coal‐fired thermal power generation, it is important in future also to introduce high‐efficiency technology of coal‐fired thermal power that is tailored for the industry structure of partner companies. At Coal Energy Center, in year 2015 international coal utilization technology promotion cost subsidy (Clean coal technology international cooperation projects in response to climate change) CCT transfer business, business is developed in those countries, where coal‐fired thermal power is expected to increase in future as well, mainly in Asian regions. The development of business is tailored for the target countries. Mainly, the objective of technology exchange is to promote the dissemination of technology by sending experts to partner countries, conducting seminars etc. on technological contents that are desired by the partner countries. However, here, the purpose is to invite key persons of various levels of partner countries to Japan, as described in this paper, to actually observe the national coal‐fired thermal power generation plants and facility manufacturers, and allow them to see the practical technology. Along with that, facilitate their discussions with Japanese engineers and concerned experts on various topics, help them get more understanding, and promote the spread of CCT in partner countries. Table‐1 shows a list of invitational technology exchanges in
CCT transfer business conducted in this fiscal year in the order of implementation period. By the end of November, invitational technology exchanges were implemented for Vietnam (once) (engineers’ class), Thailand and Sri Lanka. A summary of results of each of these 3 countries is given in the back. 2. Overview of country‐wise technology exchange 2.1 Vietnam Vietnam has issues such as USC, use of coal ash and coal import infrastructure. Therefore, programs were developed in line with these issues for each of the 2 levels of engineers and executives. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.2 Thailand With the approval of new power development plan PDP2015 in Thailand, things such as specific power generation projects and EGAT to manage the newly established coal‐fired thermal power generation plant are becoming clear. Based on this background, in this invitational exchange program, technology exchange themes were planned as ①IGCC, ②USC, and ③Coal handling, which are directly connected to PDP2015, with a focus on EGAT. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.3 Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, by making Power Energy Department (MOPE) and Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) as counterparts, programs were implemented focusing on increase in domestic power demand, introduction of high‐efficiency power generation technology, CO2 reduction and reduction in environmental impact. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.4 Indonesia In the island country Indonesia where power demand is on the rise, in addition to new high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power generation plant, there is a high need of small and medium scale power generation also where low‐grade coal can be used as a distributed power supply, which is amply available in the country. The dispatch of technology exchange that focused on low‐grade coal high‐level utilization technology that was implemented so far by JCOAL, has been highly acclaimed. Under the new Jokowi administration, 35GW power development plan has been announced. There
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is a need of high‐efficiency power generation technology and distributed power supply etc. This highly expects technology exchange with Japan. Therefore, in this fiscal year, not only PLN, but invitational technology exchange program has also been promoted towards technology exchange with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource education and training. Specifically, visits to facility manufacturers, USC and technology exchange have been planned in 2 groups of 2nd to 10th December and 17th to 23rd January. 2.5 India In India, based on the MOU for projects, which are pertaining to the improvement of efficiency and environment in the already‐existing coal‐fired thermal power plants and are executed in cooperation with JCOAL and Central Electricity Agency (CEA) under the umbrella of Ministry of Power (MOP), CEA selects the members from MOP, CEA, NTPC and the state power corporations on the condition that those members are at positions equivalent or higher than the section manager or general manager class and they are involved in the decision‐making process. In FY2015, two groups of 10 people each, a total of 20 people were planned. First group is from 27th January 2016 to 3rd February 2016. Observation of facilities, including IGCC, and operations technology has been planned focusing on high‐efficiency power generation technology, especially USC and the likes. The second group is from 2nd February to 10th February 2016. Facilities associated with the maintenance of the efficiency of existing plants and O&M technology are focused, and high‐efficiency USC is also incorporated in tour destinations. For both the groups, discussions are expected on environmental facilities, which is a high concern in India at present. Figure‐1 shows implementation process of last FY. A wrap‐up was carried out on the results of the observations at Indian embassy, and exchange results were discussed. As a follow‐up, the CEA‐JCOAL workshop, which will be conducted in Delhi in November, is aimed at the dissemination of technology exchange & knowledge in the power sector by having the results presented by the members.
Figure‐1: Process of the invitational technology exchange 2.6 ASEAN The co‐operative relationship of JCOAL and ACE (ASEAN Center for Energy) differs depending on the situations of the respective countries; however, the programs are
implemented based on MOU signed by JCOAL and ACE for co‐operatively promoting the launching of technology for using even more cleaner Coal, and promoting public acceptance etc. in ASEAN regions where coal occupies a critical position as a primary energy source. A CCT handbook has been created and published so far as a specific activity for introducing Japan’s CCT. However, in this financial year, the invitational technology exchange is intended to be implemented in conjunction with the revision of the handbook. This fiscal year, the invitees of technology exchange through ACE would be total 18 members, comprising 2 members each from Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and ACE secretariat. Members from Singapore and Brunei can participate if desired, at their own expense. Members from general Manager and section manager class are planned to be invited from the concerned ministry and power companies of the respective country. While this would require transfer of more than 20 adults across ASEAN, the implementation period within the fiscal year has also been restricted. Therefore, the implementation period is being considered as 29th February to 8th March. 3. Summary The program includes long distance travel within the period of a little more than a week. Looking at the programs implemented last fiscal year and this fiscal year, generally the programs have been well received by the participants. Since this enables building a network with the visiting countries apart from JCOAL, this program proves to be very significant for the participants. In addition, JCOAL desires to carry out a regular follow‐up to ensure that these participants put the launching of Japan’s technology at the core of the survey in their future national energy policy. I would like to express my gratitude towards the power companies, coal centers, facility manufacturers, and trading companies for accepting multiple visits in the second‐half of this fiscal year, and also towards concerned organizations for extending a great deal of cooperation. (1) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Vietnam
Shuhei Okabe , Business Promotion Department
1. Introduction In CCT transfer business of FY2015 CCfE business, the invitational program for technology exchange with Vietnam would be carried out in 2 parts. In Vietnam, constructions of coal‐fired thermal power generation plants are planned in large number due to the increase in domestic power demand. In the south, which is distanced far away from coal producing areas in the northern Vietnam, the power plant of coal mono‐fuel, which is to be imported from Indonesia and Australia, is
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being planned. Therefore, in the current technology exchange program, the invitees were expecting to gain knowledge about the import related infrastructure and effective utilization of coal ash, and of course, the high‐efficiency power generation technology. 2. The First Invitational Program for Technology Exchange The first one was a week‐long from 14th September to 20th September. 10 members of engineers’ class (equal to and below Deputy General Manager level) were invited from organizations, such as the General Directorate of Energy under the Ministry of Industry and Trade, VINACOMIN, EVN and PVN. They visited and observed the operations of Reihoku Power Plant (Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc.), Okinoyama Coal Center (Ube Industries, Ltd.) and other related facilities, Kure Works (Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.), Keihin Product Operations (Toshiba Corporation), and Coal & Environment Research Laboratory (Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.).
After learning about the advantages and differences of SC/USC and coal flow etc. at Reihoku power plant, the invitees toured the facility. At Okinoyama Coal Center, we observed the coal receiving facilities, conveyor and coal yard etc. and many questions were asked by the invitees about the inspection period of unloader and type of contract etc. The invitees also visited IPP coal‐fired thermal power plant, gasification plants and cement factories as the related facilities. Especially, at the cement factory, the invitees asked a lot of questions about the mixing of coal ash, which seemed to imply their high level of interest in the process. Many questions were asked by the group of invitees, especially on the coal receiving facilities. In addition, a day before the invitees returned to their country, a wrap‐up was conducted at JCOAL as a conclusion of technology exchange. Opinion exchange was carried out after having a lecture delivered by the General Directorate of Energy, Ministry of Industry and Trade, on the latest state of the power plan review. During the session, following 4 points were summarized as the potential projects that can be considered under the cooperation program between Japan and Vietnam.
• Technology transfer at the time of launching SC/USC
• Importance of stable operation of O&M
• Effective utilization of coal ash
• Coal receiving terminal, development of
infrastructure such as relay base etc.
3. Conclusion It was a hectic schedule for the invitees, who were visiting various places around the country in a short period. Nevertheless, the invitees were actively asking questions till the end. I felt that the program lived up to their expectations. I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules. (2) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Thailand
Shuichi Miyaoka , Strategic Information, Planning & Communication Department
1. Introduction From 2nd November to 7th November, 3 members of Thailand’s Ministry of Energy and 7 members of Thailand’s Power Corporation EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) were invited, and the technology exchange was carried out with a focus on Japan’s high‐efficiency power generation technology. In Thailand, a new power development plan PDP2015 was approved in June, and a policy for enhancing the share of renewable energy and coal‐fired thermal power generation was approved. A 7.39 GW coal‐fired thermal power plant is being planned from this year 2015 to year 2036. In these circumstances, things such as new coal‐fired thermal power plant to be managed by EGAT, the replacement of existing in‐land plant like Mae Moh power plant, the name of which has been specifically declared, and the construction of a large imported coal‐fired thermal power plant in coastal area have been clearly articulated. Against this backdrop, the current invitational exchange program is focused on targeting EGAT, and the technology exchange themes have been planned as ①IGCC, ②USC, and ③Coal handling, which are directly
32
JCOAL Project
connected to PDP2015. 2. Technology Exchange related to IGCC EGAT always had a high level of interest in IGCC. However, until now they had an impression that IGCC does not have a sufficient track record on the commercial operations front. After coming to Japan and looking at the commercialization that has already taken place in Japan and the commencement of construction for a new large‐scale IGCC power plant, EGAT has decided to consider introduction of IGCC as the replacement of Mae Moh #8‐#9. Starting with a lecture at the Head Office of Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and with user‐side examples such as the explanation of superiority of IGCC from the operations and maintenance viewpoint at the Nakoso Power Plant of Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., the observation of automated equipment production system at the Nagasaki Works of Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and the visit to IGCC Test Facility at the Nagasaki Research & Development Center of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., it proved to be a very substantial and intensive course in IGCC.
Also, considering it’s superiority over conventional coal‐fired thermal power plants and a proven track record of commercial operations over a long period of time, I think we could once again prove our high level of technology. 3. Technology Exchange on USC Coal‐fired Thermal Power The invitees visited the Isogo Thermal Power Plant of Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J‐POWER). In PDP2015, there are 2 plans for large‐scale thermal power plant for which bidding will be carried out from this year through the next year. They are, Krabi Power Plant for which bidding has been already carried out, and Thepha Power Plant for which bidding is scheduled in next year. These construction sites are close to the tourist coastal areas, and there is a strong opposition of environmental groups in this region. Therefore, apart from the eco‐friendly coal, which is obviously mandatory, public acceptance is also important. In this power plant, which is said to be an urban power plant, some unique things have been achieved, such as agreeing with local residents about the stringent environmental standards that are above the national legislative requirements, meeting those standards, keeping the facility
clean and tidy, and moreover conducting operation management with a small number people. And, people have shown interest in these unique achievements. 4. Coal Handling Facilities The power plant being situated in coastal area, EGAT is highly concerned about the handling of imported coal, as the power is going to be generated by importing coal for the first time. Apart from the coal port, there has always been a high level of concern about the environmental issues in transporting coal up to the plant. Regarding the former, the coal center at Kitakyushu Works of Nippon Coke & Engineering Co., Ltd. was visited. And, with respect to the latter, Nakoso Power Plant of Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd. was visited. There were several members who saw the coal port for the first time. By looking at the entire coal handling facility from above a large unloader, they must have got a better feel of the entirety of the facility and its scale. They carefully observed the environment‐friendly high dust‐proof net at the coal yard. At Nakoso Power Plant, they observed dust‐proof measures in a fully closed system, wherein transportation is carried out by a well‐covered truck and a completely sealed conveyor belt, and coal is stored in a roofed warehouse etc. 5. Conclusion I hope that the invitees fully understood the technological innovations of Japan in exceptionally important high‐efficiency power generation, environmental technologies and environmental measures. Since the residents in Thailand do not seem to be favorable towards coal, I would like all the invitees, who have visited Japan this time, to win over many supporters and actively participate in the promotion of coal‐fired thermal power as indicated in PDP2015. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules. (3) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Sri Lanka Masakazu Ikenaga, Resources Development Department
Yin WenLi, Business Promotion Department 1. Introduction From 15th November to 21st November, a total of 9 members comprising 2 members of Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Power and Energy and 7 members of Ceylon Electricity Board were invited to Japan, and the technology exchange was carried out with a focus on Japan’s high‐efficiency power generation technology. In Sri Lanka, the Ceylon Electricity Board recently announced a long‐term power development plan from year 2015 to year 2034. This has generated an additional requirement of power generation capacity of 4,744 MW
33
JCOAL Project
between year 2015 and year 2034. In this, the contribution of coal is 3,200 MW, occupying an important position in the future power development. In addition, NEDO carried out the FS survey of environment‐friendly and high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power generation in Sri Lanka in FY2012 and FY2013, and this matter has also been included in the above‐mentioned long‐term power development plan. Against this backdrop, the current invitational exchange program is aimed at the promotion of Japan's coal‐fired thermal power plant PJ that is underway in Sri Lanka and the acquisition of new coal‐fired power generation projects. And, the executives and engineers of the Ministry of Power and Energy and the Ceylon Electricity Board have been invited to Japan with the objective of enhancing the understanding of Sri Lankans about Japan’s CCT.
2. J‐POWER Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant As an introduction to high‐efficiency and environment‐friendly coal‐fired thermal power plant in Japan, the invitees visited Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant of J‐POWER. In Sri Lanka, currently, the China‐made sub‐critical thermal power plant with 3 units of 300 MW is the only one that is running and there are no SC or USC power plants. The Sri Lankans are seeking a high‐efficiency and environment‐friendly power plant as the next new power plant for which they have sought the cooperation from the Government of Japan. At Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant, even more than the size, scale and high‐efficiency of 2 units of 1.05 million kW, they were surprised to see that the facility has been created while being environment‐friendly to the surrounding areas such as the national parks. In particular, they showed deep interest in silo‐type coal yard. Also, they asked a number of questions about the environmental regulations, environmental monitoring, and operations management. They were surprised with the rigor of Japan’s environmental standards and the fact that the operations are being carried out in compliance with those standards. In addition, NHK covered the event on that day, which was broadcast on TV at a later date.
3. Boilers, Environmental Equipment/Facilities, and Turbine Manufacturers The invitees visited Kure Works and Akitsu Works of MHPS and Keihin Product Operations of Toshiba as the factories that manufacture the equipment of coal‐fired thermal power plant. They observed the manufacturing of boilers at MHPS Kure Works and the production line of denitrification equipment at Akitsu Works. In addition, the Advanced Sub‐Critical, which is being proposed to Sri Lanka by MHPS, was explained to the invitees and they asked a number of technical questions on it. The invitees observed the production line of generators and turbines at Keihin Product Operations of Toshiba. 4. Survey of the New Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant in Sri Lanka In FY2012 and 2013, J‐POWER became a contractor, and conducted study and survey of the new coal‐fired thermal power plant of NEDO in Sri Lanka. However, as for the subsequent progress status, NEDO and J‐POWER exchanged information with Sri Lanka. About the upcoming coal‐fired thermal power plants in Sri Lanka, Ceylon Electricity Board and India’s NTPC are planning 2 units of 250 MW in Trincomalee. They have completed the environmental impact assessment and are awaiting the approval. The long‐term power development plan is aiming the commencement of commercial operations in year 2020. However, in the projects surveyed by NEDO, it was shown that in the same Trincomalee, the commercial operations of 2 units of 300 MW will be started in year 2022. It seems that The Ceylon Electricity Board is considering this project positively, and making progress with the next procedures aiming at early implementation. 5. Conclusion In Sri Lanka, they have a plan to increase the share of renewable energy from the current 10% to 20% in year 2020. However, even for the stable and economically advantageous coal‐fired thermal power, they are planning to carry out several deployments as the best mix of base‐load power sources. In addition, Sri Lanka is seeking an environment‐friendly high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power even from the perspective of reducing CO2. I believe they have gained knowledge of various Japanese technologies during this visit and thoroughly understood the Clean Coal Technology of Japan. I also hope that the members, who visited Japan this time, will become the driving force in promoting this technology. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules.
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JCOAL Project
CCT Transfer Business, Invitation for Technology Exchange Kazuyuki Murakami, Business Promotion Department
1. Introduction Japan's coal‐fired thermal power has achieved world‐class standard power generation efficiency by means of highly efficient technology (USC) and operation & management know‐how, and it has been maintained for a long time even after starting the operations. It is estimated that if the efficiency of these state‐of‐the‐art coal‐fired thermal power plants is applied to the overseas coal‐fired thermal power plants, a significant reduction in CO2 can be expected. However, President Obama’s Climate Action Plan that was published by the US has set forth the provisions, such as strengthening the loan limits of international policy‐based financial institutions for new coal‐fired thermal power plant constructions. Therefore, the surrounding environment does not seem to be particularly favorable. However, in the developing and emerging countries, use of coal is essential in order to secure energy to cope with the rapidly increasing power demand. Therefore, it can be said that supporting the promotion of low‐carbonization on a continuous basis for facilitating the use of coal in these countries and regions is a mission imposed on the developed countries. In the midst of the prospect of increase in the world‐wide demand of coal‐fired thermal power generation, it is important in future also to introduce high‐efficiency technology of coal‐fired thermal power that is tailored for the industry structure of partner companies. At Coal Energy Center, in year 2015 international coal utilization technology promotion cost subsidy (Clean coal technology international cooperation projects in response to climate change) CCT transfer business, business is developed in those countries, where coal‐fired thermal power is expected to increase in future as well, mainly in Asian regions. The development of business is tailored for the target countries. Mainly, the objective of technology exchange is to promote the dissemination of technology by sending experts to partner countries, conducting seminars etc. on technological contents that are desired by the partner countries. However, here, the purpose is to invite key persons of various levels of partner countries to Japan, as described in this paper, to actually observe the national coal‐fired thermal power generation plants and facility manufacturers, and allow them to see the practical technology. Along with that, facilitate their discussions with Japanese engineers and concerned experts on various topics, help them get more understanding, and promote the spread of CCT in partner countries. Table‐1 shows a list of invitational technology exchanges in
CCT transfer business conducted in this fiscal year in the order of implementation period. By the end of November, invitational technology exchanges were implemented for Vietnam (once) (engineers’ class), Thailand and Sri Lanka. A summary of results of each of these 3 countries is given in the back. 2. Overview of country‐wise technology exchange 2.1 Vietnam Vietnam has issues such as USC, use of coal ash and coal import infrastructure. Therefore, programs were developed in line with these issues for each of the 2 levels of engineers and executives. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.2 Thailand With the approval of new power development plan PDP2015 in Thailand, things such as specific power generation projects and EGAT to manage the newly established coal‐fired thermal power generation plant are becoming clear. Based on this background, in this invitational exchange program, technology exchange themes were planned as ①IGCC, ②USC, and ③Coal handling, which are directly connected to PDP2015, with a focus on EGAT. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.3 Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, by making Power Energy Department (MOPE) and Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) as counterparts, programs were implemented focusing on increase in domestic power demand, introduction of high‐efficiency power generation technology, CO2 reduction and reduction in environmental impact. For details, refer the outline of implementation given below. 2.4 Indonesia In the island country Indonesia where power demand is on the rise, in addition to new high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power generation plant, there is a high need of small and medium scale power generation also where low‐grade coal can be used as a distributed power supply, which is amply available in the country. The dispatch of technology exchange that focused on low‐grade coal high‐level utilization technology that was implemented so far by JCOAL, has been highly acclaimed. Under the new Jokowi administration, 35GW power development plan has been announced. There
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JCOAL Project
is a need of high‐efficiency power generation technology and distributed power supply etc. This highly expects technology exchange with Japan. Therefore, in this fiscal year, not only PLN, but invitational technology exchange program has also been promoted towards technology exchange with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource education and training. Specifically, visits to facility manufacturers, USC and technology exchange have been planned in 2 groups of 2nd to 10th December and 17th to 23rd January. 2.5 India In India, based on the MOU for projects, which are pertaining to the improvement of efficiency and environment in the already‐existing coal‐fired thermal power plants and are executed in cooperation with JCOAL and Central Electricity Agency (CEA) under the umbrella of Ministry of Power (MOP), CEA selects the members from MOP, CEA, NTPC and the state power corporations on the condition that those members are at positions equivalent or higher than the section manager or general manager class and they are involved in the decision‐making process. In FY2015, two groups of 10 people each, a total of 20 people were planned. First group is from 27th January 2016 to 3rd February 2016. Observation of facilities, including IGCC, and operations technology has been planned focusing on high‐efficiency power generation technology, especially USC and the likes. The second group is from 2nd February to 10th February 2016. Facilities associated with the maintenance of the efficiency of existing plants and O&M technology are focused, and high‐efficiency USC is also incorporated in tour destinations. For both the groups, discussions are expected on environmental facilities, which is a high concern in India at present. Figure‐1 shows implementation process of last FY. A wrap‐up was carried out on the results of the observations at Indian embassy, and exchange results were discussed. As a follow‐up, the CEA‐JCOAL workshop, which will be conducted in Delhi in November, is aimed at the dissemination of technology exchange & knowledge in the power sector by having the results presented by the members.
Figure‐1: Process of the invitational technology exchange 2.6 ASEAN The co‐operative relationship of JCOAL and ACE (ASEAN Center for Energy) differs depending on the situations of the respective countries; however, the programs are
implemented based on MOU signed by JCOAL and ACE for co‐operatively promoting the launching of technology for using even more cleaner Coal, and promoting public acceptance etc. in ASEAN regions where coal occupies a critical position as a primary energy source. A CCT handbook has been created and published so far as a specific activity for introducing Japan’s CCT. However, in this financial year, the invitational technology exchange is intended to be implemented in conjunction with the revision of the handbook. This fiscal year, the invitees of technology exchange through ACE would be total 18 members, comprising 2 members each from Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and ACE secretariat. Members from Singapore and Brunei can participate if desired, at their own expense. Members from general Manager and section manager class are planned to be invited from the concerned ministry and power companies of the respective country. While this would require transfer of more than 20 adults across ASEAN, the implementation period within the fiscal year has also been restricted. Therefore, the implementation period is being considered as 29th February to 8th March. 3. Summary The program includes long distance travel within the period of a little more than a week. Looking at the programs implemented last fiscal year and this fiscal year, generally the programs have been well received by the participants. Since this enables building a network with the visiting countries apart from JCOAL, this program proves to be very significant for the participants. In addition, JCOAL desires to carry out a regular follow‐up to ensure that these participants put the launching of Japan’s technology at the core of the survey in their future national energy policy. I would like to express my gratitude towards the power companies, coal centers, facility manufacturers, and trading companies for accepting multiple visits in the second‐half of this fiscal year, and also towards concerned organizations for extending a great deal of cooperation. (1) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Vietnam
Shuhei Okabe , Business Promotion Department
1. Introduction In CCT transfer business of FY2015 CCfE business, the invitational program for technology exchange with Vietnam would be carried out in 2 parts. In Vietnam, constructions of coal‐fired thermal power generation plants are planned in large number due to the increase in domestic power demand. In the south, which is distanced far away from coal producing areas in the northern Vietnam, the power plant of coal mono‐fuel, which is to be imported from Indonesia and Australia, is
36
JCOAL Project
being planned. Therefore, in the current technology exchange program, the invitees were expecting to gain knowledge about the import related infrastructure and effective utilization of coal ash, and of course, the high‐efficiency power generation technology. 2. The First Invitational Program for Technology Exchange The first one was a week‐long from 14th September to 20th September. 10 members of engineers’ class (equal to and below Deputy General Manager level) were invited from organizations, such as the General Directorate of Energy under the Ministry of Industry and Trade, VINACOMIN, EVN and PVN. They visited and observed the operations of Reihoku Power Plant (Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc.), Okinoyama Coal Center (Ube Industries, Ltd.) and other related facilities, Kure Works (Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.), Keihin Product Operations (Toshiba Corporation), and Coal & Environment Research Laboratory (Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.).
After learning about the advantages and differences of SC/USC and coal flow etc. at Reihoku power plant, the invitees toured the facility. At Okinoyama Coal Center, we observed the coal receiving facilities, conveyor and coal yard etc. and many questions were asked by the invitees about the inspection period of unloader and type of contract etc. The invitees also visited IPP coal‐fired thermal power plant, gasification plants and cement factories as the related facilities. Especially, at the cement factory, the invitees asked a lot of questions about the mixing of coal ash, which seemed to imply their high level of interest in the process. Many questions were asked by the group of invitees, especially on the coal receiving facilities. In addition, a day before the invitees returned to their country, a wrap‐up was conducted at JCOAL as a conclusion of technology exchange. Opinion exchange was carried out after having a lecture delivered by the General Directorate of Energy, Ministry of Industry and Trade, on the latest state of the power plan review. During the session, following 4 points were summarized as the potential projects that can be considered under the cooperation program between Japan and Vietnam.
• Technology transfer at the time of launching SC/USC
• Importance of stable operation of O&M
• Effective utilization of coal ash
• Coal receiving terminal, development of
infrastructure such as relay base etc.
3. Conclusion It was a hectic schedule for the invitees, who were visiting various places around the country in a short period. Nevertheless, the invitees were actively asking questions till the end. I felt that the program lived up to their expectations. I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules. (2) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Thailand
Shuichi Miyaoka , Strategic Information, Planning & Communication Department
1. Introduction From 2nd November to 7th November, 3 members of Thailand’s Ministry of Energy and 7 members of Thailand’s Power Corporation EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) were invited, and the technology exchange was carried out with a focus on Japan’s high‐efficiency power generation technology. In Thailand, a new power development plan PDP2015 was approved in June, and a policy for enhancing the share of renewable energy and coal‐fired thermal power generation was approved. A 7.39 GW coal‐fired thermal power plant is being planned from this year 2015 to year 2036. In these circumstances, things such as new coal‐fired thermal power plant to be managed by EGAT, the replacement of existing in‐land plant like Mae Moh power plant, the name of which has been specifically declared, and the construction of a large imported coal‐fired thermal power plant in coastal area have been clearly articulated. Against this backdrop, the current invitational exchange program is focused on targeting EGAT, and the technology exchange themes have been planned as ①IGCC, ②USC, and ③Coal handling, which are directly
37
JCOAL Project
connected to PDP2015. 2. Technology Exchange related to IGCC EGAT always had a high level of interest in IGCC. However, until now they had an impression that IGCC does not have a sufficient track record on the commercial operations front. After coming to Japan and looking at the commercialization that has already taken place in Japan and the commencement of construction for a new large‐scale IGCC power plant, EGAT has decided to consider introduction of IGCC as the replacement of Mae Moh #8‐#9. Starting with a lecture at the Head Office of Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and with user‐side examples such as the explanation of superiority of IGCC from the operations and maintenance viewpoint at the Nakoso Power Plant of Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., the observation of automated equipment production system at the Nagasaki Works of Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and the visit to IGCC Test Facility at the Nagasaki Research & Development Center of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., it proved to be a very substantial and intensive course in IGCC.
Also, considering it’s superiority over conventional coal‐fired thermal power plants and a proven track record of commercial operations over a long period of time, I think we could once again prove our high level of technology. 3. Technology Exchange on USC Coal‐fired Thermal Power The invitees visited the Isogo Thermal Power Plant of Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J‐POWER). In PDP2015, there are 2 plans for large‐scale thermal power plant for which bidding will be carried out from this year through the next year. They are, Krabi Power Plant for which bidding has been already carried out, and Thepha Power Plant for which bidding is scheduled in next year. These construction sites are close to the tourist coastal areas, and there is a strong opposition of environmental groups in this region. Therefore, apart from the eco‐friendly coal, which is obviously mandatory, public acceptance is also important. In this power plant, which is said to be an urban power plant, some unique things have been achieved, such as agreeing with local residents about the stringent environmental standards that are above the national legislative requirements, meeting those standards, keeping the facility
clean and tidy, and moreover conducting operation management with a small number people. And, people have shown interest in these unique achievements. 4. Coal Handling Facilities The power plant being situated in coastal area, EGAT is highly concerned about the handling of imported coal, as the power is going to be generated by importing coal for the first time. Apart from the coal port, there has always been a high level of concern about the environmental issues in transporting coal up to the plant. Regarding the former, the coal center at Kitakyushu Works of Nippon Coke & Engineering Co., Ltd. was visited. And, with respect to the latter, Nakoso Power Plant of Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd. was visited. There were several members who saw the coal port for the first time. By looking at the entire coal handling facility from above a large unloader, they must have got a better feel of the entirety of the facility and its scale. They carefully observed the environment‐friendly high dust‐proof net at the coal yard. At Nakoso Power Plant, they observed dust‐proof measures in a fully closed system, wherein transportation is carried out by a well‐covered truck and a completely sealed conveyor belt, and coal is stored in a roofed warehouse etc. 5. Conclusion I hope that the invitees fully understood the technological innovations of Japan in exceptionally important high‐efficiency power generation, environmental technologies and environmental measures. Since the residents in Thailand do not seem to be favorable towards coal, I would like all the invitees, who have visited Japan this time, to win over many supporters and actively participate in the promotion of coal‐fired thermal power as indicated in PDP2015. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules. (3) The Invitational Technology Exchange Program for Sri Lanka Masakazu Ikenaga, Resources Development Department
Yin WenLi, Business Promotion Department 1. Introduction From 15th November to 21st November, a total of 9 members comprising 2 members of Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Power and Energy and 7 members of Ceylon Electricity Board were invited to Japan, and the technology exchange was carried out with a focus on Japan’s high‐efficiency power generation technology. In Sri Lanka, the Ceylon Electricity Board recently announced a long‐term power development plan from year 2015 to year 2034. This has generated an additional requirement of power generation capacity of 4,744 MW
38
JCOAL Project
between year 2015 and year 2034. In this, the contribution of coal is 3,200 MW, occupying an important position in the future power development. In addition, NEDO carried out the FS survey of environment‐friendly and high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power generation in Sri Lanka in FY2012 and FY2013, and this matter has also been included in the above‐mentioned long‐term power development plan. Against this backdrop, the current invitational exchange program is aimed at the promotion of Japan's coal‐fired thermal power plant PJ that is underway in Sri Lanka and the acquisition of new coal‐fired power generation projects. And, the executives and engineers of the Ministry of Power and Energy and the Ceylon Electricity Board have been invited to Japan with the objective of enhancing the understanding of Sri Lankans about Japan’s CCT.
2. J‐POWER Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant As an introduction to high‐efficiency and environment‐friendly coal‐fired thermal power plant in Japan, the invitees visited Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant of J‐POWER. In Sri Lanka, currently, the China‐made sub‐critical thermal power plant with 3 units of 300 MW is the only one that is running and there are no SC or USC power plants. The Sri Lankans are seeking a high‐efficiency and environment‐friendly power plant as the next new power plant for which they have sought the cooperation from the Government of Japan. At Tachibana Bay Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant, even more than the size, scale and high‐efficiency of 2 units of 1.05 million kW, they were surprised to see that the facility has been created while being environment‐friendly to the surrounding areas such as the national parks. In particular, they showed deep interest in silo‐type coal yard. Also, they asked a number of questions about the environmental regulations, environmental monitoring, and operations management. They were surprised with the rigor of Japan’s environmental standards and the fact that the operations are being carried out in compliance with those standards. In addition, NHK covered the event on that day, which was broadcast on TV at a later date.
3. Boilers, Environmental Equipment/Facilities, and Turbine Manufacturers The invitees visited Kure Works and Akitsu Works of MHPS and Keihin Product Operations of Toshiba as the factories that manufacture the equipment of coal‐fired thermal power plant. They observed the manufacturing of boilers at MHPS Kure Works and the production line of denitrification equipment at Akitsu Works. In addition, the Advanced Sub‐Critical, which is being proposed to Sri Lanka by MHPS, was explained to the invitees and they asked a number of technical questions on it. The invitees observed the production line of generators and turbines at Keihin Product Operations of Toshiba. 4. Survey of the New Coal‐fired Thermal Power Plant in Sri Lanka In FY2012 and 2013, J‐POWER became a contractor, and conducted study and survey of the new coal‐fired thermal power plant of NEDO in Sri Lanka. However, as for the subsequent progress status, NEDO and J‐POWER exchanged information with Sri Lanka. About the upcoming coal‐fired thermal power plants in Sri Lanka, Ceylon Electricity Board and India’s NTPC are planning 2 units of 250 MW in Trincomalee. They have completed the environmental impact assessment and are awaiting the approval. The long‐term power development plan is aiming the commencement of commercial operations in year 2020. However, in the projects surveyed by NEDO, it was shown that in the same Trincomalee, the commercial operations of 2 units of 300 MW will be started in year 2022. It seems that The Ceylon Electricity Board is considering this project positively, and making progress with the next procedures aiming at early implementation. 5. Conclusion In Sri Lanka, they have a plan to increase the share of renewable energy from the current 10% to 20% in year 2020. However, even for the stable and economically advantageous coal‐fired thermal power, they are planning to carry out several deployments as the best mix of base‐load power sources. In addition, Sri Lanka is seeking an environment‐friendly high‐efficiency coal‐fired thermal power even from the perspective of reducing CO2. I believe they have gained knowledge of various Japanese technologies during this visit and thoroughly understood the Clean Coal Technology of Japan. I also hope that the members, who visited Japan this time, will become the driving force in promoting this technology. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of all the companies for extending their cooperation in this technology exchange program in spite of their busy schedules.
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JCOAL Project
CCT Technology Exchange Seminar in Vietnam Shuichi Miyaoka, Strategic Information, Planning & Communication Department
In CCT project of FY2015 CCfE program, a seminar on technology exchange with Vietnam was held on 30th July in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. There were 60 Vietnamese participants. Due to the increased electric power demand, there are a number of construction plans in Vietnam for coal‐fired power plants. Since the domestic coal (anthracite coal) alone cannot meet the demand, it has been forced to operate coal‐fired power generation using the imported coal from year 2017. As compared to the northern region that has more coal producing sites, the southern region is far away from the domestic coal producing sites. Also, there are transport‐related problems. Therefore, high‐efficiency coal‐fired power generation will be started by using the imported coal in the south. Until now, several CCT technology seminars have been conducted in the northern region. However, the current seminar is being conducted in Ho Chi Minh City against this background. As described above, Vietnam will import foreign coal for the first time. Everything, from understanding of the import contract for ensuring a stable supply up to the installation of the coal handling facilities at the coal centers, is getting materialized. Therefore, it is significant to have the seminar conducted in southern region where awareness of the problem is high. In addition, Japanese CCT technologies were also introduced, because it is possible to apply the first USC boiler in Vietnam to the coal‐fired power plant where such imported coal will be used. In line with the agenda, the report is presented as follows.
1. Global Coal affairs and Japanese CCT A presentation was given on the recent production of coal and trend of import & export, and the current global coal affairs was also presented to Vietnam as it was soon going to be a coal importing country same as Japan. In the past technology exchanges, the details and superiority of Japanese CCTs have been explained, and Vietnamese understand it
very well now. At this session, it was indicated that Japanese operation management capability is high and therefore the decrease in efficiency due to the aging of high‐efficiency equipment is significantly less as compared to those from the other countries. Further, Japanese CCT roadmap was also presented, and it was explained that, Japan, not being content with the present “high‐efficiency”, is striving and aiming for “Higher efficiency”. As for the global technology trend, it was also explained that the leading indicators point to gasification of low‐grade coal. In addition, for the questions coming from the audience regarding power generation by anthracite coal, we commented that it obviously depends on the national circumstances of Vietnam, but export is advisable as anthracite coal should be used in the sintering process of iron and steel, and especially, those with the high‐quality are expensive. 2. Procurement of Overseas Coal Right from the talk on historical order of the coal imports of Japan and the world, the current situation of main coal‐producing countries such as Indonesia, China, Australia, and further, up to the changes in coal prices, a wide range of topics were covered in this session. The lecturer delivered a highly motivational lecture to convey the know‐how that he has accumulated for many years. In the end, the following important points were presented for "being a reliable coal importing country". [Mutual trust by sharing information] Cooperation between the seller and buyer, and between the importers [Information exchange]
・ Basic information of business
・ Information sought from the supplier
・ Information sought by the supplier [Information gathering]
・ Daily communication
・ Mutual visits (office, sites, and related
infrastructure)
・ International meetings and search of information
sources
・ Dispatching expatriate staff [Information exchange with the government, Government’s
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support] 3. Coal Center in Japan From here onwards, some of the Japanese case studies, which would serve as the reference points for the coal centers to be built in Vietnam, were explained as follows with the help of Ube Industries, Ltd. 1) Overview of Japan’s coal center business Functions and the necessity of coal centers, coal chain, Japanese coal centers, and the handling capacity 2) Coal center of Ube Industries, Ltd. 3) Shipping market conditions and overseas shipping freight rates First of all, the necessity of coal center was explained with the following four points.
① With the facility of co‐loading, it has become possible
even for the small‐lot users to use a large transport
ship and thereby helped them in reducing the primary
transport costs (cost of ocean‐going vessels).
② Use of coal becomes possible without the coal
consumers having to make large investments in
infrastructure development, etc.
③ The capability to adjust against the supply fluctuations
that occur due to strikes etc. in coal‐producing
countries has increased, which contributes to securing
a stable supply of coal.
④ It enables handling of services (such as blending,
screening) requested by the users. We hope that the Vietnamese team could refresh their understanding on the role of coal centers. Regarding the introduction of the coal center of Ube Industries, Ltd., a DVD was shown for the introduction and specifically, the photographs of receiving equipment, dispensing equipment, shipping equipment, coal blending facility, and large sieving equipment were shown. Countermeasures against spontaneous heating etc. were also explained. Finally, following points were raised as the important issues in coal center management.
① Safe operations
② Stable operations (planned equipment upgradation
and efficient maintenance)
③ Demurrage reduction at unloading ports for ocean‐
going vessels
④ Reduction in the cost of logistics within the coal center
⑤ Improvement in inventory reduction and turnover
rate
⑥ Countermeasures against spontaneous heating
(watering, chemical spraying, surface compaction,
etc.)
⑦ Countermeasures against contamination (at the time
of acceptance and dispensing)
⑧ Environmental measures (dust, drainage, etc.) Several questions were asked by the audience about the capability and specifications of the specific equipment. Compared to the past technology exchanges, questions are becoming more and more specific. From that, we could imagine the extent of study and investigation carried out by Vietnamese. 4. High‐efficiency Coal‐fired Thermal Power Generation Technology Even in the past, lectures with the same title have been delivered in the technology exchanges with Vietnam. Each time, every effort has been made to demonstrate how the Japanese high‐efficiency power generation technology is superior. This time, in addition to the operating conditions of USC, the focus was on strengths in terms of its track record and the economic evaluation. It was presented that Japan's coal‐fired thermal power plants account for about 37 GW and USC‐fired thermal power plants that have been operating for 22 years since 1993 account for 20 GW. Also, regarding the USC boilers, it was highlighted that the share of Japanese boiler manufacturers is high and Japan dominates other countries in the export performance of USC boilers. Further, it was explained in LCC (Life Cycle Cost) that Japanese USC has high initial cost + high‐efficiency but the low fuel cost resulted from high‐efficiency covers the high initial cost. Therefore, it was concluded that Japanese USC is sufficiently competitive in LCC.
Figure‐1: Comparison of USC Track Record in the World
Table‐1: Strong Points of Japan’s USC plant
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Japan
EU
China
Korea
Taiwan
Malaysis
Indonesia 2016
2015
2015
2002
2006
1993
2008
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JCOAL Project
5. Conclusion This time, in cooperation with JCOAL experts and Ube Industries, Ltd., we could conduct the seminar based on the 3 key words, namely, coal import, coal handling, and high‐efficiency power generation and offer the content to meet the needs of Vietnam. While it was an unprecedented seminar that went on for as long as 8 hours, a lively opinion exchange was carried out until the end, and the seminar was concluded on a successful note. We are convinced that the coal imported by Vietnam will help in deploying the USC coal‐fired thermal power plant. Incidentally, large floods caused by heavy rains from late July occurred in Quang Ninh Province. Consequently, the coal mining operations were halted and the situation was such that it almost became impossible to ensure a stable supply of coal. Since the seminar was conducted in the midst of these circumstances, the executives from the General Directorate of Energy (Ministry of Industry and Trade), VINACOMIN and EVN, who were scheduled to participate from Hanoi, could not do so as they were caught up in responding to the situation. Along with the hope for early restoration of the coal mines and coal yards in Quang Ninh Province that suffered extensive damage, we also pray for the eternal repose of the souls of the victims.
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