l t v j r h f n b bD j g h j c s

Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S U J C L T G F H N F V T Y N F C I F

V F Q 2 0 0 0 U J L F

N J V 5 Y J V T H 1

YF GENB R CJJÅOTCNDELTVJRHFNBXTCRBÖ

UJCELFHCND

2

DTKBRBQ FVTHBRFYCRBQ ÅJHTW pfuhfélfycrbt ghfdf, l-h Vfhnby Kñnth Rbyu,kñåbk wbnbhjdfnm ahfywepcrjuj gbcfntkz babkjcjaf Dbrnjhf Uñuj, rjnjhsq ujdjhbk, xnjbltz, lkz jceotcndktybz rjnjhjq yfcnfkj dht-vz, cbkmytt dctö fhvbq. Rbyu bvtk d dbleuhfélfycrbt ghfdf b hfcjdjt hfdtycndj, yj cnfrbv ét ecgtöjv jy vju ås ujdjhbnm j ltvjr-hfnbb. D yfxfkt yjdjuj cnjktnbz, rjnjhjveghtlitcndjdfkj cnjktnbt rfnfcnhjabxtcrb yt-elfxysö ärcgthbvtynjd c fdnjhbnfhysvb b nj-nfkbnfhysvb ajhvfvb ghfdktybz, ctqxfc yfrj-ytw njhétcndetn ltvjrhfnbz, dj dczrjv ckexftd rfxtcndt bltb, öjnz b yt dtplt d rfxtcndtrjyrhtnyjq htfkmyjcnb.

D Dfhifdt (Gjkmif) d bñyt änjuj ujlf åeltn ghjdtltyf rjyathtywbz ≤Cjjåotcndj lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥. Rjyathtywbz ghb-pdfyf jpyfvtyjdfnm dctvbhyjt ghbyznbt ltvjr-hfnbxtcrjq bltb b djphfcnfñoeñ ntyltywbñ rajhvbhjdfybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfdbntkmcndd hfpkbxysö cnhfyfö vbhf. Yf rjyathtywbbnfrét åeltn hfccvjnhty dféytqibq djghjc jnjv, rfr vjéyj cgjcjåcndjdfnm ecrjhtybñ b er-htgktybñ änjuj ghjwtccf (cv. ≤Pfzdktybt jhuf-ybpfnjhjd Rjyathtywbb≥). Ysytiybq cgtwb-fkmysq dsgecr äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf ≤Djghj-cs ltvjrhfnbb≥ gjcdzoty änjve cjåsnbñ.

Xnj nfrjt ltvjrhfnbz b rfrjdj tt cjjnyj-itybt c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf? Änjn djghjc hfc-

Jn htlfrnjhjd

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

3

cvfnhbdftn Ufhjkml Rj, gjvjoybr Ujcctrhtnf-hz gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf bnhelf. Jy bpkfuftn gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndfCIF b tuj jnyjitybt r ghtlcnjzotq rjyat-htywbb d Dfhifdt.

Jlyf bp rkñxtdsö ntv rjyathtywbb ≤Cj-jåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥ – rfrerhtgbnm cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle ceotcndeñob-vb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb cnhfyfvb lkz njuj, xnjåscgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrjq nty-ltywbb dj dctv vbht. Änj ntvf jåceélfkfcm yf≤rheukjv cnjkt≥, d rjnjhjv ghbyzkb exfcnbtbpdtcnyst cgtwbfkbcns. D éehyfkt ghbdjlbnczjnhtlfrnbhjdfyysq dfhbfyn dscnegktybz GjkfDjkmajdbwf, gbcfntkz b åsdituj xktyf fggf-hfnf ghtpbltynf Åeif; Åhjybckfdf Uthtvtrf,bcnjhbrf b vbybcnhf byjcnhfyysö ltk Gjkmib;Vjhnf Ufkmgthbyf, gbcfntkz b lbhtrnjhf Eg-hfdktybz gkfybhjdfybz djghjcjd gjkbnbrbUjcltgfhnfvtynf CIF.

Ghjåktvs b pflfxb hfcghjcnhfytybz lt-vjrhfnbb d vbht jåceélfñncz d cnfnmt NjvfcfRfhjpthcf, dbwt-ghtpbltynf Ajylf Rfhytub pfvtéleyfhjlysq vbh gj yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmc-rjq hfåjnt. L-h Rfhjpthc, cgtwbfkbpbheñobq-cz d jåkfcnb vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf, åjktt 10ktn ghjhfåjnfk dj vyjubö jhufybpfwbzö, pfyb-vfñoböcz cjltqcndbtv hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb dhfpkbxysö xfcnzö vbhf.

Hbxfhl Afkr, ghjatccjh vtéleyfhjlyjujghfdf b ghfdjghbvtytybz Ghbycnjycrjuj eyb-dthcbntnf, hfccvfnhbdftn njn ét djghjc gjllheubv eukjv phtybz: rfr hfpdbdfnm b, tckb yt-jåöjlbvj, pfobofnm ltvjrhfnbñ, yt euhjéfzghb änjv yfwbjyfkmyjve cedthtybntne ltqcn-dbzvb, rjnjhst åjkmitq xfcnmñ vtéleyfhjlyj-uj cjjåotcndf dct tot cxbnfñncz ytghbtvkt-vsvb. Jy jnvtxftn, xnj ghbvbhtybt ghbywb-gjd yfwbjyfkmyjuj cedthtybntnf b ghfd xtkjdt-rf – f ltvjrhfnbz döjlbn d cgbcjr ghfd xtkj-dtrf d cjjndtncndbb cj Cnfnmtq 21 Dctjåotqltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJY – ckjéyfz pf-lfxf, yt bvtñofz ghjcnsö htitybq.

Ceotcndetn kb ytrfz bltfkmyfz ltvjrhfnb-xtcrfz vjltkm, r rjnjhjq ljkéys cnhtvbnmczdct yfhjls, bkb ét d ytrjnjhsö xfcnzö cdtnfcktletn ghtlgjxtcnm ajhvs juhfybxtyyjq lt-

vjrhfnbb, cjjndtncndeñotq rekmneht cnhfys behjdyñ tt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz? LéjiefVehfdxbr, yfexysq cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjujbycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf b fdnjh hzlfrybu, drkñxfz ≤Bccktljdfybt ltvjrhfnbb: htf-kbpfwbz ghtlyfpyfxtybz Fvthbrb≥, – frnbdysqcnjhjyybr ghbywbgf eybdthcfkmyjq ltvjrhf-nbb. Jy jncnfbdftn cdjñ njxre phtybz d jcnhjqcnfnmt, ghjgfufylbheñotq äne dtcmvf hfcghj-cnhfytyyeñ njxre phtybz.

D rjywt éehyfkf ghbdjlzncz hfpkbxyståbåkbjuhfabxtcrbt bcnjxybrb – rybub, cnfnmb,cfqns d Bynthytnt, – lfñobt ljgjkybntkmyeñbyajhvfwbñ gj djghjcfv cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñltvjrhfnbb d 21-v cnjktnbb.

4

Pfzdktybt jhufybpfnjhjd

rjyathtywbb

Yf genb r ≤Cjjåotcndeltvjrhfnbq≥

Ltvjrhfnbz dslthéfkf bcgsnfybt dhtvtytv bghbpyfyf yfhjlfvb hfpysö htubjyjd, ghbyflkt-éfobö r hfpysv rekmnehfv, d rfxtcndt ajhvsghfdktybz, d yfbåjkmitq cntgtyb cjjndtncn-deñotq bö xfzybzv. Djkyf ltvjrhfnbxtcrjujldbétybz d vbht åthtn cdjt yfxfkj cj dhtvtybjrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjulf vyj-ubt yfhjls jcdjåjlbkbcm jn rjkjybfkmyjuj ujc-gjlcndf b ljåbkbcm ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Änj ldb-étybt gjkexbkj yjdsq bvgekmc d htpekmnfntvbhyjq htdjkñwbb d Gjhneufkbb d 1974 u., djc-cnfyjdktybz uhfélfycrjuj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjujghfdktybz d Wtynhfkmyjq b Ñéyjq Fvthbrt,rheitybz rjvveybpvf d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt bCjdtncrjv Cjñpt b gfltybz htébvf fgfhntb-lf d Ñéyjq Fahbrt. Ghjitlitt ltcznbktnbtjpyfvtyjdfyj nhbevajv ltvjrhfnbb b cdjåj-ls dj dctv vbht. D bcnjhbb yt åskj lheujujnfrjuj gthbjlf, rjulf nfrjt rjkbxtcndj epyb-rjd cjdtcnb b åjhwjd pf ltvjrhfnbñ – Ktö Df-ktycf, Dfwkfd Ufdtk, Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf b RbvNä Xéey – ghbikb r dkfcnb d htpekmnfnt cdj-åjlysö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåjhjd.

Bcnjhbz exbn yfc, xnj ghjuhtcc ltvjrhf-nbb yt juhfybxbdftncz eprjq uheggjq cnhfybkb wbdbkbpfwbq. Jlyfrj ldbétybt gj genb lt-vjrhfnbb yt ghtlcnfdkztncz ytbpåtéysv;änj ytghthsdysq ghjwtcc, f yt rjytxyjt cj-cnjzybt. Jy nhtåetn gjcnjzyysö ecbkbq bndjhxtcrjuj gjlöjlf. Ysyt dctvbhyjt ldbétybtpf ltvjrhfnbñ ljkéyj gjcgtdfnm pf cnhtvb-ntkmysvb ärjyjvbxtcrbvb gthtvtyfvb d vbht.Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cnhfys, rfr vjkjlst, nfr bcnfhst, ljkéys ghtjljktdfnm ghtgzncndbz yfgenb r ljcnbétybñ cnfåbkmyjuj hfpdbnbz bärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf; hfphtifnm hfcjdst, än-ybxtcrbt b htkbubjpyst ghjnbdjhtxbz; cjghj-nbdkznmcz hfpkfufñotve dkbzybñ ghtcnegyjc-nb b rjhhegwbb; djcgbnsdfnm rekmnehe uhfé-

lfycrjuj jåotcndf, ghbdbdfz kñlzv jcjpyfybtcdjbö ghfd b jåzpfyyjcntq b evtybt jncnfb-dfnm änb ghfdf, ghbybvfnm yf ctåz jndtncn-dtyyjcnm b frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm d ébpyb jå-otcndf.

Lkz cjplfybz åkfujghbznyjuj vtéleyfhjl-yjuj rkbvfnf, d rjnjhjv vjukf ås ghjwdt-nfnm ltvjrhfnbz, ébpytyyj ytjåöjlbvj cj-nhelybxtcndj vtéle yfhjlfvb b ghfdbntkmcn-dfvb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, ghbdthétyysöhfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb. Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlb-ytyysö Yfwbq (d jcjåtyyjcnb Rjvbccbz JJYgj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf) b nfrbt jhufybpfwbb, rfrTdhjgtqcrbq Cjñp, Cjdtn Tdhjgs, Jhufybpfwbzgj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt,Jhufybpfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ujcelfhcnd b Jhuf-ybpfwbz fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf dytckb åjkm-ijq drkfl d cjöhfytybt b erhtgktybt ltvjrhf-nbb d vbht. Ljcnbétybñ änbö ét wtktq cgj-cjåcndjdfkb hfåjnfñobt gjl äubljq JJYVtéleyfhjlyfz rjyathtywbz yjdsö b djccnf-yjdktyysö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, Dctvbhyjtldbétybt pf ltvjrhfnbñ b Ajhev yjdsö lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd.

Jlyfrj lj cbö gjh vtéle ghfdbntkmcndf-vb yt åskj lbfkjuf j njv, rfr ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbt cnhfys vjuen cjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvbcgjcjåcndjdfnm erhtgktybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrböbycnbnenjd b ghjwtccjd. Yfcnfkj dhtvz cjpdfnm dcnhtxe vbybcnhjd byjcnhfyysö ltkdctö cnhfy, pfzdbdibö j cdjtq htibvjcnb blnb gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve genb b erhtgkznmltvjrhfnbxtcrjt ghfdktybt. Xfot dctuj herjdj-lbntkb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy dcnhtxfñnczlkz njuj, xnjås hfphtibnm cbñvbyenyst rhb-pbcs bkb ghjåktvs d ldecnjhjyybö jnyjityb-zö. Yf änjv ajhevt ldecnjhjyybt jnyjitybzyt åelen jåceélfnmcz. Dctvbhyfz dcnhtxfghtlcnfdbntktq dctö cnhfy, dcnegbdibö yfgenm ltvjrhfnbb, ghtljcnfdbn åtcghtwtltyn-yeñ djpvjéyjcnm jåvtyznmcz jgsnjv, ds-zdbnm gthtljdeñ ghfrnbre b cajhvekbhjdfnmwtkb vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf, c ntvxnjås htfkbpjdfnm dtcm gjntywbfk ltvjrhf-nbb.

5

Ghfdbntkmcndj Gjkmib ghtlkjébkj ds-cnegbnm d rfxtcndt jhufybpfnjhf dcnhtxb yfehjdyt vbybcnhjd d Dfhifdt 25–27 bñyz 2000 u.Jhufybpfnjhfvb dcnhtxb dvtcnt c Gjkmitqcjukfcbkbcm cnfnm nfrét ghfdbntkmcndf Xti-crjq Htcgeåkbrb, Xbkb, Bylbb, Htcgeåkbrb Rj-htz, Vfkb b Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd.

Jlyjdhtvtyyj cj dcnhtxtq yf ehjdyt vb-ybcnhjd d Dfhifde cj dctuj vbhf cütlencz ds-lfñobtcz vsckbntkb b åjhws pf ltvjrhfnbñ.Jyb jåcelzn cdzpfyyst c ntvfnbrjq rjyat-htywbb djghjcs b bltb. Änb ghtlcnfdbntkb by-ntkkbutywbb b åjhws pf uhfélfycrjt jåotcn-dj jåjufnzn dcnhtxe vbybcnhjd cdjbv juhjv-ysv jgsnjv b pyfybzvb, gjltkzncz vsckzvbj njv, rfr ghfdbntkmcndf b uhfélfyt cvjuencjdvtcnysvb ecbkbzvb erhtgbnm b cjöhfybnmltvjrhfnbñ.

6

Cjlthéfybt

Djghjcs LTVJRHFNBB

V F Q 2 0 0 0 U J L F

8

G H F D J Y F L T V J R H F N B Ñ

Ufhjkml Öjyxée Rj, gjvjoybr Ujcctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf,

hfccvfnhbdftn ltvjrhfnbñ rfr jlyj bp dféytqibö ghfd xtkjdtrf

1 2

H F P D B N B T C J N H E L Y B X T C N D F V T É L E L T V J R H F N B X T C R B V B

U J C E L F H C N D F V B

Lbfkju ujcelfhcndtyysö ltzntktq j ltvjrhfnbb

2 2

C J L T Q C N D B T L T V J R H F N B B : D F É Y S Q F R W T Y N D Y J D J V

V B H J G J H Z L R T

Njvfc Rfhjpthc, dbwt-ghtpbltyn Ajylf Rfhytub pf vtéleyfhjlysq vbh gj yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrjq

hfåjnt, hfccvfnhbdftn ghjåktvs b pflfxb, cdzpfyyst c hfcghjcnhfytybtv b hfpdbnbtv ltvjrhfnbb

2 8

C E D T H T Y B N T N B G H F D F X T K J D T R F : G J B C R B R J V G H J V B C C F

Hbxfhl Afkr, ghjatccjh vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf b ghfdjghbvtytybz Ghbycnjycrjuj eybdthcbntnf,

hfccvfnhbdftn ckjéyjt cjjnyjitybt vtéle yfwbjyfkmysv cedthtybntnjv b åjhmåjq pf dct ghfdf

xtkjdtrf, drkñxfz ghfdj yf ltvjrhfnbñ

3 4

L T V J R H F N B Z : G H F D J D C T Ö Y F W B Q

Léjief Vehfdxbr, yfexysq cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf, endthélftn,

xnj gjkyjvfcinfåyfz ltvjrhfnbz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq eybdthcfkmyjt ghfdj

7

4 1

Å B Å K B J U H F A B Z

Cnfnmb b rybub gj ntvt ≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥

4 3

C F Q N S D B Y N T H Y T N T

Cfqns, gjcdzotyyst ntvfnbrt ≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥.

Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst yf lheubö cfqnfö Bynthytnf, ghbdtltyysö pltcm, yt jåzpfntkmyj

jnhféfñn njxre phtybz ghfdbntkmcndf CIF

BPLFNTKM LÉELBN CBUTK

HTLFRNJH B JNDTNCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH FYNJYB E. CFHBNB

HTLFRNJH-RJYCEKMNFYN EÄQY ÖJKK

HTLFRNJH BYNTHYTN-DTHCBB ÉEHYFKF LTÅJHF V.C. ÅHFEY

HTLFRNJHS ÄCNTKM ÅÄQHL

VJYF ÄCRDTNBYB

XFHKF ÖÄNNJY

LÉJY LÉFCBR

LÄDBL GBNNC

CGHFDJXYSQ JNLTK ÅFHÅFHF CFYLTHC

ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH LFQFYF DEKDTHNJY

UHFABXTCRJT JAJHVKTYBT CBKMDBZ CRJNN

HTLFRWBJYYFZ RJKKTUBZ ÖJDFHL CBYRJNNF

LÉELBN CBUTK

KTJYFHLJ DBKMZVC

HTLFRNJHS HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ YFNFIF ÅFHÅFI

BKMZ CECKJD

Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghtljcnfdkztn ghjlerns b eckeub, hfpüzcyzñobt gjkbnbre CIF pfheåtéyjq jåotcndty-yjcnb. Åñhj geåkbretn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd, gjcdzotyysö jcyjdysv djghjcfv, cnjzobv gthtl Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv. D éehyfkfö ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst djghjcs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ – cjlth-éfncz fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b byajhvfwbz gj cjjndtncndeñobv ntvfv. Dct bplfybz éehyfkjd geåkbreñncz yf fyukbqcrjv, ahfywepcrjv b gjhneufkmcrjv zpsrfö,f ytrjnjhst dsgecrb nfrét b yf fhfåcrjv, heccrjv, b bcgfycrjv. Yjdsq fyukjzpsxysq éehyfk dsöjlbn rfélst 3–6 ytltkm. Gthtdjlyst dfhbfyns, rfr ghfdbkj,jncnfñn jn fyukbqcrjuj jhbubyfkf yf ldt-xtnsht ytltkb. Ntvfnbxtcrbt bplfybz geåkbreñncz dyt jghtltktyyjq jxthtlyjcnb, gjcrjkmre hfpyst bplfybz geåkbre-ñn hfpyjt rjkbxtcndj dsgecrjd. Dscrfpsdftvst d éehyfkfö vytybz yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ujcltgfhnfvtyn CIFyt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ytghthsdysq ljcneg r cjjndtncndeñobv cfqnfv Bynthytnf. Jndtncndtyyjcnm ktébn wtkbrjv b gjkyjcnmñ yf ntö, rnj geåkbretn änb cfqns. Cnfnmb vjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb cgtwbfkmyj yt jujdjhtys juhfybxtybz, cdzpfyystc fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt dsgecrb éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb yf ljvfiytq cnhfybwt Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj Dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb gj flhtce: “http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm”. Jyb ghtlcnfdktys d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö, xnj jåktuxftn bö ghjcvjnh, gt-htlfxe, cyznbt byajhvfwbb b dsdjl yf gtxfnm. Vs åeltv ghbpyfntkmys pf pfvtxfybz, rjnjhst vjéyj yfghfdkznm d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt (lkz Jnltkf geåkbxyjq lbgkjvfnbb), kbåj d htlfrwbñ: Editor, Issues of Democracy, Democracy and Human Rights – IIP/T/DHR, U.S. Department of State – SA-44, 310 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America

Äktrnhjyyfz gjxnf: ejdemosÍpd.state.gov.

Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S U J C L T G F H N F V T Y N F C I F

D J G H J C S L T V J R H F N B B

Y F G E N B R C J J Å O T C N D E L T V J R H F N B X T C R B Ö U J C E L F H C N D

V F Q 2 0 0 0 U J L F

8

Ghjikj åjktt 50 ktn c vjvtynf ghb-

yznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xt-

kjdtrf, ghjdjpukfcbditq, xnj dct kñ-

lb ≤cdjåjlys b hfdys d cdjtv ljcnj-

bycndt b ghfdfö≥. Jlyfrj d ntxtybt

ljkujuj dhtvtyb lbrnfnjhcrbt htéb-

vs d hfpysö xfcnzö cdtnf cnhtvbkbcm

gjljhdfnm jlby bp jcyjdjgjkfufñobö

ghbywbgjd Ltrkfhfwbb, f bvtyyj ghf-

dj yf ltvjrhfnbñ. Ytcvjnhz yf nj,

xnj d cjjndtncndbb cj cnfnmtq 21 Ltr-

kfhfwbb ≤djkz yfhjlf... dshféftvfz

d öjlt gthbjlbxtcrbö b bcnbyysö ds-

åjhjd, ljkéyf ckeébnm jcyjdjq dkfc-

nb ghfdbntkmcndf≥, dj vyjubö cnhfyfö

uhfélfyfv gj-ghtéytve jnrfpfyj d

ghfdt dsåbhfnm cjåcndtyyjt ghfdb-

ntkmcndj. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö bö herj-

djlbntkb ujdjhzn j ltvjrhfnbb, b d nj

ét dhtvz gjlnfcjdsdfñn htpekmnfns

dsåjhjd, gjlfdkzñn byfrjvsckbt b

juhfybxbdfñn cdjåjle ghtccs. D lfy-

yjv jxthrt j ghfdt yf ltvjrhfnbñ

gjvjoybr Ujcctrhtnfhz Ufhjkml Rj

hfccvfnhbdftn ltvjrhfnbñ rfr ≤ghj-

ljkébntkmyeñ, ckjéyeñ b nhelyeñ

åjhmåe≥, rjnjheñ ntv yt vtytt cnjbn

dtcnb.

C CFVJUJ JCYJDFYBZ CjtlbytyysöInfnjd rfr htcgeåkbrb fvthbrfyws bcöjlbkbbp njuj, xnj rjycnbnewbjyyfz ltvjrhfnbz yfb-kexibv jåhfpjv jåtcgtxbdftn dtcm cgtrnh ghfdxtkjdtrf. Yfif ltvjrhfnbxtcrfz cbcntvf lftndjpvjéyjcnm fvthbrfycrbv uhfélfyfv jghjntc-njdsdfnm ltqcndbz ghfdbntkmcndf b ljåbdfnmczghbywbgbfkmysö gjkbnbxtcrbö gthtvty. JnUhfélfycrjq djqys lj ldbétybz pf uhfélfy-crbt ghfdf xtkjdtrf fvthbrfyws nhtåjdfkb jnghfdbntkmcndf cjåkñltybz ghbywbgjd cfvjeg-hfdktybz b uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl, rjnjhst ktukbd jcyjde ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf cnhfys,ntv cfvsv jåtcgtxbdfz djéltktyyst wtyyjcnbhfdtycndf, cdjåjls b cghfdtlkbdjcnb.

Ghfdj yf ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt ghfdktybt ds-cnegftn jlyjdhtvtyyj b chtlcndjv, b wtkmñåjhmås pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Nfv, ult ufhfynbhj-dfys ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdf, jåtcgtxbdftncz bcdjåjlf cjdtcnb, cdjåjlf ckjdf, htkbubb b cdj-åjlf jåütlbytybq. D ltqcndbntkmyj ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö cnhfyfö cjåkñlftncz ghfdj yf cghfdtl-kbdjt celjghjbpdjlcndj b kbxyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm.Dsåjhyst herjdjlbntkb gjkexfñn ktubnbv-yjcnm d htpekmnfnt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf,xnj gjpdjkztn bv pfhexbnmcz gjllthérjq yfct-ktybz lfét d gjkmpe ärjyjvbxtcrbö b gjkbnb-xtcrbö htajhv, xhtdfnsö dhtvtyysvb nhelyjc-nzvb lkz yfhjlf.

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

Ghfdj yf ltvjrhfnbñ

Gjvjoybr Ujcctrhtnfhz

Ufhjkml Öjyxée Rj

9

Ltvjrhfnbz b bcnbyyjt edfétybt ghfd xt-kjdtrf gj-ghtéytve yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jåtc-gtxbdfñn ecnjqxbdsq ärjyjvbxtcrbq hjcn. Yf-ghjnbd, fdnjhbnfhyfz vjltkm hfpdbnbz vjétnjåtcgtxbnm dhtvtyyjt ghjwdtnfybt, yj yt vj-étn cjöhfybnm tuj gthtl kbwjv rjhhegwbb, re-vjdcndf b yfheitybz uhfélfycrbö ghfd. D gt-hbjl cthmtpyjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cgflf fdnjhb-nfhyst htébvs yt vjuen c ljcnfnjxyjq ubårjc-nmñ b äaatrnbdyjcnmñ htifnm ärjyjvbxtcrbtghjåktvs. D jncencndbt bcnbyysö ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö vtöfybpvjd lkz dshfétybz jåotcndty-yjuj ytljdjkmcndf ghfdbntkmcndj ythtlrj ds-yeéltyj ghbåtufnm r tot åjkmibv htghtccbzv,c ntv xnjås ghtljndhfnbnm yfhjlyjt djccnfybt.

Ljcnfnjxyj chfdybnm Byljytpbñ, ult ghbybrjve ytgjljnxtnyjv, pfrhsnjv htébvt Ce-öfhnj ärjyjvbxtcrbq cgfl åscnhj gththjc dgjkbnbxtcrbq rhbpbc, d rjywt rjywjd ghbdtl-ibq r rheitybñ htébvf, c Htcgeåkbrjq Rj-htz, ult ghtpbltyn Rbv Nä Xéey, åsdibq gj-kbnbxtcrbq epybr, gjåtlbk d jnrhsnsö ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbö dsåjhfö b ntv cfvsv gjkexbk yt-jåöjlbveñ jåotcndtyyeñ gjllthére lkz jce-otcndktybz vth cnhjéfqitq ärjyjvbb b ghj-dtltybz ärjyjvbxtcrbö htajhv, rjnjhst dthye-kb cnhfye yf genm ghjwdtnfybz. Änb afrnsgjlndthélfñn, xnj lfét dj dhtvtyf ärjyjvb-xtcrjuj rhbpbcf ltvjrhfnbz, ghfdf xtkjdtrf b

dthöjdtycndj pfrjyf jcnfñncz eybdthcfkmysvb,f yt htubjyfkmysvb wtyyjcnzvb.

Ytcjvytyyj, ltvjrhfnbpfwbz – änj lkb-ntkmysq, nhelysq b ckjéysq ghjwtcc. Ghfdb-ntkmcndj ≤yfhjlf≥ ytdjpvjéyj yfcflbnm bpdyt.Rfélfz cnhfyf ljkéyf ghbqnb r ltvjrhfnbbcdjbv cjåcndtyysv gentv. Rfr jnvtnbkf Ujc-ctrhtnfhm Jkåhfqn: ≤Ltvjrhfnbz djpybrftn bpcnhtvktybz bylbdbleevjd exfcndjdfnm d ghbyz-nbb htitybq, jn rjnjhsö pfdbcbn bö ébpym... Djnkbxbt jn lbrnfnehs, ltvjrhfnbz ybrjulf ytyfdzpsdftncz; jyf dctulf – htpekmnfn cdjåjlyj-uj dsåjhf.≥

Åjktt njuj, ltvjrhfnbz jpyfxftn ytxnj uj-hfplj åjkmitt, xtv ghjcnj ghjdtltybt dsåj-hjd. Dsåjhs ljkéys åsnm yt cfvjwtkmñ, fkbim chtlcndjv ecnfyjdktybz gjkbnbxtcrjqcbcntvs, cgjcjåcndeñotq hfpdbnbñ b cfvjhtf-kbpfwbb uhfélfy, hfcibhzz b pfobofz bö gj-kbnbxtcrbt b uhfélfycrbt ghfdf. Nfrbv jåhf-pjv, gjlkbyyfz ltvjrhfnbz ghtlgjkfuftn ytghjcnj dsåjhs, yj edfétybt ghfd xtkjdtrf,drkñxfz ghfdj yf gjkbnbxtcrjt byfrjvsckbt;hfpdbnjt uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj; dthöjdtycndjpfrjyf, öfhfrnthbpetvjt frnbdysvb gjkbnbxtc-rbvb bycnbnenfvb, ghbywbgfvb rjycnbnewbjy-yjcnb b ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq dkfcnmñ; jnrhs-nst b cdjåjlyj rjyrehbheñobt vtéle cjåjqärjyjvbxtcrbt cnhernehs; ytpfdbcbvst CVB,cgjcjåyst dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm c öjhjij byajh-vbhjdfyysvb uhfélfyfvb; cdjåjle htkbubb bdthjdfybq; vtöfybpvs, juhfélfñobt vtymiby-cndf jn euytntybz cj cnjhjys åjkmibycndf bgjkyjt edfétybt ghfd étyoby b ghfd nhelz-oböcz. Änb ghbywbgs – d cjxtnfybb cj cdjåjl-ysvb b cghfdtlkbdsvb dsåjhfvb – cjcnfdkzñnjcyjde ltvjrhfnbb.

Cjtlbytyyst Infns gjcnjzyyj jceotcn-dkzñn gjllthére ltvjrhfnbb. Vs cgjcjåcndetvhfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb dtplt, ult tcnm ifyc tterhtgktybz. Vs eltkztv jcjåjt dybvfybt jrf-pfybñ gjllthérb cnhfyfv gthtöjlyjuj nbgf,pfobofz ltvjrhfnbñ jn yfgfltybq b erhtgkzzctnm hfpdbnsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd.Tétujlyj vs dsltkztv yf änb wtkb 1 vkhl ljk-kfhjd. Vs ltkftv änj yt njkmrj gjnjve, xnj änj ghfdbkmyj, yj b gjnjve, xnj änj ytjåöjlb-

Ufhjkml Öjyxée Rj

10

vj. Åtpjgfcyjcnm yfitq cnhfys pfdbcbn jn hfc-ibhtybz ltvjrhfnbb dj dctv vbht, åtp xtujcnhfys b lfét wtkst htubjys ytbpåtéyj pf-öktcnyen htghtccbb, rjhhegwbz b ytcnfåbkm-yjcnm.

D ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv ujcelfhcndt herjdjlb-ntkb gjljnxtnys cdjtve yfhjle. Änj lftn ghj-cnjh lkz hfpdbnbz uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf,jåtcgtxbdftn rfyfks lkz cdjåjlyjuj gjnjrf by-ajhvfwbb b bltq b lkz hfpdbnbz hfpyjjåhfp-yjq b byntycbdyjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjc-nb. Bcnjhbz gjrfpsdftn, xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbtcnhfys vtymit djññn lheu c lheujv b xfotcjnhelybxfñn gj djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb, ärjyj-vbrb, ärjkjubb b ñhblbxtcrbö bybwbfnbd. Nfv,ult ghjwdtnftn ltvjrhfnbz, ujcgjlcndetn vbh,åkfujgjkexbt b dthöjdtycndj pfrjyf.

Ltvjrhfnbz gj-ghtéytve kexit dctujjåtcgtxbdftn ljcnbétybt ghbywbgjd, ghjdjp-ukfityysö dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkj-dtrf. D vfhnt änjuj ujlf, dscnegfz yf gthdjvpfctlfybb Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfd änjv nsczxtktnbb, Ujcctrhtnfhm Vfltkty R.Jkåhfqn ghbpdfkf dctö xktyjd Rjvbccbb dyjdmgjlndthlbnm aeylfvtynfkmyeñ cdzpm vtéle lt-vjrhfnbtq b ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf. Gjcktljdfdänjve ghbpsde, Rjvbccbz 25 fghtkz tlbyjukfc-yj ghbyzkf ghtlkjétyyeñ Hevsybtq htpjkñ-wbñ, ghbpyfñoeñ ghfdj yf ltvjrhfnbñ jlybvbp ghfd xtkjdtrf.

Änjq frwbtq Rjvbccbz gjlndthlbkf, eétdnjhjq ujl gjlhzl, ythfphsdyeñ cdzpm vtéleltvjrhfnbtq b ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d rfxtcndtdféytqituj äktvtynf hfåjns Rjvbccbb. Dghjikjv ujle tlbyjukfcyj åskf ghbyznf ghtl-kjétyyfz CIF htpjkñwbz, d rjnjhjq gjlndth-élftncz, xnj ltvjrhfnbz – änj yt ghbdbktubz,f ghfdj xtkjdtrf. Htpjkñwbz, ghtlkjétyyfz dänjv ujle Hevsybtq, hfpdbdftn äne vsckm, gjl-ndthélfz, xnj yf cnhfyfö-xktyfö JJY ktébnnfrét jåzpfyyjcnm erhtgkznm b pfobofnm ghfdfxtkjdtrf d cjdvtcnyjq åjhmåt pf endthéltybtltvjrhfnbb. D htpjkñwbb gjlndthélftncz, xnjltvjrhfnbz – änj yt htubjyfkmyfz wtyyjcnm, ju-hfybxtyyfz hfvrfvb rfrjq-nj jlyjq cjwbfkm-yjq, rekmnehyjq bkb htkbubjpyjq nhflbwbb, feybdthcfkmyfz wtyyjcnm, ntcyj cdzpfyyfz c åj-

ufncndjv b hfpyjjåhfpbtv cjjåotcndf ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd.

D rfxtcndt cgjycjhjd änjq htpjkñwbb yf-hzle c Hevsybtq dscnegbkb CIF b ghfdb-ntkmcndf 60 lheubö cnhfy, ytrjnjhst bp rjnj-hsö kbim ytlfdyj ghbcjtlbybkbcm r ltvjrhf-nbxtcrjve cjjåotcnde. Htpjkñwbz änjuj ujlfåskf ghbyznf 45-ñ ujkjcfvb ghjnbd 0. Åenfy,Rjyuj, Gfrbcnfy, Rfnfh, Hefylf b Celfy djp-lthéfkbcm, gjcktljdfd ghbvthe Rbnfz b Reås,rjnjhst djplthéfkbcm b ghb ujkjcjdfybbghjikjujlytq htpjkñwbb.

Ghbpyfybt Rjvbccbtq ghfdf xtkjdtrf yfltvjrhfnbñ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gjbcnbyt ukj-åfkmyeñ bybwbfnbde, dsldbyeneñ d öjlt ltqcn-dbntkmyj ukjåfkmyjuj ghjwtccf b cnfdieñ ht-pekmnfnjv ukeåjrjuj jcjpyfybz dj dctv vbht yt-hfphsdyjq cdzpb vtéle ltvjrhfnbtq b ghfdfvbxtkjdtrf. Rfr crfpfkf Ujcctrhtnfhm Jkåhfqn dcdjtv dscnegktybb gthtl Rjvbccbtq: ≤Ltvjr-hfnbz – cfvfz dthyfz ljhjuf r cjöhfytybñ bhfcibhtybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf≥.

Ldt htpjkñwbb gj ltvjrhfnbb, ghbyznstRjvbccbtq JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, pfrkfls-dfñn jcyjde lkz wtkjq cthbb dféysö dcnhtx yfehjdyt vbybcnhjd, rjnjhst lflen djpvjéyjcnmltvjrhfnbxtcrbv cnhfyfv jåcelbnm genb lfkm-ytqituj erhtgktybz ltvjrhfnbb. Chtlb ybörjyathtywbz ≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö uj-celfhcnd≥, rjnjhfz cjcnjbncz d Dfhifdt (Gjkm-if) d bñyt, f nfrét dcnhtxf ghtlcnfdbntktqvjkjlsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhfzljkéyf cjcnjznmcz d Rjnjye (Åtyby) d ltrfåht.Änjn dféysq djghjc ljkéty pfyznm ljcnjqyjtvtcnj b yf ñåbktqyjq ctccbb Utythfkmyjq fc-cfvåktb JJY, gjcdzotyyjq yfxfke yjdjuj ns-czxtktnbz, rjnjhfz ghjqltn d Ymñ-Qjhrt d cty-nzåht.

Yfxbyfz c 1974 ujlf, rjkbxtcndj ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd d vbht dshjckj d xtnshthfpf. Njkmrj pf gjcktlybt ltcznm ktn rjkbxtcn-dj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd c dsåjhyjq cbc-ntvjq ghfdktybz gjxnb eldjbkjcm b cjcnfdkztnd yfcnjzott dhtvz 120. Änj d pyfxbntkmyjqcntgtyb cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbtbycnbnens yfbkexibv jåhfpjv ufhfynbheñnedfétybt ghfd xtkjdtrf b ekexitybt eckjdbq

11

ébpyb hzljdsö uhfélfy. Rfr crfpfk dbwt-ght-pbltyn Äk Ujh d cdjtq htxb yf cfvvbnt FNÄCd Vfkfqpbb d yjzåht 1998 u.: ≤Bcnjhbz exbnyfc, xnj cdjåjlf – ärjyjvbxtcrfz, gjkbnbxtc-rfz b htkbubjpyfz cdjåjlf – lftn åjkmibq ghj-cnjh lkz hfcrhsnbz gjntywbfkf xtkjdtrf, xtvkñåfz byfz ajhvf jhufybpfwbb jåotcndf≥. Yt-lfdybt cjåsnbz kbim gjlndthlbkb njn afrn,xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjt ghfdktybt b ghfdf xtkj-dtrf gj-ghtéytve ythfphsdyj cdzpfys c yfib-vb ecbkbzvb jåtcgtxbnm ghjwdtnfybt, åtpjgfc-yjcnm b vbh lkz ctåz b yfibö gjnjvrjd.

12

Ybét ghbdjlbncz jnhtlfrnbhjdfyyfz cntyju-hfvvf lbcreccbb ≤pf rheuksv cnjkjv≥, f nfr-ét rjvvtynfhbtd b djghjcjd jn ytcrjkmrbö bp-dtcnysö ltzntktq, döjlbdibö d cjcnfd ckeif-ntktq.

DJKMAJDBW: Gjpdjkmnt vyt crfpfnm ytcrjkm-rj ckjd jå juhjvyjq dféyjcnb djghjcf, rjnjhsqvs åeltv jåceélfnm änbv enhjv: hfpdbnbt cj-nhelybxtcndf vtéle ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb ujce-lfhcndfvb. Vbybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk Gjkmib,rjnjhjve ghbikjcm ghtjljktnm ytvfkj nhelyjc-ntq lkz njuj, xnjås cnfnm fdnjhbntnysv cgtwbf-kbcnjv d änjq jåkfcnb, jrfpfk yfv xtcnm cdjbvghbcencndbtv.

D cthtlbyt 80-ö ujljd, rjulf z hfåjnfk gj-vjoybrjv Ujcctrhtnfhz gj Djcnjxyjq Fpbb, eyfc gjzdbkfcm yfltélf yf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ht-ajhvs yf Abkbggbyfö, b ytcrjkmrj vjbö rjk-ktu ghtleghtélfkb j ytjåöjlbvjcnb åsnm jcnj-hjéysvb, ujdjhz, xnj ≤ghb yfkbxbb ltvjrhfnb-xtcrjuj ghfdbntkmcndf Fvthbrf gjnthztn cdjbåfps d änjq cnhfyt≥. Tckb ujdjhbnm rjhjnrj, njgj-vjtve Ghtpbltyn Hjyfkml Htqufy, Ujcctrht-

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

Hfpdbnbt cjnhelybxtcndf vtéleltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb

Ytlfdyj d Dfibyunjyt hzl bpdtcnysö

ltzntktq – vbybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk

Gjkmib Åhjybckfd Uthtvtr, ghtpb-

ltyn Yfwbjyfkmyjuj ajylf ltvjrhf-

nbb CIF Rfhk Uthivfy, lbhtrnjh

Eghfdktybz gkfybhjdfybz djghjcjd

gjkbnbrb Ujcltgfhnfvtynf CIF

Vjhnjy Ufkmgthby b ltrfy b ghjatc-

cjh vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq Irj-

ks cjdhtvtyysö vtéleyfhjlysö bc-

cktljdfybq ghb Eybdthcbntnt Léjy-

cf Öjgrbycf Gjk Djkmajdbw – ghjdt-

kb lbcreccbñ j njv, xnj, rfr jyb yf-

ltñncz, åeltn jåceélfnmcz yf ghtl-

cnjzotq rjyathtywbb ≤Cjjåotcndj

ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥, rjnj-

hfz cjcnjbncz d bñyt d Dfhifdt. D

xbckj ghtlkjétybq d flhtc rjyat-

htywbb döjlbn ghbpsd ≤djdktrfnm

ghfdbntkmcndf d ghjwtcc jcvscktybz

b gthtjcvscktybz ltvjrhfnbb≥.

13

nfhm Léjhlé Iekmw b yfif flvbybcnhfwbzhtibkb, xnj kexit bvtnm pljhjdeñ cnhfye åtpyfibö åfp, xtv bvtnm åfps d ytpljhjdjq cnhf-yt. Levfñ, xnj bcnjhbz ljrfpfkf bö ghfdjne.

Tckb gjcvjnhtnm yf Djcnjxyeñ Fpbñ, rjnj-hfz gthtébkf eéfcysq abyfycjdsq rhbpbc dgjcktlybt ujls, nj pfvtxfntkmyj nj, xnj bvty-yj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cnhfys vtymit dctuj gj-cnhflfkb jn ytuj b kexit dctuj cevtkb bp yt-uj dsåhfnmcz. B öjnz yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktnvs cksibv j ytrjtv njhut vtéle ärjyjvbxtc-rbv hjcnjv b ltvjrhfnbtq – nj tcnm j ytjåöj-lbvjcnb jnrfpfnmcz jn nfr yfpsdftvjq hjcrjibltvjrhfnbb, tckb ds öjnbnt bvtnm cbkmyeñ ärj-yjvbxtcreñ gjkbnbre – d nfrbö cnhfyfö, rfrRjhtz, vs dblbv, xnj njkmrj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbtkblths vjuen jåtcgtxbnm pfrjyyjcnm, ytjåöjlb-veñ lkz ghbyznbz ytghjcnsö htitybq d rhb-pbcysö cbnefwbzö.

UTHTVTR: Lfvs b ujcgjlf, tcnm njkmrj jlyfghbxbyf vjtuj ghbcencndbz pltcm: z åsk jlybvbp ntö vtxnfntktq, rjnjhst, rfr b Gjk Djkmaj-dbw, cxbnfkb, xnj cdjåjlf b ltvjrhfnbz ghtl-cnfdkzñn cjåjq eybdthcfkmyst wtyyjcnb b ghb-len b d yfib cnhfys. Yj vs yt vjukb lfét bgjlevfnm, xnj änj ckexbncz ghb yfitq ébpyb.

Ctujlyz z öjxe dscnegbnm c jxtym dféyjqbybwbfnbdjq. Ghtélt dctuj öjxe crfpfnm j njv,xnj vs cxfcnkbds ghbyznm äne rjyathtywbñ yfgjkmcrjq ptvkt. Vs ujhlbvcz änbv. DsåjhGjkmib d rfxtcndt vtcnf ghjdtltybz nfrjq rjy-athtywbb gj ltvjrhfnbb jpyfxftn, xnj ltvjrhf-nbz, cfvj gjyznbt ltvjrhfnbb vtyztncz. Djpyb-rftn djghjc, d rfreñ cnjhjye jyj vtyztncz?

Gthtl ntv, rfr ghtlcnfdbnm bltñ rjyat-htywbb ≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfh-cnd≥, z öjntk ås pfnhjyenm ytcrjkmrj djghjcjd,rfcfñoböcz ltvjrhfnbb, b crfpfnm, xnj gj-cnrjvveybcnbxtcrbt cnhfys d Wtynhfkmyjq bDjcnjxyjq Tdhjgt bvtñn jgsn yt njkmrj bc-gjkmpjdfybz ckjdf ≤ltvjrhfnbz≥, yj b pkjegj-nhtåktybz bv. Ghjot dctuj ddtcnb d jabwbfkm-ysq zpsr ckjdj ≤ltvjrhfnbz≥ åskj gentv lj-åfdktybz ghbkfufntkmyjuj r ceotcndbntkmyjve.Yj crfpfnm ≤åsdifz ltvjrhfnbz≥ – änj gkjöj.≤Cjwbfkmyfz ltvjrhfnbz≥ – pdexbn ghtrhfcyj.

Djn nfrjq jhbubyfkmyjq uhfvvfnbrjq gjkmpjdf-kbcm gjkbnbrb, b gj cenb ghbkfufntkmyjt eåb-dfkj ceotcndbntkmyjt.

D nj ét dhtvz ltvjrhfnbz yt ljkéyf dctu-lf hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr jxtdblysq ecgtö. Yt-kmpz cdjlbnm ltvjrhfnbñ r dsåjhysv ntöyjkj-ubzv bkb ghjcnj r ghfdktybñ åjkmibycndf.Vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj ltvjrhfnbz – änj ghjwtcc,d rjnjhjv rféljt gjrjktybt ljkéyj jghtltkznmcdjb cjåcndtyyst cnfylfhns. Vs eåtlbkbcm dänjv yf ghbvtht hfcibhtybz caths ghfd xtkj-dtrf. Byjulf jncnfbdfybt lheubö, crfétv kbåt-hfkmysö, wtktq vjétn jrfpfnmcz d jgfcyjcnb.Änj jnyjcbncz b r cdzpb vtéle ärjyjvbxtcrbvhfpdbnbtv b gjkbnbxtcrjq ltvjrhfnbtq b rcdzpb vtéle gjkbnbxtcrjq ltvjrhfnbtq b ghf-dfvb xtkjdtrf.

Gjkbnjkju Bcfqz Åthkby rfr-nj crfpfk, xnjgjkbnbxtcrbt ltvjrhfnbb vjuen cnfnm ghbrhs-nbtv lkz ltqcndbq dczrjuj hjlf åjkmibycndfeåbqw b, xnj tot åjktt jgfcyj, gj ckjdfv Åth-kbyf, änybxtcrjuj åjkmibycndf. Vs pyftv änjbp cjåcndtyyjuj jgsnf d rjywt 20-uj cnjktnbz.Djghjc djn d xtv: rfr ljåbnmcz rjyctycecf dgjllthére ltvjrhfnbb d jåotcndt, d cnhfyt bd vbhjdjv vfcinfåt?

Vjéyj ghtlkjébnm cdjtuj hjlf cdzneñnhjbwe – gjkbnbxtcrfz ltvjrhfnbz, ghfdf xtkj-dtrf b äaatrnbdyjt eghfdktybt – d rfxtcndtgenb ljcnbétybz gjkbnbxtcrjq cnfåbkmyjcnb,xnj vjétn cnfnm ehjrjv lkz vjkjlsö ltvjrhf-nbq. D 70-t ujls nfrfz cdznfz nhjbwf åskfdgjkyt gjyznyjq. Yj d 80-t djpybrkj joeot-ybt, xnj gjzdbkbcm jghtltktyyst cjvytybz.

D ltrkfhfwbb JJY, d ecnfdt JJY vjéyjyfqnb egjvbyfybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfd. Yj deckjdbzö öjkjlyjq djqys åskj ytdjpvjéyjdrkñxbnm gjyznbt gjkbnbxtcrjq ltvjrhfnbb dyjhvs ghfd xtkjdtrf. Fyfkbpbhez dscnegktybzyf Ötkmcbyrcrjq rjyathtywbb, vjéyj edbltnm,yfcrjkmrj ckjéyj åskj ghbvtybnm yjhvs ghfdxtkjdtrf r hfpkbxysv gjkbnbxtcrbv htfkbzv,yt ujdjhz ghb änjv j gjkbnbxtcrjq cdjåjlt bltvjrhfnbb.

Bpdtcnyj, xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcn-df, edféfñobt ghfdf cdjbö uhfélfy, – åjkttvbhjkñåbds, b ytjåöjlbvj cgjcjåcndjdfnm d

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vtéleyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrt hfpdbnbñ ghbywbgfedfétybz ltvjrhfnbb. Vs nfrét ljkéys åsnmpfbynthtcjdfys d hfpdbnbb ltvjrhfnbb, gj-crjkmre änj cjplftn öjhjieñ jcyjde lkz vbhf bcnfåbkmyjcnb.

D 1999 ujle z djpukfdkzk Jhufybpfwbñ gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcnde d Tdhjgt(JÅCT). D änjv rfxtcndt z gjctnbk ytcrjkmrjchtlytfpbfncrbö cnhfy. D jlyjq bp ybö zdcnhtnbkcz c herjdjlbntktv aeylfvtynfkbcn-crjuj ldbétybz, vjkjlsv xtkjdtrjv, rjnjhsqcrfpfk vyt, xnj jy åsk jxtym hfl vjtve ghbtp-le d tuj cnhfye b djpvjéyjcnb ecksifnm vjbdscnegktybz, gjcrjkmre z cxbnfñ ltvjrhfnbñ bghfdf xtkjdtrf jxtym dféysvb djghjcfvb.

Jy crfpfk vyt cktleñott: ≤Änj vjz vtxnf.Z öjxe, xnjås d vjtq cnhfyt åskf ltvjrhfnbz.Z öjxe, xnjås cjåkñlfkbcm ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bds ljkéys pyfnm, xnj d vjtq cnhfyt åjkmiby-cndj dthbn d Åjuf, b jyb levfñn nfr ét, rfr bz. Vs cjcnfdkztv åjkmibycndj. Rjulf vs ghb-ltv r dkfcnb, vs jåtcgtxbv öjhjibq gjhzljrb ghfdle. Lkz lheubö vtcnf yt åeltn≥.

Änj ltvjrhfnbz, crfpfk jy. Njkmrj nj, xnjz öjxe. F ghfdf xtkjdtrf? ≤Jcyjdyjt ghfdj xt-kjdtrf – dthbnm d Åjuf b bvtnm djpvjéyjcnmltkfnm änj. Gjänjve cgfcbåj pf nj, xnj ds ghb-töfkb≥, – crfpfk jy vyt.

Z hfccrfpfk jå änjv hfpujdjht ytltkñ yf-pfl Ghtpbltyne Fkébhf Fåltkmfpbpe Åentakb-re. F jy gjdtlfk vyt gjöjéeñ bcnjhbñ j cdj-tv hfpujdjht c jlybv bp kblthjd aeylfvtynf-kbcncrjuj ldbétybz d Fkébht, rjnjhjuj jycghjcbk, cvjétn kb njn ghbyznm fkmnthyfnbdyjtgjkbnbxtcrjt ghfdktybt.

≤Ds åeltnt e dkfcnb, – crfpfk jy kbltheaeylfvtynfkbcnjd, – yj gjckt dfc ... rfr, gj-dfitve vjétn åsnm cajhvbhjdfyj lheujt ghf-dbntkmcndj?≥ B djn rfrjd åsk jndtn: ≤Yt åeltnybrfrjuj lheujuj ghfdbntkmcndf, rhjvt yfituj.Njkmrj vs pyftv bcnbye. Dfib pfrjys ghble-vfys kñlmvb. F vs bcgjkmpetv pfrjys, cj-plfyyst Åjujv, gjänjve yfv ybrjulf yt yeéyjåeltn bö vtyznm, b gjänjve yt yeéyj åeltn vt-yznm b yfit ghfdbntkmcndj≥.

Ghjåktvf ltvjrhfnbb – änj tot b djghjcvjyjgjkbb yf ghfdle. Ytdjpvjéyj ghtlcnfdbnm

hfpdbnbt ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjkbnbxtcrbö bycnbne-njd b dthöjdtycndf pfrjyf d cbcntvt, ult ghb-pyftncz kbim jlyf ghfdlf, ult ceotcndetn vj-yjgjkbz yf bcnbye. D nfrjq cbcntvt ytn vtcnflkz ltvjrhfnbb.

Ujdjhz j ltvjrhfnbxtcrjv hfpdbnbb, ytjåöjlbvj gjvybnm jå entht ljdthbz r gjkb-nbrt b gjkbnbrfv. Änj vjétn åsnm jgfcysv lkzltvjrhfnbb b ghbdtcnb r yfcbkbñ b cfvsv ytufnbdysv gjcktlcndbzv. Fyfkbpbhez ghbxb-ys åjkmitdbcncrjq htdjkñwbb b tt ecgtöf,vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj rkñxtdsv afrnjhjv cnfkjhfpheitybt nhflbwbjyyjq gjkbnbxtcrjq rekm-nehs.

B Ubnkth ghbitk r dkfcnb d htpekmnfnt lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåjhjd, yj njét d jåcnfyjdrt,rjulf yt ceotcndjdfkj eét ybrfrjuj ljdthbzvtéle ntvb, rnj ghfdbk, b ntvb, rtv ghfdbkb.C änjq njxrb phtybz, ytjåöjlbvj hfccvfnhb-dfnm hfpdbnbt ltvjrhfnbb d vbht yt njkmrj rfrecgtö, yj b rfr ckjéyeñ pflfxe: rfr eåthtxmyfcktlbt ltvjrhfnbb b rfr bpåtéfnm jgfcyjc-ntq yf cdjtv genb?

Yfrjytw, vjt gjcktlytt jåott pfvtxfybt.Tckb z cxbnfñ, xnj Dfhifdcrfz rjyathtywbz≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥ vj-étn cnfnm dféysv ajhevjv lkz jåceéltybzbvtñoböcz ghjåktv, nj änj njkmrj gjnjve, xnjd rjywt 20-uj dtrf z cdzpsdfñ djghjc ltvjrhf-nbb c gjyznbtv uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf. Ntgthmeét ytdjpvjéyj ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt cfve cnher-nehe ltvjrhfnbb, ghtlgjkfufñoeñ dthöjdtycn-dj pfrjyf b edfétybt ghfd uhfélfy b vtym-ibycnd, yt bvtz uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d rfxt-cndt jcyjds.

Änj gjrfpfk yfi jgsn lbccbltyncndf d Cj-dtncrjv Cjñpt, Gjkmit, Dtyuhbb, XticrjqHtcgeåkbrt b lheubö wtynhfkmyjtdhjgtqcrböujcelfhcndfö. Änjn jgsn gjrfpfk, xnj vjéyj ås-kj cjplfdfnm uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj d eckjdbzönjnfkbnfhyjuj htébvf. D nj dhtvz åskj ghjotcjplfnm uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj b bycnbnens drjyntrcnt ≤ktnexbö eybdthcbntnjd≥. Ntgthm étghb åjktt åkfujghbznysö eckjdbzö yjhvfkmyj-uj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj b jhbtynbhjdfyyjuj yfhsyjxyeñ ärjyjvbre jåotcndf Gjkmif, rjnjhfztot yföjlbncz d gthtöjlyjv gthbjlt, ghjljk-

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éftn cnfkrbdfnmcz c ghjåktvfvb cnhjbntkmcndfghjxyjuj uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf.

Jlyfrj yfi ehjr vjéyj hfccvfnhbdfnm drfxtcndt gjkjébntkmyjuj jgsnf d rjyntrcntvtéleyfhjlyjuj gjhzlrf. Tckb pljhjdjt uhfé-lfycrjt jåotcndj ckeébn nfrbv ytghtvtyysveckjdbtv lkz yjhvfkmyjq ébpyb ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjuj jåotcndf, gjxtve ét jyj ljkéyj åsnm ju-hfybxtyj yfwbjyfkmysvb uhfybwfvb? Änjn dj-ghjc ljkéty rfcfnmcz b dctuj vtéleyfhjlyjujcjjåotcndf. Jyj ljkéyj cjplfnm jghtltktyystbycnbnens uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf.

Vs htibkb ujnjdbnmcz r änjq rjyathty-wbb dvtcnt c itcnmñ lheubvb cnhfyfvb: CIF,Gjkmitq b Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrjq d Tdhjgt,Vfkb d Fahbrt, cfvjq rhegyjq ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjq cnhfyjq Bylbtq, Ñéyjq Rjhttq d Djcnjx-yjq Fpbb b Xbkb d Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt.

Vs cxbnftv, xnj åskj ås ytgkjöj djdktxmb ghfdbntkmcndf ujcelfhcnd d änjn ghjwtcc jc-vscktybz b gthtjcvscktybz ltvjrhfnbb yf ht-ubjyfkmyjv ehjdyt. Vs yflttvcz, xnj änfdcnhtxf ghfdbntkmcndtyysö ltktufwbq, djpukfd-kztvsö vbybcnhfvb byjcnhfyysö ltk, cnfytnjuhjvysv dspjdjv lkz gjkbnbrjd. Vs, gjkbnb-rb, xfcnj levftv j hfpysö dtofö, yj jxtym xfc-nj yfv åelen pflfdfnm djghjcs, öjhjibt djghj-cs, b yfv ghbltncz gjgsnfnmcz dtcnb hfpujdjhjå jcyjdjgjkfufñobö dtofö.

Tckb vs ujdjhbv, xnj ltvjrhfnbz – änjghjwtcc, rjnjhsq ytjåöjlbvj jcvsckbdfnm bgthtjcvsckbdfnm, nj rfr änj vjéyj cltkfnm?

Cfvsq ghjcnjq jndtn nfrjq: änj ltkj rfé-ljq cnhfys. Cnhfyf ljkéyf ghbvtyznm yjhvsltvjrhfnbb. Yj xnj änj nfrjt, yjhvs ltvjrhf-nbb?

Vs cxbnftv, xnj gjktpyj yt njkmrj pflf-dfnm nfrjq djghjc, gjcrjkmre änj aeylfvtynfkm-ysq djghjc, yj b hfccvfnhbdfnm djpvjéyst jn-dtns ghbvtybntkmyj r dpfbvjcdzpb vtéle ärj-yjvbrjq, ujcelfhcndjv b xtkjdtrjv. Levfñ,dct cjukfczncz c ntv, xnj jnghfdyjq njxrjq nf-rjuj fyfkbpf ljkéyf ckeébnm hjkm xtkjdtxtcrj-uj ljcnjbycndf.

Yj rfrbv jåhfpjv vjéyj jåüzcybnm gjyz-nbt xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf c gjkbnbxtcrjq

njxrb phtybz b dshfpbnm tuj d gjkbnbrt c njx-rb phtybz ghfuvfnbxtcrjuj gjlöjlf?

Vs pyftv, xnj e ghfdbntkmcndtyysö ltkt-ufwbq tcnm jghtltktyyst juhfybxtybz yf dtlt-ybt cdjåjlyjq byntkktrnefkmyjq lbcreccbb.Gjkbnbrb yt cjplfys lkz byntkktrnefkmysölbcreccbq. Yj vs cxbnftv, xnj yfc vjétn gjl-lthéfnm d rfrjv-nj cvsckt jxtym dféysq aj-hev – Dctvbhysq ajhev gj ltvjrhfnbb, – jh-ufybpetvsq yf änjn hfp ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvbjhufybpfwbzvb. Tuj åelen ghjdjlbnm ldt rheg-yst jhufybpfwbb: ≤Ljv cdjåjls≥ b AjylLéjhléf Cjhjcf d Gjkmit, bpdtcnysq gjl yf-pdfybtv ≤Ajyl Åtqnjhb≥.

Yflttvcz, xnj änb ldf ajhevf – dcnhtxfghfdbntkmcndtyysö ltktufwbq b dcnhtxf ytghf-dbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq – cvjuen ljgjk-ybnm lheu lheuf b d nj ét dhtvz gjcnfdbnm lheugthtl lheujv jghtltktyyst djghjcs. Yflttv-cz, xnj e yfc åeltn djpvjéyjcnm gjgsnfnmcz...xnj vs djcgjkmpetvcz djpvjéyjcnmñ jhufybpj-dfnm rjyrhtnyjt jåceéltybt ghjåktv vtéleänbvb ldevz uheggfvb, b yflttvcz, xnj Dfh-ifdcrfz rjyathtywbz ≤Cjjåotcndj ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥ gjkjébn yfxfkj ghjwtccejåceéltybz b ltzntkmyjcnb, d rjnjhsö åelendvtcnt exfcndjdfnm ujcelfhcndf, ghfdbntkmcndfb uhfélfycrbt jåotcndf.

UFKMGTHBY: Z nfrét byntkktrnefk, cnfdibqxbyjdybrjv, b gjänjve z pfåele j cdjbö cjv-ytybzö b rhfnrj hfccrfée j cdjtv dbltybbghjåktv ltvjrhfnbb.

Cjtlbytyyst Infns c hfljcnmñ jåütlbyznecbkbz c itcnmñ lheubvb cnhfyfvb lkz jhuf-ybpfwbb Dfhifdcrjq rjyathtywbb ≤Cjjåotcn-dj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥. Levfñ, lkzyfc änj dféysq jgsn, rjulf ltqcndbntkmyj cj-åbhfñncz dvtcnt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cnhfys, yf-öjlzobtcz yf hfpkbxysö cnflbzö hfpdbnbz bhfcgjkjétyyst d hfpkbxysö xfcnzö vbhf, xnj-ås jåcelbnm bvtñobtcz ghjåktvs b genb böhtitybz. Z hfl, xnj cnhfys, exfcndeñobt dänjv ghjtrnt, ghtlcnfdktys ctujlyz pltcm, dnjv xbckt xtnsht bp ybö gjckfvb, b, levfñ,änj ckeébn jnhfétybtv hfcibhzñotujcz cj-

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nhelybxtcndf vtéle änjq uheggjq cnhfy d ghj-wtcct jhufybpfwbb lfyyjq rjyathtywbb.

Öjxe drhfnwt jcnfyjdbnmcz yf jlyjv bp dj-ghjcjd, c rjnjhsv, rfr vyt rfétncz, ghbltnczcnjkryenmcz yf ghtlcnjzotq rjyathtywbb. Zbvtñ d dble djghjc j ghfdt, b ytrjnjhst lj-åfdzn – jå jåzpfyyjcnb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujce-lfhcnd ltkfnm nj, xnj hfymit yfpsdfkjcm dvt-ifntkmcndjv dj dyenhtyybt ltkf lheubö cnhfy,rjulf ceotcndetn euhjpf kbåj lkz hfpdbnbz lt-vjrhfnbb, kbåj lkz djpvjéyjcnb tt ghjldbét-ybz.

Vs dct pyftv, xnj ltvjrhfnbz yt ckeébnrjytxyjq wtkmñ. Crjhtt, änj ghjwtcc bkb étgenm, gj rjnjhjve ghtlcnjbn ghjqnb, yj ytgeyrn yfpyfxtybz. Vs pyftv, xnj dct ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf ghjöjlzn xthtp hfpkbx-yst b ytghjcnst gthtöjlyst gthbjls. Yjbyjulf dj dhtvz gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbt cnhfys vjuen ghjöjlbnm xthtp rhbnb-xtcrbt njxrb, gjckt rjnjhsö bltn kbåj gjlütv,kbåj cgfl. Ctujlyz d vbht tcnm hzl cnhfy, ultceotcndeñn euhjps, b tcnm cnhfys, ult bvtñn-cz djpvjéyjcnb lkz ecgtiyjuj hfpdbnbz ltvjr-hfnbb. Jxtdblysv ghbvthjv änjuj vjétn cke-ébnm Byljytpbz. Tot jlby ghbvth – Ybuthbz.Änj ldt cnhfys, yf rjnjhsö vs gsnfkbcm cj-chtljnjxbnm cdjb ecbkbz b dybvfybt, gjcrjkm-re cxbnftv, xnj ecgtiyjt pfdthitybt ysyti-ytq cnflbb gthtöjlf r ltvjrhfnbb d änbö cnhf-yfö åeltn bvtnm juhjvyjt pyfxtybt yt njkmrjlkz bö uhfélfy, rjnjhst cjcnfdkzñn dtcmvfpyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm yfctktybz vbhf, yj b lkzntö htubjyjd, d rjnjhsö jyb yföjlzncz, lf blkz dctuj vbhf njét.

Nfr, yfghbvth, d htpekmnfnt gthtvty, ghj-bpjitlibö d Byljytpbb, åjkmibycndj vecekm-vfy vbhf ntgthm ébdtn d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö uj-celfhcndfö, dghjxtv, rfr z levfñ, änj öfhfr-nthyj b lkz dctö lheubö htkbubjpysö uhegg. Yjvs cxbnftv, xnj ecgtö änbö ldeö cnhfy jxtymdféty lkz ghjldbétybz ltvjrhfnbb d vtéle-yfhjlyjv vfcinfåt.

R cjéfktybñ, d ntxtybt gjcktlybö yt-crjkmrbö vtczwtd vs cnjkryekbcm c hzljv eu-hjp ltvjrhfnbb. Jyb dyjdm yfgjvybkb yfv j

njv, xnj ybrnj yt vjétn ufhfynbhjdfnm ecgti-yjuj gthtöjlf r ltvjrhfnbb. D nfrbö cnhfyfö,rfr Gfrbcnfy, Åthtu Ckjyjdjq Rjcnb b Ärdf-ljh vs dbltkb rfr ltqcndbz, yfghfdktyystghjnbd ltvjrhfnbxtcrb bpåhfyysö ghfdbntkm-cnd, nfr b nhelyjcnb, c rjnjhsvb cnjkryekjcmvtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj ghb dsåjht chtlcndhtfubhjdfybz yf änb euhjps, c ntv xnjås kbåjkbrdblbhjdfnm bö, kbåj dyjdm yfghfdbnm änbcnhfys gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve genb. Yflttvcz,xnj jlybv bp djghjcjd, rjnjhst åelen jåceé-lfnmcz d Dfhifdt, cnfytn djghjc j njv, rfr lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf vjuen gjdscbnm äa-atrnbdyjcnm rjjhlbyfwbb cdjbö ltqcndbq d nf-rjuj hjlf cbnefwbzö.

Ctujlyz vs cnjkryekbcm c cjdthityyj yj-djq euhjpjq ltvjrhfnbb d Fdcnhbb – ghböjl rdkfcnb ghfdbntkmcndf c exfcnbtv kñltq, j rj-njhsö dhzl kb vjéyj crfpfnm, xnj jyb gjllth-ébdfñn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghjwtccs, b rjnjhstghjgjdtleñn wtyyjcnb, ghtlcnfdkzñobt, gj-yf-itve vytybñ, euhjpe ltvjrhfnbb. B ctujlyzdyjdm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv cnhfyfv rfr d Tdhjgt,nfr b dj dctv vbht ytjåöjlbvj yfqnb nfrbt ge-nb ehtuekbhjdfybz gjljåysö cbnefwbq, rjnjhstgjllthébdfkb ås cnhtvzobtcz r ghjldbétybñltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf cbks d jåotcndt.

Levfñ, yfv dctv ytjåöjlbvj gjyznm, xnjkñlb ljkéys cfvb cjplfdfnm cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñltvjrhfnbxtcreñ cbcntve. Gjkmif – ghbvthuthjbxtcrjq åjhmås yfhjlf. Bvtyyj gjänjvevs cxbnftv, xnj Gjkmif pfckeébkf ghfdj ghb-ybvfnm yf cdjtq ptvkt äne rjyathtywbñ, b vshfls, xnj Gjkmif ujnjdf änj cltkfnm. Tcnm bhzl lheubö cnhfy, rjnjhst, rfr vs yflttvcz,nfrét cjukfczncz yf ghjdtltybt änjq rjyat-htywbb yf bö nthhbnjhbb, gjcrjkmre jyb nfrétdrkñxbkbcm d åjhmåe pf ltvjrhfnbñ.

Ltvjrhfnbñ ytjåöjlbvj cnhjbnm dyenhbcnhfys. Yj, levfñ, vs dct åjkmit b åjkmitgjybvftv, xnj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt cjjåotcndfbvtñn jåzpfntkmcndj b ghfdj gjvjufnm b dvt-ibdfnmcz, tckb öjnbnt, rjulf tcnm djpvjéyjcnmlkz ghjldbétybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccfbkb rjulf yf tuj genb dcnhtxfñncz euhjps, rj-njhst ytjåöjlbvj ghtjljktnm.

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UTHIVFY: Vbybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk Utht-vtr – jlby bp yfbåjktt zhrbö b ghtlfyysöcnjhjyybrjd ltvjrhfnbb d vbht, b gjänjve cf-vsq gjlöjlzobq xtkjdtr lkz njuj, xnjås djp-ukfdbnm änjn dféysq yjdsq ghjwtcc. B Gjkmifgj ghfde dsåhfyf vtcnjv ghjdtltybz änjqdcnhtxb.

Gjkmif buhfkf b ghjljkéftn buhfnm dfé-yeñ hjkm d vtéleyfhjlyjq åjhmåt pf ltvjrhf-nbñ. Jyf yt njkmrj djpukfdbkf htdjkñwbñ 1989u., yj b cnfkf ghbvthjv elbdbntkmyjuj b yt-jéblfyyj ecgtiyjuj gthtöjlf r ltvjrhfnbb.Gjkmif gj-ghtéytve ghbpyftn cdjñ jndtncn-dtyyjcnm gthtl ntvb, rnj ghjöjlbn xthtp yt-ghjcnjq gthtöjlysq gthbjl b rnj dct tot éb-dtn d eckjdbzö lbrnfnehs. Jyf gthtikf jn jl-yjuj dblf cjkblfhyjcnb r lheujve b ntgthmgjllthébdftn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ldbétybz d Åt-kjheccbb, yf Erhfbyt, yf Åfkrfyfö, d Rhsve,yf Rfdrfpt b lfét d Chtlytq Fpbb.

Pyfz ghjwtcc ädjkñwbb bybwbfnbds ≤Cj-jåotcndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥, öjxecrfpfnm, xnj z hfl, xnj r yfpdfybñ rjyathty-wbb åsk ljåfdkty ghtlkju ≤r≥, gjnjve xnjjxtym dféyj, xnjås änf bltz cnfkf bcnjxybrjvdljöyjdtybz, f yt djcghbybvfkfcm ås rfr yt-xnj eét ceotcndeñott.

Vyjubt cnhfys, rfr eét ujdjhbkjcm, blengj genb ltvjrhfnbb, yj jyb tot yt ljcnbukbrjytxyjq wtkb. Vs d Yfwbjyfkmyjv ajylt lt-vjrhfnbb (YAL)b Dctvbhyjv ldbétybb pf lt-vjrhfnbñ, rjnjhjt jåütlbyztn ytghfdbntkmcn-dtyyst jhufybpfwbb, yflttvcz yf cjdvtcnyeñhfåjne d hfvrfö bybwbfnbds ≤Cjjåotcndj lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd≥ yf Dctvbhyjv aj-hevt, gjcrjkmre cxbnftv, xnj d änjv ghjwtcctghfdbntkmcndf buhfñn yt vtymieñ hjkm, xtvytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb.

Ctujlyz ltvjrhfnbz ghjxytt, xtv d ghji-kjv, yj jgfcyjcnm tt hfpheitybz gj-ghtéytvejcnftncz. Vs c yfltéljq pfdthiftv änjn eéfc-ysq dtr, yj dgthtlb tot vyjuj jgfcyjcntq bnhelyjcntq. Yfpjde kbim itcnm bp ybö, c rjnj-hsvb, rfr vyt rfétncz, ghbltncz cnjkryenmczvtéleyfhjlyjve ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve ldbétybñ.

Vbybcnh byjcnhfyysö ltk Uthtvtr eétyfpdfk gthdeñ ghjåktve, rjulf r ckjde ≤ltvjr-

hfnbz≥ ljåfdkzñn hfpkbxyst jghtltktybz.Yfv dct ét tot ghbltncz bcgjkmpjdfnm hfpkbx-yst jghtltktybz gthtl ckjdjv ≤ltvjrhfnbz≥,gjcrjkmre ceotcndetn vyjuj cnhfy, d rjnjhsötot yt gjcnhjtyj kbåthfkmyjt ltvjrhfnbxtcrjtjåotcndj. Byjulf bö yfpsdfñn ≤ytkbåthfkmys-vb ltvjrhfnbzvb≥, f cgtwbfkbcns ujdjhzn jybö, rfr j ≤dsåjhysö≥ ltvjrhfnbzö. Yj vspyftv, xnj ghtlcnjbn tot ghjqnb jxtym åjkm-ijq genm lkz njuj, xnjås erhtgbnm kbåthfkm-yeñ ltvjrhfnbñ, rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdftnrjycjkblfwbñ ecnjqxbdjq gfhnbqyjq cbcntvs,cjplfybt ytpfdbcbvjq celtåyjq dkfcnb b ytpf-dbcbvsö chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, jåtc-gtxtybt uhfélfycrjuj rjynhjkz yfl djjheéty-ysvb cbkfvb, ajhvbhjdfybt gjljnxtnyjuj jå-otcnde ghfdbntkmcndf, ltwtynhfkbpfwbñ b hfp-dbnbt jnrhsnsö ärjyjvbxtcrbö cbcntv, f nfréthtitybt yfbckjéytqitq ghjåktvs rjhhegwbbd änbö ujcelfhcndfö.

Vjhn Ufkmgthby pfnhjyek djghjc jnrfnfyfpfl, ghtlcnfdkzñotuj dnjheñ cthmtpyeñ ghj-åktve, c rjnjhjq cnjkryekbcm yt njkmrj nfrbtcnhfys, rfr Gfrbcnfy, ult ytlfdyj ghjbpjitkgthtdjhjn, yj b Dtytceäkf, ult, gjöjét, ghjgj-dtletncz ytxnj dhjlt ytj-fdnjhbnfhyjuj gjge-kbpvf, yfghfdktyyjuj ghjnbd dsåjhysö ltvjr-hfnbq, rjnjhst yt cvjukb htibnm rkñxtdstghjåktvs d änbö cnhfyfö.

Nhtnmz ghjåktvf, cnjzofz gthtl ltvjrhf-nbtq, – änj cgjcjåyjcnm gjkbnbxtcrbö cbk ght-jljktdfnm ckjéyjcnb d vtéleyfhjlyjq ärjyj-vbrt. Cjdctv ytghjcnj yfqnb åfkfyc vtélecdjåjlyjq njhujdktq b lbyfvbxyj hfpdbdfñ-otqcz vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrjq, c jlyjq cnjhjys, bvtéle pfobnjq ghfd nhelzoböcz b cvzuxtybtvntyltywbb hfcneotuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ythfdty-cndf, c lheujq cnjhjys.

Vs ljkéys cjöhfybnm ghbdthétyyjcnm – bänj xtndthnfz ghjåktvf – ghbywbge cdjåjlysöb xtcnysö dsåjhjd b bpåtufnm gjgsnjr jnrfpfnm-cz jn vbybvfkmyjuj yfåjhf rhbnthbtd lkz ghj-dtltybz nfrbö cdjåjlysö b xtcnysö dsåjhjd.

Dsåjhs cnfkb äaatrnbdysv chtlcndjv lkzjceotcndktybz gthtöjlf r ltvjrhfnbb yt njkm-rj d Ybuthbb b Byljytpbb, yj b d gjcktlyttdhtvz d Öjhdfnbb b Ckjdfrbb, b vs yflttvcz,

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xnj d Cthåbb njét. Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfh-cndf yfikb djpvjéyjcnm gjllthéfnm bö. YALb yfib tdhjgtqcrbt lhepmz jrfpfkb frnbdyeñgjllthére ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ldbétybzv d änböcnhfyfö.

Ytjåöjlbvj cnhtvbnmcz r ghjdtltybñ ds-åjhjd gj hfdysv lkz dctö ghfdbkfv buhs bgjllthébdfnm åjqrjn dsåjhjd nfv, ult nfrbteckjdbz yt cjplfys. Rhjvt njuj, cxbnfñ dfé-ysv bpjkbhjdfnm htébvs, ult gjkyjcnmñ buyj-hbheñncz htpekmnfns ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö dsåjhjd.D vft änjuj ujlf bcgjkybncz 10 ktn cj lyz ds-åjhjd d Åbhvt, yf rjnjhsö eåtlbntkmyeñ gjåt-le jlthéfkf Feyu Cfy Cee Xéb, rjnjhfz ctqxfcyföjlbncz d änjq cnhfyt gjl ljvfiybv fhtc-njv. Levfñ, änj gjdjl lkz njuj, xnjås dshfpbnmcdjñ cjkblfhyjcnm c yfhjljv Åbhvs, f yt cvb-hbnmcz c ceotcndjdfybtv ysytiytuj ytpfrjy-yjuj ghfdbntkmcndf.

Gznfz ghjåktvf – jrfpfybt gjllthérb lt-vjrhfnfv d fdnjhbnfhysö ujcelfhcndfö. Änjjxtym nhelyfz pflfxf, b z yt pyfñ, yfcrjkmrjänf yjdfz fccjwbfwbz ghfdbntkmcnd cvjétndrkñxbnmcz d tt htitybt. Djpvjéyj, nfrfz ltz-ntkmyjcnm åjkmit gjlöjlbn lkz ytghfdbntkmcn-dtyysö jhufybpfwbq. Yj ghfdbntkmcndf hfpkbx-ysö cnhfy njét ljkéys csuhfnm cdjñ hjkm, byt njkmrj d Åbhvt, yj b d Rbnft, Åtkjheccbb,yf Reåt, d Bhfyt b vyjétcndt lheubö cnhfyvbhf, ult ceotcndeñn lbrnfnjhcrbt htébvs.

D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vs cnfkb jxtdbl-wfvb uytdysö dscnegktybq b ytjlyjpyfxyjqjåotcndtyyjq htfrwbb d cdzpb c ltkjv itcnb-ktnytuj vfkmxbrf, rjnjhsq vjétn åsnm djpdhf-oty d eckjdbz lbrnfnehs yf Reåt, yj ghb änjvd ghtcct yt åskj crfpfyj yb ckjdf j ctvb kb-wfö, d njv xbckt 13-ktnytv htåtyrt, rjnjhstcåtéfkb bp Ctdthyjq Rjhtb b Rbnfz d Hjccbñb åskb djpdhfotys Hjccbtq d Rbnfq, f Rbnf-tv d Ctdthyeñ Rjhtñ, ult, djpvjéyj b dthjzn-ytt dctuj, jyb gjgfkb d rjywtynhfwbjyysq kf-uthm bkb åskb rfpytys.

Vs ljkéys gjlyznm djghjc j kñlzö, ébde-obö d jnujhjlbdiböcz jn jcnfkmyjuj vbhf cnhf-yfö, nfrbö rfr Ctdthyfz Rjhtz. Lkz ybö njéttcnm vtcnj d vtéleyfhjlyjv ltvjrhfnbxtcrjvldbétybb.

B yfrjytw, ceotcndetn ghjåktvf gjbcrffkmnthyfnbdysö gentq ehtuekbhjdfybz änybxtc-rbö, yfwbjyfkmysö b htkbubjpysö rjyakbrnjd.Änj, rjytxyj, djghjc ghfd vtymibycnd, rjnj-hsq åsk pfnhjyen vbybcnhjv byjcnhfyysö ltkUthtvtrjv d tuj dscnegktybb.

Tot jlyf ghjåktvf, cdzpfyyfz c yfheit-ybtv cjdhtvtyysö vtéleyfhjlysö yjhv, eöj-lbn cdjbvb rjhyzvb d ythtityyst djghjcs,rfcfñobtcz yfhjljd, yfcbkmyj drkñxtyysö dcjcnfd bvgthbq, rjnjhst ysyt hfcgfkbcm bkbcnfkb bcnjhbxtcrbv fyföhjybpvjv. Xnj vs lj-kéys ltkfnm d ckexfzö, rjulf ujcelfhcndf bc-gjkmpeñn ytjuhfybxtyyjt yfcbkbt lkz gjlfdkt-ybz nfrbö vtymibycnd, f djpvjéyj, b lkz eybx-njétybz bö rekmnehs b lfét bö cfvbö?

Vs ébdtv d vbht, ult ceotcndeñn jgfc-yjcnb b yfcbkbt, b rfr dctulf yfv ytjåöjlbvsltvjrhfnbxtcrfz eåtéltyyjcnm b vtéleyfhjl-yfz cjkblfhyjcnm. Z bcrhtyyt yfltñcm yf nj,xnj Dfhifdcrfz rjyathtywbz erhtgbn yfie jå-oeñ htibvjcnm ghtlghbyznm äaatrnbdyst if-ub lkz pfobns ltvjrhfnbb b ghfd xtkjdtrf bhtitybz ckjéysö ghjåktv d yjdjv cnjktnbb.

DJKMAJDBW: Gthtöjlbv r djghjcfv b jå-ceéltybñ. Ctujlyz pltcm ghbcencndetn LéjhléCjhjc, gjänjve, Léjhlé, dfv gthdjt ckjdj.

LÉJHLÉ CJHJC (abkfynhjg b jcyjdfntkmAjylf Cjhjcf): Z jn dctuj cthlwf gjllthéb-dfñ äne bybwbfnbde, båj jyf pfnhfubdftn dj-ghjcs, r rjnjhsv z bvtñ cfvjt ytgjchtlcndty-yjt jnyjitybt. Öjxe, xnjås änf rjyathtywbzcnfkf gjbcnbyt htpekmnfnbdyjq, gjcrjkmre yfytq åelen jåceélfnmcz ghjåktvs, rjnjhst, rfrz cxbnfñ, bvtñn juhjvyjt pyfxtybt lkz dctujvbhf. Gjänjve cgthdf z öjntk ås, tckb ds ytghjnbd, crfpfnm ytcrjkmrj ckjd jå byntkktrne-fkmyjq cjcnfdkzñotq dscnegktybz u-yf Utht-vtrf.

Z öjntk ås ghtlkjébnm rjywtgwbñ ≤jn-rhsnjuj jåotcndf≥, rjynehs rjnjhsq ds eétjnxfcnb jåjpyfxbkb. Ds hfccvfnhbdfkb änjn dj-ghjc c hfpysö cnjhjy, yj yt egjnhtåkzkb nth-vby ≤jnrhsnjt jåotcndj≥. Tckb ås rjyathty-wbz cajrecbhjdfkf cdjt dybvfybt yf änjv gj-

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yznbb b rjywtgwbb, jyf vjukf ås dytcnb cdjqdrkfl d htitybt änjuj djghjcf, gjcrjkmre dsujdjhbkb j ltvjrhfnbb, yj jnvtxfkb, xnj tckbkñlb cxbnfñn ctåz jåkflfntkzvb dscitq bcnb-ys, njulf, rjytxyj, ltvjrhfnbz jrfpsdftncz cj-dctv yt ntv, r xtve vs cnhtvbvcz. Rjywtgwbz≤jnrhsnjuj jåotcndf≥ jcyjdsdftncz yf jnhbwf-ybb yfitq ytgjuhtibvjcnb, b gjänjve z cxb-nfñ, xnj änj åjktt dctjåütvkñott gjyznbt, xtvltvjrhfnbz.

Ds nfrét ujdjhbkb j hjkb uhfélfycrjujjåotcndf. Vyjubt genfñn gjyznbz uhfélfycrj-uj jåotcndf b jnrhsnjuj jåotcndf. Xfcnj änbgjyznbz bcgjkmpeñncz d rfxtcndt dpfbvjpfvt-yztvsö, yj änj ytdthyj, gjcrjkmre uhfélfycrjtjåotcndj – änj dféysq äktvtyn jnrhsnjuj jå-otcndf, yj cfvjuj gj ctåt tuj ytljcnfnjxyj. Dltqcndbntkmyjcnb, ghfdbntkmcndj, rjnjhjt htf-ubhetn yf yeéls b xfzybz yfhjlf, n.t. ltvjr-hfnbxtcrjt ghfdbntkmcndj, nfr ét dféyj, rfr bäaatrnbdyjt uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj.

D njnfkbnfhyjv htébvt uhfélfycrjt jåot-cndj dscnegftn pfobnybrjv jnrhsnjuj jåotcndfjn ghfdbntkmcndf. Yj d jnrhsnjv jåotcndtuhfélfycrjt jåotcndj ljkéyj åsnm dpfbvjcdz-pfyj c ghfdbntkmcndjv, f ghfdbntkmcndj ljkéyjhtfubhjdfnm yf yeéls jåotcndf.

Änj gjldjlbn vtyz r dféyjve djghjce jdvtifntkmcndt dj dyenhtyybt ltkf cedthtyysöujcelfhcnd dj bvz ltvjrhfnbb bkb jnrhsnjujjåotcndf. Levfñ, xnj änjn djghjc ljkéty cnfnmwtynhfkmysv yf ghtlcnjzotq rjyathtywbb.

Yfghbvth, bynthdtywbz d Rjcjdj dscdtnb-kf hzl xhtpdsxfqyj nhtdjéysö djghjcjd. Ytjå-öjlbvj gjlxthryenm dféyjcnm rjycnhernbdyjuj,f yt rfhfntkmyjuj dvtifntkmcndf dj dyenhtyybtltkf lheubö cnhfy.

Ytjåöjlbvj hfphfåjnfnm rjywtgwbñ njuj,xnj cjltqcndbt cjplfybñ bkb hfpdbnbñ jnrhs-nsö jåotcnd dj dctv vbht jndtxftn bynthtcfvjnrhsnsö jåotcnd. Nfrfz rjywtgwbz jncencn-djdfkf yf dctv ghjnzétybb dhtvtyb gjckt hfp-dfkf cjdtncrjq cbcntvs.

Vjhn ujdjhbk pltcm j dféyjcnb ecgtöf, lj-cnbuyenjuj d Byljytpbb b Ybuthbb, b z gjkyj-cnmñ cjukfcty c ybv. Ytjåöjlbvj pfrhtgbnm gj-pbnbdyjt hfpdbnbt d änjv yfghfdktybb b c

åjkmijq jcnjhjéyjcnmñ jnyjcbnmcz – öjnz gjk-yjcnmñ bcrkñxbnm änjuj ytkmpz – r djpvjéyjc-nb rfhfntkmyjuj dvtifntkmcndf. Jlyfrj ltkfnmänj cktletn njkmrj gjckt njuj, rfr ghtlghbyz-ns dct djpvjéyst rjycnhernbdyst vths, b ghbextnt vjhfkmyjuj jåjcyjdfybz dvtifntkmcndf.

UTHTVTR: Vyt rfétncz, xnj rjywtgwbz jnrhs-njuj jåotcndf drkñxftn d ctåz hsyjxyeñ ärj-yjvbre, ltvjrhfnbñ b uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj.Gjänjve jyj ckeébn rkñxtdsv gjyznbtv.

ZY YJDFR (åsdibq dbwt-ghtpbltyn Gjkmcrj-fvthbrfycrjuj rjyuhtccf): Yf vjq dpukzl, ybx-nj nfr yt cgjcjåcndjdfkj hfcibhtybñ ltvjrhf-nbb, rfr ghbyznbt yjdsö xktyjd d YFNJ b gth-cgtrnbds dcnegktybz d YFNJ b TdhjgtqcrbqCjñp lheubö cnhfy.

Z cxbnfñ, xnj jncencndbt fnvjcaths åtpj-gfcyjcnb dtltn r änybxtcrbv rjyakbrnfv blbcrhbvbyfwbb vtymibycnd, d nj dhtvz, rfryfkbxbt fnvjcaths åtpjgfcyjcnb dtltn r vbheb ghbvbhtybñ vtéle yfhjlfvb.

Rfr fvthbrfytw gjkmcrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz,z ujhéecm ntv, xnj Gjkmif yt njkmrj cgjcjåyfjåtcgtxbnm cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm, yjb dscnegftn pf lfkmytqitt hfcibhtybt rfrYFNJ, drkñxfz cdjbö cjctltq, nfr b Tdhjgtq-crjuj Cjñpf. Levfñ, xnj änb djghjcs vjukb åscnfnm ghbjhbntnysvb ntvfvb lkz jåceéltybzyf rjyathtywbb.

UTHTVTR: Z cjukfcty c Zyjv Yjdfrjv. Vsyflttvcz, xnj gjckt Dtyuhbb, Xticrjq Htcgeå-kbrb b Gjkmib rjywtgwbz jnrhsnsö ldthtqYFNJ gjkexbn lfkmytqitt ghjljkétybt. Gjkm-if cltkftn dct djpvjéyjt, xnjås ghjljkébnmhfcibhtybt YFNJ.

Z ås crfpfk, xnj änj ljku yfituj yfhjlf.Vs ghbpyfntkmys Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv pf nj,xnj vs yt njkmrj cnfkb xktyjv fkmzycf, yj bgjkexbkb vbybvfkmyst ufhfynbb cjkblfhyjcnbb edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnj vs yt jlbyjrb. Vsgjllthébdftv nt ét wtyyjcnb, b e yfc tcnmjgsn ghjikjuj, d rjnjhjv Gjkmif yt hfp jrf-psdfkfcm gjrbyenjq dctvb. Yj ctujlyz vs lj-kéys ghbvtyznm nt ét rhbnthbb b r lheubv uj-

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celfhcndfv htubjyf. B dct ét, yt levfñ, xnjyf rjyathtywbb gj ghjåktvfv ltvjrhfnbb dDfhifdt djghjc hfcibhtybz YFNJ ljkétyåsnm gjcnfdkty dj ukfde eukf.

UFKMGTHBY: Cjukfifzcm c ntv, xnj rjyrhtn-ysq djghjc hfcibhtybz YFNJ yt cnjbn d gj-dtcnrt lkz Dfhifdcrjq rjyathtywbb, z levfñ,xnj yf ytq åelen jåceélfnmcz åjktt jåobt ghj-åktvs, jnhféfñobt djphfcnfñoeñ dféyjcnmexfcnbz d htubjyfkmysö, aeyrwbjyfkmysö bvtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbzö. Änb jhufybpfwbbdct xfot lfñn gjyznm, xnj ybrnj yt vjétncnfnm bkb jcnfdfnmcz bö xktyjv, tckb jy yfhe-iftn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt yjhvs.

Änj yfbåjktt jnxtnkbdj ghjzdbkjcm d Tdhj-gt b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt, yj vs nfrét ghbdtn-cndetv pfzdktybt Jhufybpfwbb fahbrfycrjujtlbycndf j njv, xnj jyf yt öjntkf ås dbltnm yfcdjtv cktleñotv pfctlfybb ghtlcnfdbntktqdjtyysö htébvjd, ghbitlibö yf cvtye ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbv cbcntvfv.

Z levfñ, xnj d Dfhifdt ytjåöjlbvj jåce-lbnm, rfr vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd yfvthtyj erhtgkznm ltz-ntkmyjcnm htubjyfkmysö b aeyrwbjyfkmysö jh-ufybpfwbq gj ghbvtytybñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbörhbnthbtd xktycndf, b bcgjkmpjdfnm änj lkz gj-johtybz ldbétybz cnhfy gj genb ltvjrhfnbb bghtljndhfotybz bö jnöjlf jn ltvjrhfnbxtcrjujgenb hfpdbnbz.

LÄDBL LÉTCCEG (d ghjikjv xkty FAN-RGG, f ntgthm ghtlcnfdbntkm Byajhvfwbjyyjqckeéås ≤Yjdfz ärjyjvbrf≥): Rfhk Uthivfy uj-djhbk j ghjåktvt vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrb b tt cdz-pb c ltvjrhfnbtq, rfr j pflfxt lkz dfitq rjy-athtywbb. Levfñ, xnj änf ghjåktvf frnefkmyfbvtyyj ctqxfc, n.r. cjåsnbz djrheu pfctlfybzDctvbhyjq njhujdjq jhufybpfwbb (DNJ) d Cbän-kt b d rfrjq-nj cntgtyb gjcktlybq ajhev dLfdjct gjrfpfkb, xnj vytybz gj änjve djghjcehfpltkbkbcm yt vtéle Ctdthjv b Ñujv, f vté-le ltvjrhfnfvb b cnjhjyybrfvb fdnjhbnfhyjujhtébvf. D htpekmnfnt nfrbt cnhfys rfr Bylbzcnjzn yf jlyjq gjpbwbb c nfrbvb ujcelfhcndf-vb rfr Reåf gj wtkjve hzle djghjcjd jn dpf-

bvjcdzpb vtéle njhujdktq b ghfdfvb hfåjxbö,jöhfyjq jrheéfñotq chtls b ecbktybz hjkbuhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf d ltzntkmyjcnb DNJ ljpflthérb htfkbpfwbb rjydtywbq gj pfobntghfd byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb, njhujdsöghtathtywbq b lh. B dct änj ghjbcöjlbn yt-cvjnhz yf nj, xnj – rfr cdbltntkmcndeñn yfibytlfdybt bccktljdfybz – ltvjrhfnbxtcrbtcnhfys bp xbckf hfpdbdfñoböcz nthzñn cdjbnjhujdst b bydtcnbwbjyyst hsyrb d gjkmpe åj-ktt fdnjhbnfhysö htébvjd.

Gjänjve djghjc r dfv – lfcn kb änf rjyat-htywbz djpvjéyjcnm dshfåjnfnm yjdsq gjlöjl rghjåktvt ukjåfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb, öfhfrnthysqbvtyyj lkz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd?

UTHTVTR: Z levfñ, xnj änj jxtym dféysq dj-ghjc. Vs ljkéys jåcelbnm djghjc j njv, rfrltvjrhfnbz vjétn jrfpfnmcz äaatrnbdyjq därjyjvbxtcrjq catht. Tckb ltvjrhfnbz yt åe-ltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm ukjåfkbpfwbb ärjyjvbrb bexfcndjdfnm d ghjwtcct ukjåfkbpfwbb, jyf jrf-étncz d jgfcyjcnb, b njnfkbnfhyst htébvsjlthéfn dthö.

Vjue crfpfnm bp jgsnf Gjkmib, xnj vs xfc-nj pflfdfkb ctåt djghjc, rnj ghfd – gjkzrb bkbrbnfqws? Gjkzrb yf gthdjt vtcnj cnfdzn cdjåj-le b cxbnfñn, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrfz cdjåjlf yt vj-étn ceotcndjdfnm åtp cdjåjls gjkbnbxtcrjq.

Rbnfqws cxbnfkb, b gj-ghtéytve cxbnfñn,xnj ghtljcnfdktybt ärjyjvbxtcrjq cdjåjls lkzjåtcgtxtybz lbyfvbxyjuj hfpdbnbz ärjyjvbrb bljcnbétybz öjhjibö htpekmnfnjd dgjkyt djp-vjéyj b åtp gjkbnbxtcrjq cdjåjls. Gjänjve zcxbnfñ, xnj änj jlby bp djghjcjd, rjnjhsq lj-kéty jåceélfnmcz yf Dfhifdcrjq rjyathtywbb.

GJCJK ÖJYU-RE KB (Gjcjk Ñéyjq Rjhtb dCIF): Ghtélt dctuj, z öjntk ås gjplhfdbnmvbybcnhf byjcnhfyysö ltk Uthtvtrf b ghfdb-ntkmcndj Gjkmib c ntv, xnj änjn dféysq ajhevghjqltn d bö cnhfyt. Vs c eljdjkmcndbtv ghb-vtv d ytv exfcnbt.

Rfr ds crfpfkb, d 20-jv dtrt gthtl ltvjr-hfnbtq cnjzkj vyjuj pflfx. Jlyfrj d njq xfcnbvbhf, ult ébdtv vs, yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfyty-yjq njxrjq phtybz åskj nj, xnj gjyznbt ltvjr-

21

FLHBFY RFHFNYBWRBQ (Ghtpbltyn ≤Ljvfcdjåjls≥): Z öjntk ås tot hfp gjåkfujlfhbnmexfcnybrjd ctujlyziytq dcnhtxb, b jcjåtyyjvbybcnhf byjcnhfyysö ltk pf ghtrhfcyeñ lbc-reccbñ.

D pfrkñxtybt öjntk ås crfpfnm, xnj änb ldtdcnhtxb d Dfhifdt ghjöjlzn yt njkmrj yfrfye-yt 20-q ujljdobys cjplfybz ≤Cjkblfhyjcnb≥,xnj eét cfvj gj ctåt ckeébn öjhjitq ghbxb-yjq lkz nfrjuj cjåsnbz, yj b d jxtym jndtncn-dtyysq vjvtyn d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf.

Vyjubt bp dfc pyfñn, xnj ≤Ljv cdjåjls≥jncktébdftn gjkbnbxtcrbt ghjwtccs b ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbt gthtvtys d vbht, jnhféfz htpekm-nfns d cdjtv dtcnybrt ≤Cdjåjlf d vbht≥ eétyf ghjnzétybb åjktt xtndthnb dtrf. Pf gjcktl-ybt 20 ktn ghjbpjikj cnhtvbntkmyjt hfpdbnbtdsåjhyjq ltvjrhfnbb b ytcrjkmrj vtytt cnht-vbntkmyjt, yj yt vtytt dféyjt, hfpdbnbt cdj-åjls b jnrhsnjuj jåotcndf.

Änj cnfkj djpvjéysv dj vyjujv åkfujlfhzcjdvtcnysv b htibntkmysv ltqcndbzv ghfdb-ntkmcnd, abkfynhjgjd b frnbdbcnjd, vyjubt bpfvthbrfycrbö ghtlcnfdbntktq rjnjhsö yföjlzn-cz ctujlyz d änjv pfkt. Vs vjétv jwtybnm cnt-gtym änjuj hfpdbnbz, tckb dcgjvybv, xnj rjkb-xtcndj cnhfy, bvtñobö ltvjrhfnbxtcrb bp-åhfyyst ghfdbntkmcndf, edtkbxbkjcm c 69 bp170 cnhfy, xnj cjcnfdkzkj ghbåkbpbntkmyj 40ghjwtynjd d cthtlbyt 80-ö ujljd, lj åjktt, xtv60 ghjwtynjd, d yfxfkt yjdjuj nsczxtktnbz.

R cjéfktybñ, xbckj kñltq, ghjébdfñoböd jnrhsnsö jåotcndfö bkb ujcelfhcndfö c kbåt-hfkmyjq ltvjrhfnbtq, ytdtkbrj, exbnsdfz åj-ktt cnhtvbntkmysq hjcn dsåjhyjq ltvjrhfnbb.Yj vs jxtym yflttvcz, xnj rjyathtywbz dDfhifdt lfcn ljgjkybntkmysq cnbvek lkz eu-keåktybz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghjwtccjd d änbövtytt cdjåjlysö jåotcndfö b lkz cjplfybz yj-dsö vtöfybpvjd, rjnjhst gjpdjkzn xfcnysv bujcelfhcndtyysv cnhernehfv b ghfdbntkmcndfvcjjåof hfåjnfnm dj bvz lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbzltvjrhfnbb d yjdjv nsczxtktnbb.

hfnbb jnyjcbncz kbim r pfgflysv ltvjrhfnb-xtcrbv ujcelfhcndfv. Ntgthm, yf gjhjut yjdjujcnjktnbz, ltvjrhfnbz ghbjåhtkf ukjåfkmysqöfhfrnth b åjkmit yt cxbnftncz kbim xfcnmñpfgflyjuj vbhf. Yf änjv genb dctv ghböjlbn-cz flfgnbhjdfnmcz r yjdsv eckjdbzv, rfr d by-ntkktrnefkmyjv gkfyt, nfr b d bycnbnewbjyfkm-yjv. Levfñ, änf rjyathtywbz vjétn cnfnm yf-xfkjv cthmtpyjq lbcreccbb j njv, xnj ét vj-étn ckeébnm gjlkbyyjq jcyjdjq lkz ltvjrhf-nbb d vtéleyfhjlyjv vfcinfåt.

D änjq cdzpb cxbnfñ jxtym dféysv ds-cnegktybt u-yf Cjhjcf gj djghjce jå jnrhsnjvjåotcndt, gjnjve xnj d rfrjq-nj cntgtyb vsgsnftvcz cjplfnm jnrhsneñ vbhjdeñ ärjyjvb-re, jnrhsneñ vbhjdeñ rekmnehe b nfr lfktt.Rfr dct änj cjjnyjcbncz c jnltkmysvb ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbvb cnhfyfvb – änj jxtym dféysq dj-ghjc, rjnjhsq vs cvjétv jåcelbnm d Dfhifdt.

BDJY NFQTH (Eghfdktybt UjcelfhcndtyyjujLtgfhnfvtynf CIF gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb,ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf): Öjntkf ås pfnhjyenmtot jlby djghjc, rjnjhsq yt cdzpfy c änjq nt-vjq ytgjchtlcndtyyj, yj bvttn r ytq jnyjit-ybt. Dtcyjq ghjikjuj ujlf yf pfctlfybb Rj-vbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d Étytdtåskf ghbyznf dféytqifz htpjkñwbz ≤Jå jåtc-gtxtybb ghfdf yf ltvjrhfnbñ≥.

Ghtlcnfdbntkb hfpkbxysö cnhfy dscnegb-kb c gjhfpbntkmysvb htxfvb d pfobne ltvjr-hfnbb, jndthukb hzl dtcmvf dhféltåysö gjghf-djr, ghtlkjétyysö Reåjq, b htpekmnfn ujkjcj-dfybz åsk nfrjq: 51 – ≤pf≥, ghjnbd – ybrjuj,b njkmrj ldjt djplthéfdiböcz – Rbnfq b Re-åf – xnj ujdjhbkj j vyjujv.

Vs ljujdjhbkbcm njulf, xnj cjåthtvczdyjdm, xnjås ghjljkébnm hfåjne yfl änbv pfzd-ktybtv gj ghbywbgfv ltvjrhfnbb d hfvrföyjhvjndjhxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb JJY, b ctqxfce yfc tcnm ghtrhfcyfz djpvjéyjcnm cjjåobnm jnjv, xnj vs njkmrj yfxbyftv lbcreccbñ cjcnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb j lfkmytqitq hfåjntyfl cktleñotq htpjkñwbtq, lfkmytqitv jå-ceéltybb ghjåktv, gjlyznsö d Étytdt, blfkmytqitv hfccvjnhtybb djpvjéyjcntq dpf-bvjltqcndbz d hfvrfö änjuj ajhevf JJY.

Dpukzls, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b yt

jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

22

Fvthbrfyws dctulf åskb cbkm-

yj pfbynthtcjdfys d cjltqcn-

dbb ltvjrhfnbb, jcjåtyyj gj

vtht njuj, rfr bö cnhfyf ghb-

jåhtnfkf dct åjktt pyfxbveñ

hjkm yf vbhjdjq fhtyt. Ghtpb-

ltyn Delhj Dbkmcjy, rjnjhsq

jåtofk cltkfnm vbh åtpjgfc-

ysv lkz ltvjrhfnbb, zdyj åsk

xtkjdtrjv, jgthtlbdibv cdjt

dhtvz. D yfdjlzotq yf hfp-

vsiktybz cnfnmt j hfpdbnbb

ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghjwtccjd d

gjcktlybt ujls 20-uj dtrf Nj-

vfc Rfhjpthc, dbwt-ghtpbltyn

Ajylf Rfhytub pf vtéleyfhjl-

ysq vbh gj yfexyj-bccktljdf-

ntkmcrjq hfåjnt b fdnjh rybub

≤Cjltqcndbt ltvjrhfnbb pf

heåtéjv: rhbdfz gjpyfybz≥,

fyfkbpbhetn cjdhtvtyyst nty-

ltywbb b nj, rfrbv jåhfpjv

ghbpsd Dbkmcjyf nhfycajhvb-

hjdfkcz d gjkbnbre ujcelfhcn-

df yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt.

CJLTQCNDBT HFPDBNBÑ LTVJRHF-NBB cnfkj, jcjåtyyj c cthtlbys 1980-ö ujljd,dféysv äktvtynjv fvthbrfycrjq gjvjob lhe-ubv ujcelfhcndfv b dytiytq gjkbnbrb CIF. Rrjywe 1990-ö atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndjtétujlyj hfcöjljdfkj yf gjllthére ltvjrhf-nbb ghbåkbpbntkmyj d 100 cnhfyfö cdsit 700vky. ljkkfhjd – ukfdysv jåhfpjv, xthtp Futyn-cndj CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ, fnfrét xthtp Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl ltvjrhfnbb,Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn, Vbybcnthcndjjåjhjys, ajyls ≤Fpbz≥ b ≤Tdhfpbz≥.

Öjnz e ysytiytq djkys ghjuhfvv d jåkfc-nb cjltqcndbz ltvjrhfnbb åskb ghtlitcndty-ybrb – r ghbvthe, gkfy Vfhifkkf, ltqcndjdfd-ibq dcrjht gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, bkbghjuhfvvs ≤vjlthybpfwbb≥ 1960-ö ujljd, – dyfcnjzott dhtvz Cjtlbytyyst Infns dpzkb yfctåz cfvjt ibhjrjt b gkfyjvthyjt d cdjtq bc-njhbb jåzpfntkmcndj erhtgkznm ltvjrhfnbñ gjdctve vbhe.

Ghbxtv CIF yt jlbyjrb. Lheubt cnhfys,jcjåtyyj ghjwdtnfñobt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujce-lfhcndf Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs, f nfrét wtksq hzlvtéleyfhjlysö bycnbnenjd, gjllthébdftvsövyjubvb ghfdbntkmcndfvb, njét ghbcnegbkb r

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

Cjltqcndbt Ltvjrhfnbb: dféysqfrwtyn d yjdjv vbhjgjhzlrt

Njvfc Rfhjpthc

23

cthmtpyjq hfåjnt gj jåtcgtxtybñ ltvjrhfnbb,jcjåtyyj d cnhfyfö gthtöjlyjuj nbgf, rjnjhstcjdctv ytlfdyj yfxfkb nhelysq ghjwtcc lt-vjynféf njnfkbnfhysö b fdnjhbnfhysö ajhvghfdktybz.

Gjljåyst ecbkbz ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ht-frwbñ yf ldf dféysö gjkbnbxtcrbö afrnjhf:dj-gthdsö, ecrjhtybt jåotvbhjdjq ntyltywbbr ltvjrhfnbb d 1980-ö b d yfxfkt 1990-ö ujljd,cltkfditt ltvjrhfnbñ ukfdysv ghbjhbntnjvvtéleyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrb b gjcnfdbditt gthtlltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb cnhfyfvb pflfxe jnrkbryenm-cz yf ghjbcöjlzott; b, dj-dnjhsö, jrjyxfybtöjkjlyjq djqys, ghbdtlitt r ecnhfytybñ åf-hmthjd yf genb r vtéleyfhjlyjve gjkbnbxtcrj-ve cjnhelybxtcnde b gjlnjkryeditt fvthbrfy-creñ dytiyññ gjkbnbre jn fynbrjvveybcnb-xtcrjq ljvbyfyns r åjkmitve egjhe yf gjl-lthére ltvjrhfnbb rfr cfvjwtkb.

Hfpevttncz, ghbdthétyyjcnm CIF ltvjr-hfnbb yt fåcjkñnyf – gjljåyj kñåjq lheujqcnhfyt, jyb bvtñn b cdjb cnhfntubxtcrbt bärjyjvbxtcrbt bynthtcs, gjhjq bleobt dhfp-htp c pflfxtq gjllthéfybz ltvjrhfnbb pf he-åtéjv. Jlyfrj, rfr jnvtxfkb d gjcktlytt ltcz-nbktnbt vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt jabwbfkmyst kb-

wf, ctqxfc lfyyfz ghjåktvf cnjbn ujhfplj vt-ytt jcnhj, xtv d ujls öjkjlyjq djqys, rjulfCIF – gj ytjåöjlbvjcnb, rfr cxbnfñn ytrjnj-hst – dcnegfkb d cjñps c ytltvjrhfnbxtcrbvbhtébvfvb dcktlcndbt cjjåhfétybq åtpjgfcyjc-nb, dsntrfñobö bp cjgthybxtcndf c CjdtncrbvCjñpjv.

Åfpjdfz cnhfntubz

D gthbjl gjckt öjkjlyjq djqys cnhfntubzCIF d jnyjitybb gjllthérb ltvjrhfnbb gj-yfxfke jgbhfkfcm yf nhb dpfbvjcdzpfyysö gj-cskf: dj-gthdsö, bcgjkmpjdfnm fvthbrfycreñltvjrhfnbñ d rfxtcndt jåhfpwf bkb ifåkjyf;dj-dnjhsö, hfccvfnhbdfnm ltvjrhfnbpfwbñ rfrghjwtcc ≤gthtyjcf bycnbnewbjyfkmysö vjlt-ktq≥, ghb rjnjhjv cnhfyf, tot njkmrj jcdfb-dfñofz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghbywbgs, gsnftnczdjcghjbpdtcnb e ctåz ajhvs bycnbnenjd, öfhfr-nthysö lkz hfpdbnsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfh-cnd; b, d-nhtnmbö, gjkfufnm, xnj ltvjrhfnbpfwbzdrkñxftn d ctåz tcntcndtyyeñ b egjhzljxty-yeñ gjcktljdfntkmyjcnm änfgjd.

Gjcrjkmre änb gjcskrb dcnegbkb d ghjnb-djhtxbt c htfkbzvb gjkbnbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdf-ybq, ghbvtyztvfz cnhfntubz yfxfkf ghtnthgt-dfnm ädjkñwbñ b jåhtnfnm phtkjcnm. Ntgthmfvthbrfyws, gjvjufñobt lheubv cnhfyfvcnhjbnm ltvjrhfnbñ, d hzlt ckexftd vtymitgjkfufñncz yf fvthbrfycreñ vjltkm. Jyb pf-bvcndeñn e lheubö ckjébdiböcz bkb ecgtiyjhfpdbdfñoböcz yjdsö ltvjrhfnbq byajhvfwbñb bltb, jrfpfdibtcz jcjåj frnefkmysvb. Byju-lf jyb gsnfñncz gjvjxm lheubv jåotcndfv ds-hfåjnfnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ajhvs, fltrdfnystyfwbjyfkmyjq bcnjhbb b rekmneht.

Gjåjhybrb ltvjrhfnbb dct åjkmit jcjpyf-ñn ytjåöjlbvjcnm exbnsdfnm jcyjdjgjkfufñobtbynthtcs b dkfcnyst jnyjitybz, d rjnjhstdcnhfbdfñncz yjdst bycnbnens. Ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbt gthtvtys ljkéys gjybvfnmcz yt rfr dj-cghjbpdjlcndj ujnjdsö bycnbnewbjyfkmysö cötv,f rfr cjplfybt rjvgktrcf gjkbnbxtcrbö ghjwtc-cjd, gjhjélfñobö ltvjrhfnbxtcreñ rekmnehe.

D nj ét dhtvz cgtwbfkbcns gj cjltqcndbñltvjrhfnbb cnfkrbdfñncz c ntv afrnjv, xnj lt-

Njvfc Rfhjpthc

24

vjrhfnbxtcrbt ghtjåhfpjdfybz pfxfcneñ blendjdct yt d egjhzljxtyyjq gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb.Ghjuhfvvs d gjllthére ltvjrhfnbb dct xfotcnhjzncz d cjjndtncndbb c änbvb hfpyjjåhfpys-vb eckjdbzvb, f yt bcöjlz bp tcntcndtyyjuj gj-hzlrf. Ytn djkitåyjq cnhfntubb, ghbujlyjqlkz dctö cnhfy.

Öjnz ctujlyz yfåjh ghjuhfvv gj cjltqcn-dbñ ltvjrhfnbb, gj cenb, njn ét, xnj b 15 ktnyfpfl – c nhtvz jcyjdysvb rfntujhbzvb ghj-uhfvv, jhbtynbhjdfyysvb yf dsåjhs, ujcelfh-cndtyyst bycnbnens b uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj, –wtynh nzétcnb vtéle änbvb rfntujhbzvb cvtc-nbkcz. D cdzpb c ntv, xnj änfg yfbåjktt ghby-wbgbfkmysö bpåbhfntkmysö rfvgfybq, d jcyjd-yjv, pfdthity, gjvjom d ghjdtltybb dsåjhjdcjrhfnbkfcm.

Ujhfplj åjktt dblyjt vtcnj pfyzkf ntgthmgjvjom uhfélfycrjve jåotcnde, xnj jåeckjdkt-yj hfcneobv äynepbfpvjv d jnyjitybb änjqbltb, f nfrét jghtltktyysv hfpjxfhjdfybtv dxhtpvthyjq rjywtynhfwbb ecbkbq yf gjvjobujcelfhcndtyysv bycnbnenfv. Ntv yt vtytt,nhjqcndtyysq ltvjrhfnbxtcrbq cnfylfhn gj-ghtéytve ghtjåkflftn. Ghjbcöjlzobt gthtvt-ys, d jcyjdyjv, jnhféfñn ädjkñwbñ gjlöjljd dhfvrfö rféljq bp nhtö dsltktyysö jåkfcntq:

Dsåjhs

Änjn rjvgjytyn cjltqcndbz ltvjrhfnbb ghtnth-gtk dféyst bpvtytybz. Yfåkñltybt pf dsåjhf-vb cnfkj pyfxbntkmyj åjktt hfpdtndktyysv, fgjvjom, ghbpdfyyfz jåtcgtxbnm åjktt rfxtcn-dtyyjt bö ghjdtltybt, ghtdhfnbkfcm d hfpdb-neñ cfvjcnjzntkmyeñ gjljnhfckm. B dct ét dcnhfyfö gthtöjlyjuj nbgf dsåjhs ythtlrj gj-ghtéytve ghjöjlzn yf ybprjv ehjdyt, lfétghb jrfpfybb flvbybcnhfnbdyjq gjllthérb b dghbcencndbb yfåkñlfntktq.

D 1990-t ujls cgtwbfkbcns gj ltvjrhfnb-xtcrjve cnhjbntkmcnde dyjdm b dyjdm eåtélf-kbcm d njv, xnj dsåjhs yt njéltcndtyys lt-vjrhfnbb. Gjvjom gjkbnbxtcrbv gfhnbzv ljcbö gjh jrfpsdftncz d åjkmijv jåütvt, yj ht-cehcs dct xfot yfghfdkzñncz yf cnfyjdktybtgfhnbq b yf ghbdktxtybt ärcgthnjd, pyfrjvsö

c eckjdbzvb, jnkbxfñobvbcz jn fvthbrfycrbö.Ytcvjnhz yf ghbkjétyyst ecbkbz, d åjkmiby-cndt cnhfy gthtöjlyjuj nbgf gjkbnbxtcrbt gfh-nbb jcnfñncz jlybv bp cfvsö ckfåsö pdtymtd dwtgb ltvjrhfnbpfwbb.

Ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys,

yt jnyjczobtcz r

bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb

Yfbåjkmieñ bp nhtö jcyjdysö rfntujhbq cj-ltqcndbz ltvjrhfnbb jåhfpeñn ghjuhfvvs,ghbpdfyyst gjllthéfnm htajhvbhjdfybt ce-ltåysö, pfrjyjlfntkmysö b lheubö ujcelfhcn-dtyysö bycnbnenjd b jgbhfñobtcz yf bltñ er-htgktybz yt bcgjkybntkmyjq, f jcnfkmysö dtn-dtq xhtpvthyj wtynhfkbpjdfyyjq dkfcnb. Dänjq jåkfcnb yjdst pyfybz jcdfbdfkbcm vtl-ktyyj, b ghb cjltqcndbb ltvjrhfnbb ytghjcnjåskj jnrfpsdfnmcz jn ecnjzdiböcz vjltktq bvtöfybcnbxtcrbö ghtlcnfdktybq j njv, rfrjåtcgtxbnm gthtvtys d rhegysö cnhernehfö.

Cgtwbfkbcns gj jrfpfybñ gjvjob dct jn-xtnkbdtt jcjpyfñn: lkz njuj, xnjås ghjbcöjlb-kb gthtvtys, ujcelfhcndtyyst bycnbnens lj-kéys ghjzdkznm djkñ r htajhvfv. Jyb nfrétyfxbyfñn cjukfifnmcz c ntv, xnj cjghjnbdkt-ybt htajhvfv – gj rhfqytq vtht, yf ytrjnj-hsö ehjdyzö d kñåjv lfyyjv ujcelfhcndtyyjvbycnbnent – crjhtt ghfdbkj, ytétkb bcrkñxt-ybt. Gjybvfybt njuj, xnj htajhvbhjdfybt by-cnbnenjd nhtåetn åjktt ukeåjrbö gthtvty dcnhernehfö bynthtcjd b dkfcnysö jnyjitybzö,gjckeébkj ytjåöjlbvsv jpfhtybtv, gjlxthrb-dfñobv, crjkm vtlktyysvb b nhelysvb åelengthtvtys.

Uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj

Dct åjktt cbkmysq egjh yf uhfélfycrjt jåot-cndj ghb cjltqcndbb ltvjrhfnbb – cfv gj ctåtxfcnm rhbdjq gjpyfybz. Bltz ghb änjv cjcnjbnd njv, xnjås dsqnb pf hfvrb bpåbhfntkmysöcbcntv b ujcelfhcndtyysö bycnbnenjd b yfgjk-ybnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ajhvs ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvcjlthéfybtv. Gthdfz djkyf gjllthérb uhfé-lfycrjuj jåotcndf d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb jhb-

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tynbhjdfkfcm yf ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufyb-pfwbb (YGJ), jncnfbdfñobt bynthtcs jåotcn-dtyyjcnb. Jlyfrj, yfåbhfzcm jgsnf, cgjycjhsltvjrhfnbb yfxbyfñn étcnxt jwtybdfnm cbcnt-ve YGJ.

Ghbdktrfz cdjbö gjljgtxysö, jyb äythubx-yj åthencz pf djghjcs ghtlcnfdbntkmyjcnb b cnf-åbkmyjcnb, hfcibhzz rheu ghfdjpfobnyjq ltz-ntkmyjcnb YGJ, rjnjheñ ujnjds gjllthébdfnm.Yfrfgkbdfz jgsn hfåjns c uhfélfycrbv jåotcn-djv, cgtwbfkbcns gj cjltqcndbñ ltvjrhfnbb jå-yfheébdfñn, xnj öjnz uhfélfycrjt jåotcndj –dtcmvf ljcnegyfz njxrf ghbkjétybz ltvjrhfnb-xtcrjq gjvjob, jyj dvtcnt c ntv ghtlcnfdkztncjåjq jåibhysq b ckjéysq rjvgjytyn ltvjrhf-nbb, rjnjhsq ytkturj cajhvbhjdfnm.

Tckb jwtybdfnm nhb jcyjdyst rfntujhbbcjltqcndbz ltvjrhfnbb, hfpkbxbz d ljcnbuft-vsö htpekmnfnfö pfvtnys, yj yt htprb. Gjcktl-cndbz htfkbpfwbb dctö nbgjd ghjuhfvv pfxfc-neñ jrfpsdfñncz pyfxbntkmyj åjktt hfcctzyys-vb b rjcdtyysvb, xtv änj vjuen gjlhfpevtdfnmhfwbjyfkbcnbxtcrbt gjlöjls, ghbvtyztvstcgjycjhfvb ltvjrhfnbb. Ghjuhfvvs jhbtynb-hjdfys yf bycnbnens b jhufybpfwbb, f pfnhfub-dfñn jnltkmysö kbw. Yfbåjkmibv bö äaatrnjvythtlrj cnfyjdbncz gthtlfxf bltq, rjnjhst åe-len bpvtyznm gjdtltybt kñltq d lheubö cbnef-wbzö b d lheubt dhtvtyf.

Kjrfkmysq ghbywbg

Gjvjom d catht ltvjrhfnbb xfot dctuj cgjns-rftncz yf änfgt htfkbpfwbb. Dj vyjubö ckexf-zö cgtwbfkbcns gj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjve cnhjb-ntkmcnde yt ljcnbufñn rjvgktrcyjuj gjybvfybzjåotcnd, d rjnjhsö hfåjnfñn, ljdjkmcndezcm jå-vfyxbdsv ghtlcnfdktybtv, åelnj bö pyfybz jltvjrhfnbb cfvb gj ctåt ckeéfn ljcnfnjxyjqjcyjdjq lkz tt ajhvbhjdfybz. Ckbirjv xfcnjjyb gsnfñncz cnfnm ghjdjlybrfvb gjkbnbxtc-rbö gthtvty d jåotcndfö gthtöjlyjuj nbgf, jå-hfofzcm c vtcnysvb gfhnythfvb rfr c ghjcns-vb fccbcntynfvb. Åtcxbcktyyjt vyjétcndjghjtrnjd ghjdfkbkjcm bp-pf njuj, xnj d ghbyb-vfñobö cnhfyfö bö yt djcghbyzkb rfr cdjb cj-åcndtyyst.

Dghjxtv, jnhflyj nj, xnj htfkbpfwbz ghj-uhfvv gjcntgtyyj ekexiftncz, dj vyjujv åkfuj-lfhz åjkmitve ghbpyfybñ kjrfkmyjuj ghbywb-gf, ghtlgjkfufñotuj hfåjne xthtp vtcnysö xb-yjdybrjd b jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst d åjktt gjk-yjq vtht gjybvfñn vtcnyst eckjdbz, b cj-dvtcnyj c ybvb. Jlyfrj nfrfz hfåjnf jrfpfkfcmytghjcnsv ltkjv, d rjnjhjv gjrf ljcnbuyenskbim xfcnbxyst ecgtöb.

R njve ét cgjycjhs ltvjrhfnbb vtlktyyjjnrfpsdfñncz jn eåtéltyyjcnb d njv, xnj lt-vjrhfnbñ vjéyj gjjohznm ytrbv eybdthcfkm-ysv, ghbujlysv lkz dctö cgjcjåjv, f cjltqcn-dbt ltvjrhfnbb vjéyj jnltkbnm jn nhflbwbjy-yjq gjvjob d jåkfcnb cjwbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrj-uj hfpdbnbz. Rhjvt njuj, jyb ckbirjv xfcnj bp-åtufñn åjktt kjrfkmyjuj gjlöjlf, jgfcfzcm gj-nthznm rjynhjkm yfl njq gjvjomñ, rjnjheñ jybjrfpsdfñn. Ytjåöjlbv yjdsq yfcnhjq: ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbv cnhjbntkmcndjv pfybvftvcz yt ≤vs≥lkz ≤ybö≥, f kñlb d lheubö cnhfyfö, byjulf cyfitq gjvjomñ.

Jwtyrf ghjuhfvv gj

cjltqcndbñ ltvjrhfnbb

Bp vyjujxbcktyysö uhfytq cjltqcndbz ltvjr-hfnbb yfbvtytt hfpdbnf jwtyrf ljcnbuftvsöhtpekmnfnjd. Ghjuhfvvs gjllthérb ltvjrhfnbbckjéyj jwtybdfnm, gjcrjkmre nhelyj ljujdj-hbnmcz j njxysö rhbnthbzö ecgtöf d gjkbnbxtc-rjq catht b ecnfyjdbnm xtnrbt ghbxbyyj-cktl-cndtyyst cdzpb vtéle rjyrhtnysvb ghjtrnfvbb åjktt jåobvb gjkbnbxtcrbvb ntyltywbzvb.

D 1990-t ujls cgtwbfkbcns gj cjltqcndbñltvjrhfnbb d åjkmibycndt ckexftd kbåj ytjwtybdfkb cdjb ghjuhfvvs djjåot, kbåj pfrf-psdfkb gjdthöyjcnyst jwtyrb, dsgjkyztvstbccktljdfntkzvb, rjnjhsv ytljcnfdfkj htfkm-yjq ytpfdbcbvjcnb. Jlyfrj d gjcktlybt ujlscnhernehs, jrfpsdfñobt nfreñ gjvjom, yfxfkbjnyjcbnmcz r djghjce jå jwtyrt ghjuhfvv ct-hmtpytt, ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj äaatrnbdyj ghj-dtcnb nfrjq fyfkbp ckbirjv ckjéyj, nfr rfrhtpekmnfns ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghjuhfvv vjuen ytghjzdkznmcz d gjkyjq vtht ujlfvb b ljkéysjwtybdfnmcz d rjyntrcnt ghtjåkflfñobö cjwb-

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fkmysö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö eckj-dbq.

Gj änjq ghbxbyt ghb jrfpfybb gjvjob yt-jåöjlbvj jnrfpfnmcz jn ghtlcnfdktybz, åelnjhtpekmnfns cjltqcndbz ltvjrhfnbb vjéyj bpvt-hbnm c gjvjomñ rfkmrekznjhjd. Yflj ghbyznmrjywtgwbñ, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq tlbycndtyysqcgjcjå jåhtcnb gjybvfybt gjkbnbxtcrbö cjås-nbq b gjcktlcndbq – eukeåktyysq rfxtcndty-ysq fyfkbp, f vyjubt dféytqibt htpekmnfnsghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ltvjrhfnbb yjczn gcböjkj-ubxtcrbq b vjhfkmysq öfhfrnth, ghjzdkzñnczrjcdtyyj b yt chfpe.

Jlyfrj cfvjt ukfdyjt cjcnjbn d njv, xnjcgtwbfkbcns gj cjltqcndbñ ltvjrhfnbb lj-kéys ljcnbxm gjkyjuj gjybvfybz gjkbnbxtcrböhtfkbq d jåotcndfö, rjnjhsv jyb gsnfñncz gj-vjxm. Ghjldbétybt gj rhbdjq gjpyfybz cnfyj-dbncz njulf yt ghjcnj djghjcjv cjchtljnjxtybzyf ntöybxtcrbö ehjrfö b yfrjgktybb jgsnf. Caeylfvtynfkmyjq njxrb phtybz, cgjycjhs lt-vjrhfnbb jåzpfys gjldthuyenm cjvytybñ cjåcn-dtyyst ghtlcnfdktybz j gjkbnbrt b hfpjåhfnm-cz, yfcrjkmrj vyjuj bkb vfkj jyb yf cfvjv lt-kt pyfñn j gjkbnbxtcrbö gthtvtyfö d lheuböjåotcndfö.

Jyb ljkéys nfrét ghjfyfkbpbhjdfnm vtnj-ls cdjtq hfåjns, gjcnfdbd étcnrbt djghjcs jnjv, rfrbt bvgthfnbds d ltqcndbntkmyjcnbjghtltkzñn gjcnhjtybt bö ghjuhfvv b rfrbvjåhfpjv vjéyj ekexibnm ghbvtyztvst vtnjls.Dct rjvgjytyns rhbdjq gjpyfybz dféys, yj ytd hfdyjq cntgtyb. Jcjåjuj dybvfybz pfckeéb-dftn jlby: hfphfåjnrf äaatrnbdysö cgjcjåjdhtfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvv. D xtv rjyrhtnyj cjcnjznnfrbt cgjcjås, eét bpdtcnyj, b änb pyfybz vj-uen ghbywbgbfkmyj bpvtybnm kñåjq ghjtrn.

Åjktt ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz ljcnjqys bnhb åjktt jåobö ghjåktvs. Dj-gthdsö, ghb cj-ltqcndbb ltvjrhfnbb cktletn cnhtvbnmcz ds-cnhjbnm cdzpm vtéle gjvjomñ d ltvjrhfnbxtc-rjv cnhjbntkmcndt b åjktt ibhjrjq, åjktt ec-njzditqcz cbcntvjq gjllthérb cjwbfkmyj-ärj-yjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz. Njkmrj lkz dszdktybzdféytqibö cdzptq vtéle ärjyjvbxtcrbvb bgjkbnbxtcrbvb zdktybzvb ytjåöjlbvj ghjlt-kfnm tot jxtym åjkmieñ hfåjne.

Dj-dnjhsö, cgjycjhs ltvjrhfnbb ljkéyseltkznm åjkmit dybvfybz hjkb étyoby d lt-vjrhfnbpfwbb jåotcndf. Öjnz extåyst ghjuhfv-vs, jhbtynbhjdfyyst yf étyoby, xfcnj yt dcjcnjzybb ghtjljktnm åfpjdst dkfcnyst cnher-nehs b juhfybxtybz, ytkmpz yt gjhféfnmcz yt-jåsryjdtyyj cbkmyjq pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb b äy-nepbfpve, pfxfcneñ gjhjélftvsv ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbvb ghjuhfvvfvb, jnyjczobvbcz r étyobyfv.

D-nhtnmbö, gjåjhybrb ltvjrhfnbb ytcen yfctåt jåzpfyyjcnm, lj cbö gjh dj vyjujv yt ds-gjkytyyeñ, gjvjxm ghfdbntkmcndfv b uhfélfyfvcnhfy gthtöjlyjuj nbgf gjyznm cvsck gjvjob dcatht ltvjrhfnbb b cnfnm yt ghjcnj gfccbdys-vb tt gjkexfntkzvb. Lkz njuj, xnjås uhfélfytvjukb gjyznm nfreñ gjvjom, ghbyznm d ytqexfcnbt b gjkexbnm jn ytt ltqcndbntkmyeñgjkmpe, ytjåöjlbvs ghjphfxyjcnm b ukfcyjcnm.

Gthcgtrnbds cjltqcndbz

ltvjrhfnbb

Ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt pfdjtdfybz, ljcnbuyenst dvbht pf gjcktlybt ldf ltcznbktnbz, pyfxbntkm-ys. B dct ét nhelyjcnb, ghtlcnjzobt ntv, rnjghbdthéty cjltqcndbñ ltvjrhfnbb pf heåtéjv,jcnfñncz uhfylbjpysvb. Gj-ghtéytve jnhtp-dkztn vsckm j rjkbxtcndt cnhfy, ult ltvjrhf-nbz edzlftn, nthgbn gjhfétybt bkb lj cbö gjhjncencndetn.

Ghtlcnfdktyysq pltcm fyfkbp gjvjob dcatht ltvjrhfnbb dscdtxbdftn dféytqibqghtljcnthtufñobq ehjr: jn ecbkbq gj cjltqcn-dbñ ltvjrhfnbb yt cktletn jéblfnm hflbrfkm-ysö bkb åscnhsö htpekmnfnjd, jcjåtyyj d cke-xft ntö cnhfy, ult cjxtnfybt ärjyjvbxtcrbö,cjwbfkmysö b gjkbnbxtcrbö cbk jcnftncz dhfé-ltåysv hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb.

Cjltqcndbt ltvjrhfnbb, hfdyj rfr b lj-gjkybntkmyst bycnhevtyns d dblt lbgkjvfnb-xtcrbö b ärjyjvbxtcrbö ≤ryenjd b ghzybrjd≥,vjétn kbim d ytpyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb bpvt-ybnm åfpjdst cjwbfkmyst, ärjyjvbxtcrbt b gj-kbnbxtcrbt cnhernehs b eckjdbz, jghtltkzñ-obt gjkbnbxtcreñ ébpym d lheubö cnhfyfö.

Jcjpyfybt njuj, xnj ecbkbz gj cjltqcndbñltvjrhfnbb d åjkmibycndt ckexftd yt ghbdjlzn

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r åscnhsv b htibntkmysv gthtvtyfv, yt gjl-hfpevtdftn, xnj Cjtlbytyyst Infns b lheubtcnhfys b jhufybpfwbb ljkéys jckfåbnm bkbjcnfdbnm cdjñ hfåjne gj ghjldbétybñ ltvjr-hfnbb pf heåtéjv. Jyj jpyfxftn, xnj r cjltqcn-dbñ ltvjrhfnbb yflj gjlöjlbnm rfr r ljkuj-chjxyjve ghjtrne c ytjghtltktyysvb htpekmnf-nfvb.

Ghjljkéfz änj, åtpeckjdyj, åkfujhjlyjtyfxbyfybt, gjkbnbrb ljkéys åsnm ujnjds lth-éfnmcz gjcnfdktyyjq wtkb ltcznbktnbzvb, ght-jljktdfnm jnrfns b evtnm gjldthufnm cjvytybñb rhbnbrt cjåcndtyyst vtnjls. Rjhjxt ujdjhz,cnjbn pflfxf dytlhbnm d äne ghbdthétyyjcnmjcnjhjéyjt b htfkbcnbxyjt gjybvfybt djpvjé-yjcntq. Jcyjdsdfnm ghbpsd r dytiytq gjkbnb-rt, jhbtynbhjdfyyjq yf hfpdbnbt ltvjrhfnbb,yf ghtlgjkjétybb jå juhjvyjv fvthbrfycrjvdkbzybb yf gjkbnbxtcrbt celmås lheubö cnhfyjpyfxftn kbim jåhtrfnm yf rhfö dct dytiytgj-kbnbxtcrbt ecbkbz.

Fvthbrfyws xthtcxeh ghbdsrkb r dytiyt-gjkbnbxtcrbv ltåfnfv c gjpbwbq htfkbpvf bbltfkbpvf, ghb rjnjhsö bynthtcs b djpvjéyjc-nb Fvthbrb cbcntvfnbxtcrb kbåj gthtjwtybdf-ñncz, kbåj pfybéfñncz. Gjpbwbz, jcyjdfyyfzyf bltfkbcnbxtcrbö ecnhtvktybzö, ehfdyjdtib-dftvsö cjjåhfétybzvb ukeåjrj htfkbcnbxys-vb, yteljåyf. Jlyfrj lkz cjltqcndbz ltvjrhf-nbb änj tlbycndtyysq htfkmysq dsåjh.

Dpukzls, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b

yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

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Hbxfhl Afkr, ghjatccjh vtéleyfhjl-

yjuj ghfdf b ghfdjghbvtytybz Ghbyc-

njycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, fyfkbpbhetn

ckjéyjt cjjnyjitybt vtéle yfwbj-

yfkmysv cedthtybntnjv b ghfdfvb xtkj-

dtrf d cnfnmt, gjlybvfñotq dféyst dj-

ghjcs j njv, d rfrjq cntgtyb cktletn

cjltqcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ ltvjrhfnbb pf

heåtéjv. Rfr erfpsdftn ghjatccjh

Afkr, d änjq jåkfcnb ytn ghjcnsö b

zcysö htitybq.

VTÉLEYFHJLYEÑ PFOBNE ghfd xt-kjdtrf nhelyj jnltkbnm jn dpktnjd b gfltybq djnyjitybzö vtéle dtkbrbvb lthéfdfvb. Ghf-df xtkjdtrf b bö djtybpbhjdfyyfz gflxthbwf –≤uevfybnfhyfz bynthdtywbz≥ – cnthéytdstäktvtyns utjgjkbnbrb d gthbjl gjckt öjkjlyjqdjqys. D änjv cvsckt b cbkjdst ghjtrns dcdzpb c uheåsvb yfheitybzvb ghfd xtkjdtrf, bjnrfp jn ltqcndbq gthtl kbwjv uevfybnfhysörfnfcnhja gjpdjkzñn celbnm j njv, yfcrjkmrjukeåjrj dcnhjtys d cjdhtvtyyeñ utjgjkbnbreghfdf xtkjdtrf. Rhfqybvb ghbvthfvb åtp-ltqcndbz vjuen ckeébnm Hefylf (1994 u.), ultcnhfntubxtcrbt bynthtcs cxbnfkbcm vbybvfkm-ysvb, b Xtxyz (1999–2000 uu.), ult cdzpfyystc ltqcndbtv gjcktlcndbz b hbcr cxbnfkbcmckbirjv dscjrbvb.

Bynthyfwbjyfkbpfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf yt-htlrj ghjnbdjcnjbn ljrnhbyf cedthtybntnf, rj-njhfz yf gjdthöyjcnb, rfétncz, ghtgzncndetndsgjkytybñ ghfdjpfobnysö cnfylfhnjd gentvdytiytuj ghbyeéltybz. Ujcelfhcndf, lj ytlfd-ybö gjh åsdibt rjkjybzvb, f nfrét cnhfys,xfcnj gthtébdfdibt bynthdtywbb, rfr ghfdbkj,jcjåtyyj cnhtvzncz yfcnjznm yf njv, xnj ghfdf

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

Cedthtybntn b ghfdf xtkjdtrf: gjbcrb rjvghjvbccf

Hbxfhl Afkr

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xtkjdtrf ljkéys jåtcgtxbdfnmcz d cjjndtncn-dbb c étcnrbvb ghbywbgfvb cedthtybntnf. Ec-nfd JJY, d cnfnmt 2 (7) gjlndthélfñobq, xnjjhufybpfwbb pfghtotyj dvtibdfnmcz d djghj-cs, gj cenb, yföjlzobtcz d ghtltkfö dyenhty-ytq ñhbclbrwbb ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd, rfr åelnjnjét ufhfynbhetn xktyfv JJY, xnj Jhufybpf-wbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq yt cnfytn gjczufnmyf dyenhtyybt jnyjitybz vtéle ujcelfhcndjvb jåotcndjv, rfrbö ås vfcinfåjd yb ljcnbukböfjc b pkjegjnhtåktybz. Gj rhfqytq vtht, ljntö gjh, gjrf yt ceotcndetn euhjps vtéle-yfhjlyjve vbhe b åtpjgfcyjcnb...

Djphfcnfñott pyfxtybt

ghfdjpfobnyjq nhflbwbb

D nj ét dhtvz cfvsv dgtxfnkzñobv änb-xtcrbv ljcnbétybtv vbyedituj cnjktnbz ghtl-cnfdkztncz djpybryjdtybt cthmtpyjuj ghfdjpf-obnyjuj ghjwtccf yf htubjyfkmyjv b ukjåfkm-yjv ehjdyzö. Jcyjdjgjkfufñofz bltz j njv,xnj ghfdbntkmcndf ljkéys ltqcndjdfnm d ytrböghtlgbcfyysö ghtltkfö – b lfét gjkbnbxtcrbtkblths b djtyfxfkmybrb vjuen åsnm ghbdktxt-

ys r jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cdjb ltqcndbz, tckbgjcktlybt ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ghtcnegktybzghjnbd xtkjdtxyjcnb b uheåst yfheitybz ghfdxtkjdtrf, – jnhféftn htdjkñwbjyyst gthtvt-ys. Änb yjdst vtéleyfhjlyst cnfylfhns b bödsgjkytybt jghtltktyyj cnfdzn gjl cjvytybtvsckm j njv, xnj cedthtybntn jcdjåjélftn ghf-dbntkmcndf jn jndtncndtyyjcnb ghb eckjdbb, xnjbö ltqcndbz juhfybxbdfñncz nthhbnjhbfkmysvbghtltkfvb cnhfys, f bö herjdjlbntkb gjkmpe-ñncz ytghbrjcyjdtyyjcnmñ, ghbpyfdftvjq djdctv vbht. Ghtcktljdfybt nfrbö bpdtcnysöltzntktq, rfr Ghtpbltyn Ñujckfdbb CkjåjlfyVbkjitdbx b åsdibq Ghtpbltyn Xbkb Fduec-nj Gbyjxtn, cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj e kbw,jndtncndtyysö pf étcnjrjcnb d jnyjitybb yf-ctktybz cdjtq cnhfys, d vbht åjkmit ytn åt-pjgfcyjuj eåtébof. Cdzpfyyjt c änbv cnhtvkt-ybt cjplfnm gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñobq vtéleyf-hjlysq eujkjdysq cel, d cjjndtncndbb c Hbv-crbv ljujdjhjv 1998 ujlf, bvttn wtkmñ ghb-lfnm änjve hfcibhtybñ jndtncndtyyjcnb bycnb-newbjyfkmyeñ dtcjvjcnm.

Gjéfkeq, ghbvtxfntkmytt dctuj nj, xnjpyfxbvjcnm ghfd xtkjdtrf jåeckjdktyf lfdktyb-tv, jhufybpjdfyysv frnbdbcnfvb uhfélfycrjujjåotcndf. Hjcn vtéleyfhjlysö ghfdjpfobnysöytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq (YGJ) jnhf-pbk yjdst vjltkb nhfycyfwbjyfkmysö gjkbnb-xtcrbö ltqcndbq, jgbhfñobtcz yf ctnb, yjhvs,byajhvfwbñ b ljcneg r CVB rfr bycnhevtynseåtéltybz c wtkmñ åhjcbnm dspjd ytghbcneg-yjq rfhfntkmyjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb. Dht-vtyfvb gjljåysq dspjd cöjlbkcz c utjgjkbnb-xtcrbv lfdktybtv, rfr änj åskj d cdzpb c gjl-lthérjq ghfd xtkjdtrf d cnhfyfö åsdituj Cj-dtncrjuj åkjrf, f d yfcnjzott dhtvz – d Rbnft.Bltjkjubz öjkjlyjq djqys b åjhmåf pf ghfdfxtkjdtrf ghtnthgtdfkb rjydthutywbñ, jcjåtyyjd 1980-t ujls. D nj ét dhtvz, rfr erfpsdfñnYjfv Öjvcrb b lheubt, jyb xfcnj hfcöjlbkbcm,ghbxtv utjgjkbnbxtcrbt ghbjhbntns gjhjélf-kb ghj-fdnjhbnfhyst bynthdtywbb d eothåghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Jcjåtyyj änj åskj öfhfrnth-yj lkz cnhfy ≤nhtnmtuj vbhf≥, d xfcnyjcnb dctqKfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, d ujls öjkjlyjq djqys,xnj yfukzlyj ghjzdbkjcm d nfrbö gjdnjhzñobö-

Hbxfhl Afkr

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cz bynthdtywbzö, rfr d Udfntvfkt (1954 u.), Ljvbybrfycrjq Htcgeåkbrt (1965 u.), Xbkb(1973 u.), Ybrfhfuef b Cfkmdfljht (1980-t uu.).Gjljåyfz vjltkm gjllthérb Pfgfljv fdnjhb-nfhyjuj ghfdktybz åskf jxtdblyjq b d jnyjit-ybb Fahbrb b Fpbb.

Ukfdyjt pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj cedthtyb-ntn b ghfdf xtkjdtrf cdzpfys ckjéysvb b ghj-nbdjhtxbdsvb jnyjitybzvb. Cedthtybntn vj-étn ckeébnm obnjv b ghtlkjujv, gjpdjkzñobvghfdbntkmcnde pkjegjnhtåkznm dkfcnmñ d jnyj-itybb cjåcndtyysö uhfélfy. Yj d nj ét dhtvzjy vjétn b pfobofnm ghjuhtccbdyjt ghfdb-ntkmcndj, cnhtvzottcz jåtcgtxbnm ärjyjvbxtc-rjt, cjwbfkmyjt b rekmnehyjt åkfujcjcnjzybtcdjtuj yfhjlf, jn bynthdtywbb yf gjxdt utjgj-kbnbrb c wtkmñ jrfpfybz lfdktybz yf åjkttckfåjt ujcelfhcndj. Ddble änjq ldjqcndtyyjqghbhjls cedthtybntnf c vyjujxbcktyysvb ttdfhbfwbzvb gjlybvftvst djghjcs jå jnyjit-ybzö vtéle cedthtybntnjv b ghfdfvb xtkjdtrfd kñåjv rjyrhtnyjv ckexft dctulf cktletn hfc-cvfnhbdfnm d åjktt ibhjrjv rjyntrcnt. Yf ys-ytiytv änfgt hfpdbnbz vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjå-otcndf cedthtybntn, d pfdbcbvjcnb jn jåcnjz-ntkmcnd, vjétn hfåjnfnm rfr yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf,nfr b ghjnbd ybö.

Ädjkñwbz ghfdjpfobnyjuj

ldbétybz

Lkz yfxfkf ujkjdjkjvrf: pfxtv cedthtyysv uj-celfhcndfv exfcndjdfnm d cjplfybb ñhblbxtc-rjq åfps, rjnjhfz gj ghbhjlt cdjtq gjlhsdftndthöjdtycndj nthhbnjhbfkmyjuj ghbywbgf, åsd-ituj jnkbxbntkmysv ghbpyfrjv vbhjgjhzlrfDtcnafkmcrjq ägjöb (1648 u.)? D gthbjl gjcktDnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, yfxfdibqcz cj Dctjå-otq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b Rjydtywbb jutyjwblt, pfhjlbkjcm änj gjlhsdyjt ldbétybt.Kexit dctuj jåüzcyzñn cbnefwbñ ldf gjlrhtg-kzñobö lheu lheuf hzlf cjjåhfétybq. Dj-gth-dsö, gjybvfybt bcnjhbxtcrbö jåcnjzntkmcnd,cjgencndjdfdibö hfpjåkfxtybñ pdthcnd yfwbcn-crjq Uthvfybb, pfcnfdkzkj cjplfnm eckjdbz, rj-njhst ghtgzncndjdfkb ås gjdnjhtybñ gjljåyj-uj gjdtltybz d åeleotv. Njn afrn, xnj ltqcn-

dbz yfwbcncrjuj htébvf gj jnyjitybñ r cjåcn-dtyysv uhfélfyfv dspdfkb cnjkm gfccbdyeñhtfrwbñ cj cnjhjys pfgflysö kbåthfkmysö lt-vjrhfnbq, åsk xfcnmñ änjuj gjybvfybz, gjhj-lbd jåtn: ≤Änj yt gjdnjhbncz≥. Gjljåyfz htib-vjcnm fccjwbbhjdfkfcm c jcyjdjgjkfufñotqblttq: tcnm ghtltk njve, xnj vjétn ltkfnm ghf-dbntkmcndj d cdjbö jnyjitybzö c kñlmvb, éb-deobvb d gjldtljvcndtyysö tve uhfybwfö. Djghtltktyyjv cvsckt dshfåjnrf aeylfvty-nfkmysö ghfd xtkjdtrf jpyfxfkf rjyrhtnbpfwbñnfrbö dctjåobö ghtltkjd dthöjdtycndf nthhb-njhbfkmyjuj ghbywbgf. D änjv ghjzdbkjcm xed-cndj dbys, rjnjhjt bcgsnsdfk Pfgfl gjckt1945 ujlf, d cjxtnfybb c htajhvfnjhcrbvb bbltfkbcnbxtcrbvb wtyyjcnzvb, jåtcgtxbdibvbbltjkjubxtcrjt jåjcyjdfybt ytlfdyj pfrjyxty-yjq djqys.

Jlyfrj bvtk vtcnj b dnjhjq yfåjh cjjåhf-étybq ehfdyjdtibdfñotuj cdjqcndf. D 1945ujle dj ukfde eukf d vbht cnfdbkbcm ujcelfhcn-df, d rjnjhsö ceotcndjdfkb cfvst hfpyst bltbj njv, rfr jhufybpjdfnm jnyjitybz vtéle ujce-lfhcndjv b jåotcndjv. Njulfiybq vbh öfhfrnt-hbpjdfkcz nfrét juhjvysvb hfpkbxbzvb d vf-nthbfkmyjv åkfujgjkexbb. Nfrfz ythfdyjvth-yjcnm ytzdyj ceotcndjdfkf d gjkbnbxtcrjv cj-pyfybb chfpe gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, yjd crhsnjv cjcnjzybb jyf ghtåsdfkf lfét d dj-tyyst ujls. Dgjcktlcndbb öjkjlyfz djqyf c ttjcmñ Djcnjr-Pfgfl b fynbrjkjybfkmyjq åjhm-åjq ghb yfghzétyyjcnb vtéle Ctdthjv bÑujv dscdtnbkf jncencndbt rjyctycecf d vté-leyfhjlyjv cjjåotcndt.

D htpekmnfnt c cfvjuj yfxfkf djpvjéyjcnmcjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf åskf ghjåktvfnbx-yjq. Jncencndjdfk ghbyelbntkmysq vtöfybpv,cdzpfyysq c ajhvbhjdfybtv ghfdjpfobnysöhfvjr. Htfkmyfz dkfcnm gj-ghtéytve jnghfdkz-kfcm yf ehjdyt ujcelfhcndf. Afrnbxtcrb djp-ybryjdtybt ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkj gjkbnbxtcrbdjpvjéysv kbim gjnjve, xnj d nj dhtvz ceot-cndjdfkj gjybvfybt: vtöfybpvs bö jåtcgtxt-ybz yt åelen djgkjotys d ébpym. Lfét fdnjhb-nfhyst ujcelfhcndf åtp ökjgjn gjlgbcfkbcm gjlpfrkflsdftvsvb yjhvfvb, gjcrjkmre yt åskjghfrnbxtcrb ybrfrjuj ifycf yf nj, xnj jyb åe-

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rfpfkjcm ås, åkfujghbzncndjdfkb cjöhfytybñcnfnec-rdj. Yf änbö zhrbö ghbvthfö rhföf Cj-dtncrjuj åkjrf (b jrjyxfybz öjkjlyjq djqys),nhbevaf ltrjkjybpfwbb b hfpuhjvf fgfhntblfd ÑFH pfobnf ghfd xtkjdtrf yf vtéleyfhjl-yjv ehjdyt cgjcjåcndjdfkf ljcnbétybñ cjdj-regyjcnb bcnjhbxtcrb dféysö b d wtkjv gjpb-nbdysö htpekmnfnjd, yb jlby bp rjnjhsö ytjéblfkcz d cjjndtncndbb c ghtéybvb htfkbc-nbxysvb hfcxtnfvb.

Cathf ghfdjpfobnyjuj

ldbétybz

Yf änjv ajyt rjywtgnefkmyst djghjcs cnfyj-dzncz zcytt b jnyjczncz r jåjbv gjkñcfv bc-cktljdfybz, pfnhfubdfz rfr yfit joeotybt ce-dthtybntnf, nfr b yfit gjybvfybt ghfd xtkj-dtrf. D jnyjitybb cedthtybntnf yfkbwj ldtytjghtltktyyjcnb. Ghtjåkflftn dpukzl yf cedt-htybntn rfr yf cjcnjzybt b eckjdbt ghfdktybz,cdzpfyyjt c blttq dthöjdtycndf nthhbnjhbfkm-yjuj ghbywbgf, rjnjhsq ghjnbdjgjcnfdkztn ce-dthtybntne ghbyelbntkmyjt cjåkñltybt vtéle-yfhjlysö ghfd xtkjdtrf. Yj tckb gjkfufnm ce-dthtybntn cdjqcndtyysv yfhjle – f bltz yf-hjlyjuj cedthtybntnf bcnjhbxtcrb cdzpfyf cAhfywepcrjq htdjkñwbtq – nj dj vyjubö cbnef-wbzö htfkbpfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfyjdbncz rfrhfp gjkbnbxtcrbv ghjtrnjv, gjllthébdftvsv≤cedthtyjv≥ (n.t. yfhjljv). Lfét tckb cedtht-ybntn fccjwbbhetncz c ujcelfhcndjv rfr ghtl-cnfdbntktv yfhjlf, jcjåtyyj c ltvjrhfnbxtc-rbv ujcelfhcndjv, nj dct hfdyj vjéyj djcghb-ybvfnm cedthtybntn rfr cjdjregyjcnm ghfd bjåzpfyyjcntq, rjnjheñ vjéyj bpvtyznm pfrjyjn-djhxtcrbvb gjkyjvjxbzvb ujcelfhcndf, ntv cf-vsv cjplfdfz djpvjéyjcnm njuj, xnj ghbpyfybtghfd xtkjdtrf, lfét ghb gthcgtrnbdt jght-ltktyyjuj dytiytuj rjynhjkz, b cjcnfdkztn jce-otcndktybt cedthtybntnf d cjdhtvtyysö eckj-dbzö. Gjljåyfz njxrf phtybz ghtlcnfdkztnczjcjåtyyj evtcnyjq d hfvrfö htubjyfkmyjq pf-obns ghfd xtkjdtrf d ghtltkfö Tdhjgs c gj-vjomñ Celf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b, d vtymitqcntgtyb, d hfvrfö Vtéfvthbrfycrjuj celf gjghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Afrnbxtcrb yf dytiybq rjy-

len dsgjkyznmcz. D änjv cvsckt gjlhsd cedt-htybntnf jrfpfkcz crjhtt vybvsv, xtv ltqcn-dbntkmysv.

B dct ét c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb frwtyns dänjv gjybvfybb cvtcnbkbcm: ghb ytcrjkmrbörkñxtdsö eckjdbzö nfrjq gjlhsd cnfyjdbkczyt njkmrj vybvsv, yj b htfkmysv. Änjn yt-jéblfyysq öjl cjåsnbq jåüzcyztncz ytcrjkm-rbvb afrnjhfvb. Gjzdktybt lttcgjcjåysönhfycyfwbjyfkmysö YGJ, ghbdthétyysö hfc-ghjcnhfytybñ b jåtcgtxtybñ ghfd xtkjdtrf,dsdtkj yf vbhjdeñ cwtye yjdeñ uhegge ytcdzpfyysö c ujcelfhcndjv gjkbnbxtcrbö buhj-rjd. Gjcrjkmre ghfdjpfobnyst yjhvs åskbepfrjytys ghfdbntkmcndfvb, dsldbuftvst änb-vb YGJ ghbnzpfybz yf bö cjåkñltybt nhelyjåskj gjkyjcnmñ cåhfcsdfnm cj cxtnjd, jcjåty-yj rjulf r ybv ghbcjtlbyzkbcm hfcneofz cyb-pe jggjpbwbz étcnjrjq dkfcnb b cdtltybz jpkjegjnhtåktybzö, hfcghjcnhfyztvst vbhjds-vb chtlcndfvb vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, gjcnt-gtyyj cnfyjdzobvbcz åjktt dybvfntkmysvb.Htfkmyj ikj dnjhétybt d cathe cedthtybntnfd njv cvsckt, xnj, öjnz ås bpåbhfntkmyj, elf-dfkjcm d jghtltktyyjq vtht ghtjljktnm pfckjyjn dytiytuj rjynhjkz. D cjjndtncndbb c hfyttcltkfyysv ghtlgjkjétybtv äaatrnbdyjcnmgjljåyjuj dnjhétybz gjdscbkfcm lj nfrjq cnt-gtyb, xnj jyj ghtnthgtkj rjydthutywbñ c ghj-ljkéfñotqcz bltjkjubxtcrjq åjhmåjq. Pfgfljåütlbyzkcz c YGJ, xnjås jrfpsdfnm lfdktybtyf cnhfys Cjdtncrjuj åkjrf, jcjåtyyj gjcktÖtkmcbyrcrbö cjukfitybq 1975 ujlf, d nj dht-vz rfr ≤nhtnbq vbh≥ bcgjkmpjdfk UtythfkmyeñFccfvåktñ JJY b cjåcndtyyjt Ldbétybt yt-ghbcjtlbytybz c wtkmñ ghblfnm gjkbnbxtcrbqdtc gjllthért ghfdf yf cfvjjghtltktybt d rf-xtcndt jåjcyjdfybz åjhmås ghjnbd rjkjybfkm-yjuj ghfdktybz. Rekmvbyfwbtq gjcktlytujghjwtccf cnfkf rfvgfybz ghjnbd fgfhntblf, döjlt rjnjhjq elfkjcm cjplfnm nfreñ yjhvfnbd-yeñ åfpe d gjkmpe ghfd xtkjdtrf, xnj d 1980-tujls jyf ghtjljktkf ghtlgjxntybz rjycthdf-nbdysö kblthjd, d xfcnyjcnb Hjyfkmlf Htquf-yf b Vfhufhtn Nänxth, cnjzdibö yf cnhfétcnhfntubxtcrbö ärjyjvbxtcrbö b gjkbnbxtcrböbynthtcjd CIF b Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, rjnjhst,

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nhjkm pf ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf cjukfifñncz d eckj-dbzö, rjulf ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf cnht-vzncz pfobnbnm kbåthfkmyj-ltvjrhfnbxtcrjtåeleott – lfét jn fynbltvjrhfnbxtcrbö b fy-nbkbåthfkmysö cbk d cjåcndtyyjq cnhfyt. Bys-vb ckjdfvb, cedthtybntn ecnegftn xfcnm nthhb-njhbfkmyjuj rjynhjkz d jåvty yf ljgjkybntkm-yeñ edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnj d åeleotv elfcnczcjöhfybnm étkfntkmysq htubjyfkmysq b yfwbj-yfkmysq gjkbnbxtcrbq rkbvfn. Yfghbvth, åt-peckjdyj d rfxtcndt dshfétybz cedthtybntnfvjétn åsnm ghbtvktvsv jnrfp jn dyenhbujce-lfhcndtyyjuj dfhbfynf, cdzpfyyjuj c djpvjéysvbpåhfybtv afibcncrjq dkfcnb. Htfrwbz yfdrkñxtybt Gfhnbb cdjåjls Qjhuf Öfqlthf drjfkbwbjyyjt ghfdbntkmcndj Fdcnhbb gjldthukfbcgsnfybñ jnyjcbntkmyeñ cbke änbö ldeö ghj-nbdjgjkjéysö rjywtgwbq cedthtybntnf. Gj jl-ye cnjhjye yföjlzncz gjkfufdibt, xnj bcöjlfdcnhbqcrbö dsåjhjd b vtégfhnbqysö njhujd –djghjc, htifnm rjnjhsq ljkéyf njkmrj Fdcn-hbz, gj ceotcnde, åtp rfrbö-kbåj juhfybxtybq.Gj lheueñ – vytybt j njv, xnj ghfdbntkmcndfcnhfy TC ghbyzkb juhfybxtybz yf cdjq dyenhb-ujcelfhcndtyysq cnhjq, jcyjdfyyst yf hfplt-kztvjq bvb ghbdthétyyjcnb ghfdfv xtkjdtrf bltvjrhfnbb, f ghbcencndbt Öfqlthf d ghfdb-ntkmcndt cnfdbn äne ghbdthétyyjcnm gjl euhjpe.

Yt vtytt dféyst ltåfns dtlencz j cathtb öfhfrntht ghfd xtkjdtrf. Tckb gjlöjlbnm ränjve djghjce c njxrb phtybz ljrevtynjd vté-leyfhjlyjuj ghfdf, nj yt djpybrftn ybrfrböcjvytybq jnyjcbntkmyj drkñxtybz ghfdf yf cf-vjjghtltktybt b rjvgktrcf ärjyjvbxtcrbö, cj-wbfkmysö b rekmnehysö ghfd d cjukfitybtv gjlfyyjq ntvt. Tckb ét hfccvfnhbdfnm nhfycyf-wbjyfkmyeñ gjkbnbre d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf,ujcgjlcndeñott gjkjétybt d ytq pfyzkb uhfé-lfycrbt b gjkbnbxtcrbt ghfdf ghb eprjv lbf-gfpjyt nfrbö ghfd. Kbim ytlfdyj änf eprfz hf-åjxfz rjywtgwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkf jåütrnjvghbcnfkmyjuj bpextybz.

CIF b ghfdf xtkjdtrf

Gjcktlyzz rjywtgnefkmyfz genfybwf cdzpfyf cntv, rfreñ gjpbwbñ d jnyjitybb ghfd xtkjdt-

rf pfyzkj ghfdbntkmcndj CIF. Jyj åjktt xtvrnj-kbåj lheujq edzpfkj cdjñ dytiyññ gjkb-nbre c ghbdthétyyjcnmñ ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.Cdjtuj fgjutz änf gjpbwbz ljcnbukf d gthdstujls ghtpbltyncndf Rfhnthf. Njkmrj ghfdb-ntkmcndj CIF tétujlyj bplftn jåpjh gjkjét-ybz d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf (gjybvftvsö ep-rj) d cnhfyfö, gjkexfñobö byjcnhfyyeñ ärj-yjvbxtcreñ gjvjom. Nfreñ dyenhtyyññ ñhb-lbxtcreñ jåzpfyyjcnm djpkjébk yf bcgjkyb-ntkmyeñ dkfcnm Rjyuhtcc. D nj ét dhtvz Cj-tlbytyyst Infns yt cgtifn jabwbfkmyjdpznm yf ctåz cdzpsdfñobt jåzpfntkmcndf gjytcrjkmrbv dféysv ljujdjhfv j ghfdfö xtkj-dtrf, ccskfzcm yf nhelyjcnb, jåeckjdktyystbö atlthfkmyjq cnhernehjq, bcnjhbxtcrbvbgjljphtybzvb ñéysö infnjd b yfcnjqxbdjc-nmñ d djghjct j njv, xnj cnfåbkmyjcnm b rfxt-cndj ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj gjkbnbxtcrjuj cnhjzCIF yt yeélfñncz d gjlrhtgktybb bpdyt.Jlyfrj yf pflytv gkfyt, ytcjvytyyj, ghj-cvfnhbdftncz d åjkmitq vtht nthhbnjhbfkm-yjt ghtlcnfdktybt j cedthtybntnt, d cbke rj-njhjuj ghfdbntkmcndj b uhfélfyt Cjtlbyty-ysö Infnjd c vtymibv äynepbfpvjv jnyjczn-cz r kñåjq ghjwtleht dytiytq jwtyrb. Gj-ljåyfz ghjåktvf djpybrfkf d gjcktlytt dht-vz, yfghbvth, rjulf dtcmvf xfcnyjt bccktlj-dfybt ghbvtytybz cvthnyjq rfpyb d CIF,ghjdjlbdittcz Rjvbccbtq JJY gj ghfdfvxtkjdtrf, dspdfkj d jghtltktyysö rheufö åe-hñ ytujljdfybz.

Yfrjytw, djpybrftn djghjc j njv, rfrJåütlbytyyst Yfwbb cvtcnbkb wtynh nzétcnbvtéle edfétybtv cedthtybntnf b pfobnjq ghfdxtkjdtrf. Dct gjcktlybt ytcrjkmrj utythfkm-ysö ctrhtnfhtq JJY jncnfbdfkb åjktt dct-jåütvkñobq gjlöjl, gjcntgtyyj ghtjljktdfzjuhfybxtybz, yfrkflsdftvst yf gjkyjvjxbzJJY dyenhbujcelfhcndtyyjq ñhbclbrwbtq. Yf-båjktt jcnhj lfyyfz ghjåktvf dcnftn d cdzpb cuheåsvb yfheitybzvb, gjhjélfñobvb ghbps-ds r ≤uevfybnfhyjq bynthdtywbb≥ gjl äubljqJJY. Ytlfdybt ghbvths – Hefylf, Åjcybz,Rjcjdj b Xtxyz – cdbltntkmcndeñn rfr j gjåe-lbntkmysö vjnbdfö r bynthdtywbb, nfr b j utj-gjkbnbxtcrbö juhfybxtybzö yf tt jceotcndkt-

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jnltkbnm cbvdjkbxtcreñ gjkbnbre jn cjlthéf-ntkmyjq bkb aeyrwbjyfkmyjq. D cbvdjkbxtcrjvcvsckt cedthtybntn jxtym ntcyj cdzpfy c en-dthéltybtv äktvtynf ≤cfvj≥ d gjyznbb cfvj-jghtltktybz b gjkbnbrjq bltynbabrfwbb, ghj-djlbvjq d ghtltkfö cedthtyyjuj ujcelfhcndf.Gjljåyjt cbvdjkbxtcrjt gjybvfybt yt ghjnb-djhtxbn dpfbvjltqcndbñ c dytiybvb cbkfvbyf jcyjdt hfpltkztvsö wtyyjcntq b jåobö by-nthtcjd, rjnjhjt ckeébn jceotcndktybtv cedt-htybntnf, öjnz b vjétn ghbdtcnb r juhfybxt-ybñ cdjåjls ltqcndbq ujcelfhcndf. Njxyj nfrét b c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf. Bö cbvdjkbxtcrjtendthéltybt vjétn fccjwbbhjdfnmcz c bltjkj-ubxtcrjq jhbtynfwbtq, njulf rfr gj ceotcndehtfkbpfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf vjétn euhjéfnm ecnj-zdibvcz cjwbfkmysv, ärjyjvbxtcrbv, gjkbnb-xtcrbv b rekmnehysv cnhernehfv c bö ghbdbkt-ubzvb b ujcgjlcndeñobv gjkjétybtv.

D cbke dctö änbö ghbxby jcjåtyyj dféyjhfpkjébnm ltåfns j cedthtybntnt b ghfdfö xt-kjdtrf yf cjcnfdkzñobt ≤rnj≥, ≤rjve≥ b ≤pf-xtv≥, nj tcnm dszdbnm ghbnzpfybz, ltqcndeñ-obö kbw, bynthtcs b wtyyjcnb d bö rjyntrcnt.Ckjéyjcnm cjöhfybncz, yj, gj rhfqytq vtht,evtymibncz ntyltywbz r vfybgekzwbzv d ltåf-nfö, pfntvyzñobv htfkmysq hfcrkfl cbk bghfrnbxtcrb bcrkñxfñobv djpvjéyjcnm jwt-ybnm gjcktlcndbz fkmnthyfnbdysö dfhbfynjdltqcndbq.

ybt. R xbcke afrnjhjd, rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvjexbnsdfnm, jnyjczncz cktleñobt: djpvjéyjcnmcghfdbnmcz c cbnefwbtq yf ghbtvktvjv ehjdythbcrf lkz cnhernehs, jceotcndkzñotq bynth-dtywbñ; cntgtym ghbdthétyyjcnb åkfujgjke-xbñ gjcnhflfdituj yfctktybz, cdzpfyyfz cjdpfbvjjnyjitybzvb vtéle änjq cnhernehjq bjåotcndjv, d rjnjhjv jyf ltqcndetn; öfhfrnthb ukeåbyf bynthtcjd, gjcnfdktyysö yf rfhne. Cnfrjq njxrb phtybz kturj gjyznm ybprbq ehj-dtym gjkbnbxtcrjq djkb d jnyjitybb Hefyls(jncencndbt bynthtcjd) b Xtxyb (ckbirjv dscj-rbq hbcr), b dscjrbq ehjdtym, cdzpfyysq cÅjcybtq, b ntv åjktt c Rjcjdj (hfcgjkjétybtd Tdhjgt, cnhfö gthtl rhegyjvfcinfåyjq åfk-rfycrjq djqyjq, vjåbkbpfwbz jåotcndtyyjujvytybz, ébpytcgjcjåyjcnm YFNJ gjckt öjkjl-yjq djqys).

Pfrkñxtybt

Jxtdblyj, xnj cgtrnh ghbyznsö cvsckjdsöpyfxtybq, fccjwbbheñoböcz rfr c cedthtybnt-njv, nfr b c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf, jåhfpetn gjktytjlyjpyfxyjcnb, gjpdjkzñott gjkbnbxtcrbvbuhjrfv c ghjnbdjgjkjéysvb wtyyjcnzvb bwtkzvb ghbdktrfnm lkz htitybz cdjbö ghfrnb-xtcrbö pflfx jlby bkb jåf gjkñcf änjuj cgtr-nhf. Dféyj gjybvfnm gjljåyst ntyltywbb dvtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybzö, yt egecrfz bp db-le nhb ljvbybheñobt ävgbhbxtcrbt ntylty-wbb: dj-gthdsö, hfphfcnfybt vtéleyfhjlysö bnhfycyfwbjyfkmysö djghjcjd ghfd xtkjdtrf dvyjujxbcktyysö ajhvfö dj dct åjktt dféyeñghjåktvyeñ jåkfcnm; dj-dnjhsö, lbyfvbre lt-nthhbnjhbfkbpfwbb gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb – ghj-wtccf, dtleotuj r vtymitq yfltéyjcnb ujce-lfhcndtyysö uhfybw; d-nhtnmbö, åjktt ibhjrbtdjpvjéyjcnb ujcelfhcnd d gjcnrjkjybfkmyeñägjöe, gjpdjkzñobt gjllthébdfnm nthhbnjhb-fkmyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnm gthtl kbwjv lbgkjvfnbbdvtifntkmcndf (ujcelfhcndtyysq cedthtybntn dyfcnjzott dhtvz htfkty lkz åjkmibycndfcnhfy, d njv xbckt d ≤nhtnmtv vbht≥).

Genfybwf, cdzpfyyfz cj dpfbvjcdzpfyysvbghtlcnfdktybzvb j cedthtybntnt b ghfdfö xt-kjdtrf, jnxfcnb jåeckjdktyf ytcgjcjåyjcnmñ

Dpukzls, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b

yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

34

Ujlbncz kb ltvjrhfnbz lkz dctö? Lkz

fvthbrfywtd jndtn yf änjn djghjc fr-

cbjvfnbxty. Yfif ltvjrhfnbz jcyjds-

dftncz yf ghtlgjcskrfö j njv, xnj

≤dct kñlb cjplfys hfdysvb b yfltktys

cjplfntktv jghtltktyysvb ytjnütvkt-

vsvb ghfdfvb≥ b xnj ≤dkfcnb xthgfñn

cdjñ pfrjyyeñ dkfcnm bp cjukfcbz ntö,

rtv jyb eghfdkzñn≥. Änb ghbywbgs, rfr

crfpfyj d fvthbrfycrjq Ltrkfhfwbb

ytpfdbcbvjcnb, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq

≤cfvjjxtdblyst bcnbys≥. Åtpeckjdyj,

änj cjdctv yt nfr. Yb jlyj ghfdbntkm-

cndj ybrjulf ghtélt yt jgbhfkjcm yf

ybö. Änj åskj crjhtt ghjdjpukfitybtv

dths bkb jcyjdysö ghbywbgjd. Bö yt-

kmpz åskj ljrfpfnm, yj jyb dshféfkb

aeylfvtynfkmyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j

cghfdtlkbdjcnb, öfhfrnthyjt lkz

fvthbrfycrbö jnwjd-jcyjdfntktq. Hfp-

dbdfz äne ntjhbñ, Léjief Vehfdxbr,

yfexysq cjnhelybr Fvthbrfycrjuj

bycnbnenf ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf b fdnjh

rybub ≤Bccktljdfybt ltvjrhfnbb:

htfkbpfwbz ghtlyfpyfxtybz Fvthbrb≥,

hfccvfnhbdftn rjywtgwbñ ≤ltvjrhfnbb

lkz dctö≥ b jghtltkztn tt gfhfvtnhs

b ghjåktvs.

YBULT D LTRKFHFWBB yt crfpfyj, xnj änbghbywbgs ghbvtybvs njkmrj r fvthbrfywfv.Yfghjnbd, fdnjhs cnhtvbkbcm jgbcfnm ghbywb-gs cghfdtlkbdjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybzghbvtybntkmyj rj ≤dctv kñlzv≥. Änf dctjå-oyjcnm åskf gjlndthéltyf ntv ecgtöjv, c rj-njhsv fvthbrfycrjt ujcelfhcndj ≤fåcjhåbhjdf-kj≥ vbkkbjys bvvbuhfynjd cfvsö hfpysö yf-wbjyfkmyjcntq, dtcmvf jnkbxysö jn yfwbjyfkm-yjcntq tuj jnwjd-jcyjdfntktq, f nfrét ävfycb-gbhjdfyysö hfåjd cfvjq Fvthbrb. Gj vtht gj-cntgtyyjuj ghtdhfotybz CIF d vyjujzpsxyeñcnhfye ltvjrhfnbz yt jckfåtdfkf, f, yfghjnbd,gjcktljdfntkmyj erhtgkzkfcm. Fvthbrfyws, rj-njhst dthzn d yfie ltvjrhfnbñ b jåjcyjdfybz,gjldtltyyst gjl ytt jnwfvb-exhtlbntkzvb, lj-kéys nfrét jåzpfntkmyj dthbnm d nj, xnj kñlbd lheubö cnhfyfö yfltktys nfrbvb ét ghfdfvbb xnj dkfcnb gjdctvtcnyj ljkéys jgbhfnmcz yfcjukfcbt ntö, rtv jyb eghfdkzñn.

Djphfétybz ghjnbd ghbywbgf

dctjåoyjcnb ltvjrhfnbb

Jlyfrj änf eåtéltyyjcnm dj dctjåoyjcnb lt-vjrhfnbb, öfhfrnthyfz lkz fvthbrfywtd, djdctyt lkz dctö jrfpsdftncz ≤cfvjjxtdblyjq≥. Yf-ghbvth, ghtlcnfdbntkb fpbfncrbö ujcelfhcnd,cjåhfdibtcz d Åfyurjrt d 1993 ujle lkz exfc-

Yf genb r cjjåotcnde ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd

Ltvjrhfnbz: ghfdj dctö yfwbq

Léjief Vehfdxbr

35

nbz d htubjyfkmyjq dcnhtxt gj gjlujnjdrt rDctvbhyjq rjyathtywbb JJY gj ghfdfv xtkj-dtrf, ghjdjpukfcbkb, xnj ≤dct cnhfys... bvtñnghfdj jghtltkznm cdjb [cjåcndtyyst] gjkbnb-xtcrbt cbcntvs≥, d njv xbckt, rfr gjlhfpevt-dftncz, b ytltvjrhfnbxtcrbt. Jyb nfrét jnvt-nbkb, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf ≤ljkéys hfccvfnhb-dfnmcz d rjyntrcnt... yfwbjyfkmysö b htubj-yfkmysö jcjåtyyjcntq b hfpkbxbq d bcnjhbxtc-rjv, rekmnehyjv b htkbubjpyjv ghjikjv≥. Yt-cvjnhz yf nbgbxysq lkz lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö pf-zdktybq cnbkm ajhvekbhjdjr, ukfdyfz vsckmzcyf: ltvjrhfnbz yt jåzpfntkmyj ghtlcnfdkztncjåjq åkfuj lkz dctö. D Åfyurjrcrjq ltrkfhf-wbb dshfétyf ytzdyfz gjllthérf bltb ≤fpbfn-crjuj genb≥, rjnjhsq cnfdbn uheggjdst byntht-cs ghtdsit bynthtcjd kbxyjcnb b ghtlgjkfuf-tn ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt gjchtlcndjv fdnjhb-nfhyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz. Fyfkj-ubxyst dscrfpsdfybz gjhjq pdexfn b d jnyjit-ybb yfhjljd lheubö htubjyjd. Yfghbvth, en-dthélftncz, xnj uhfélfyt cnhfy Åkbéytuj Dj-cnjrf ghtlgjxbnfñn gjkbnbxtcrbt cbcntvs, jc-yjdfyyst yf pfgjdtlzö Bckfvf bkb xnj lkz kf-nbyjfvthbrfywtd ytrjt gjljåbt rjhgjhfnbdyj-

uj gjgekbpvf åkbét b hjlytt ≤vtöfybxtcrjq≥ltvjrhfnbb.

Bvttncz tot jlby yfåjh fhuevtynjd ghj-nbd ghbywbgf dctjåoyjcnb ltvjrhfnbb. Vyjubtfvthbrfycrbt extyst cjvytdfñncz d njv, cgj-cjåys kb ébntkb åtlysö bkb ytpfgflysö cnhfyr cfvjeghfdktybñ. Gbcfntkm Bhdbyu Rhbcnjkcajhvekbhjdfk äne vsckm cktleñobv jåhfpjv:≤Z yt ghbyflktée r xbcke ntö, rjuj djjleitd-kztn ecgtö ltvjrhfnbb d Fhutynbyt, yf Abkbg-gbyfö bkb... d Rjhtt... Z ujnjd lthéfnm gfhb,xnj ltvjrhfnbz d änbö cnhfyfö yt dsébdtn≥,gjnjve xnj d ybö jncencndeñn ≤ghtlgjcskrblkz ltvjrhfnbb... jghtltktyyst... nhflbwbb brekmnehf≥. C änjq njxrb phtybz, ltkj yt d njv,xnj e ltvjrhfnbb bvttncz kexifz fkmnthyfnbdf,f d njv, xnj jyf vjétn jrfpfnmcz ytljcnbéb-vjq. Rfr gbcfk gjkbnjkju Létqvc R. Ebkcjy:≤Ltvjrhfnbz b cdjåjlf xtkjdtrf ghtlcnfdkzñncjåjq åkfuj lkz rféljuj... Yj nj åkfuj, rjnjhjtjyb ghbyjczn, vjéyj jwtybnm kbim njulf, rju-lf kñlb cgjrjqys, b d jåotcndt wfhbn nthgb-vjcnm≥. Gj tuj vytybñ, d Rbnft, Hjccbb, åjkm-ibycndt cnhfy Fahbrb b Åkbéytuj Djcnjrf bvyjubö ujcelfhcndfö Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb ltkjjåcnjbn byfxt. Rhbcnjk b Ebkcjy – rjycthdf-njhs, yj njq ét njxrb phtybz ghblthébdfñnczb vyjubt kbåthfkmyst extyst. Yfghbvth, gj-kbnjkju Hjåthn Lfkm gbcfk: ≤Ytghbznysq, båsnm vjétn lfét nhfubxtcrbq afrn cjcnjbn dnjv, xnj dj vyjubö cnhfyfö vbhf yt ceotcndetnåkfujghbznysö eckjdbq lkz hfpdbnbz b gjllth-éfybz ltvjrhfnbb, kbåj d kexitv ckexft jybghjzdkzñncz jxtym ckfåj≥.

Hfccvjnhbv rféljt bp änbö ldeö djphfét-ybq ghjnbd dctjåoyjcnb ltvjrhfnbb. Endth-éltybt j njv, xnj rfélfz cnhfyf bvttn ghfdjyf cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñ cbcntve, gjlybvftn ckt-leñobq djghjc: rnj dscnegftn jn bvtyb cnhf-ys? Djn xnj gj änjve gjdjle levftn bylbqcrbqärjyjvbcn Fvfhnz Cty, rjnjhsq d 1998 ujleåsk eljcnjty Yjåtktdcrjq ghtvbb: ≤Jghfdlf-ybt fdnjhbnfhysö gjkbnbxtcrbö htébvjd dFpbb..., rfr ghfdbkj, pdexbn bp ecn yt ytpfdb-cbvsö bcnjhbrjd, f cfvbö ghtlcnfdbntktqdkfcntq≥. Gjcrjkmre gjljåyst fhuevtyns, yt-cjvytyyj, ghjlbrnjdfys cdjtrjhscnysvb bynt-

Léjief Vehfdxbr

36

ghjce j cjöhfytybb tuj ghfdktybz. Bltz pf-rkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås ghtljcnfdbnm bpåbhfnt-kzv dsåbhfnm vtéle cnfnec-rdj b ytbpdtcnysvåeleobv, rjnjhjt ljkéyj åskj ghtlcnfdkznmczxbkbqwfv ytåtpjgfcysv. Ytcvjnhz yf änj,åjkmibycndj yfctktybz dscrfpfkjcm ghjnbd cj-öhfytybz htébvf Gbyjxtnf. D 1989 ujle gjkm-crbt dkfcnb b jggjpbwbz ljujdjhbkbcm ghjdtc-nb gjkefkmnthyfnbdyst dsåjhs. Ghtlcnjzkfåjhmåf pf vyjubt vtcnf d dscitv pfrjyjlfntkm-yjv jhufyt cnhfys, yj dscitt rjvveybcnbxtc-rjt herjdjlcndj d gjkyjv cjcnfdt d wtkzö cj-öhfytybz cdjtuj ujcgjlcndf ljkéyj åskj åfk-kjnbhjdfnmcz åtp cjgthybrjd. Jlyfrj yfhjl cj-hdfk änjn gkfy. Ytcvjnhz yf jncencndbt fkmnth-yfnbdysö rfylblfnjd, åjkmibycndj bpåbhfnt-ktq dsxthryekb bp bpåbhfntkmyjuj åñkktntyzafvbkbb ≤dféysö ibitr≥. Djpvjéyj, änj ås-kb tlbycndtyyst d bcnjhbb rfylblfns, rjnj-hst åfkkjnbhjdfkbcm åtp fkmnthyfnbds b dctét ghjbuhfkb. D 1990 ujle, rjnjhsq jpyfvtyj-dfkcz gfltybtv lbrnfnjhcrbö htébvjd dj dctvvbht, gj Åbhvt ghjrfnbkfcm djkyf vfccjdsöekbxysö ltvjycnhfwbq, rjnjhst åskb étcnjrjgjlfdktys ghfdzobv djtyysv htébvjv. Vyj-ubt ghjntcnfyns åskb eåbns cjklfnfvb, yj drjytxyjv bnjut dkfcnb cjukfcbkbcm ghjdtcnb dcnhfyt gthdst pf gjxnb 30 ktn dsåjhs. Yf yböeåtlbntkmyeñ gjåtle jlthéfkf Yfwbjyfkmyfzkbuf pf ltvjrhfnbñ, yfåhfdifz åjktt 80fi uj-kjcjd, yj, r dtkbrjve cjéfktybñ, djtyyfz jkb-ufhöbz jnrfpfkfcm ghbpyfnm bnjub dsåjhjd.

Ghtlgjxntybt d gjkmpe

ltvjrhfnbb

Vjéyj ghbdtcnb tot vfcce gjljåysö ghbvt-hjd. F åskb kb ckexfb, rjulf lbrnfnjhs dsbu-hsdfkb cdjåjlyst dsåjhs, erhtgkzz cdjt ghfd-ktybt? Rjulf änj yfhjl ujkjcjdfk pf jnrfp jncdjbö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfd? Hfpevttncz, bvt-ñncz ckexfb, rjulf bpåhfyyst d htpekmnfnt cdj-åjlysö dsåjhjd herjdjlbntkb jnrfpsdfkbcmckjébnm c ctåz dkfcnyst gjkyjvjxbz, afrnb-xtcrb ghtdhfofzcm d lbrnfnjhjd, yj yb d jlyjvbp änbö ckexftd ybrnj bp rfylblfnjd yt ghb-pyfdfk pf cjåjq nfrjuj yfvthtybz dj dhtvz bp-

htcfvb, jyb jåsxyj dsldbufñncz jn bvtyb yf-hjlf. Yfv ujdjhzn: ≤rbnfqcrbq yfhjl≥, ≤yfhjlCbyufgehf≥ bkb yfhjl kñåjq lheujq cnhfys ytöjxtn ltvjrhfnbb. Änj endthéltybt, gjvbvjbhjybb (c rfrbö änj gjh ytltvjrhfnbxtcrbtdkfcnb bynthtcetn, xtuj öjxtn yfhjl?), dspsdf-tn tot b cktleñobq djghjc: jnrelf dkfcnb vj-uen pyfnm, xtuj öjxtn yfhjl, tckb jyb tuj jåänjv yt cghfibdfñn?

Ghfdbntkb ythtlrj pfzdkzñn, xnj bv, ltc-rfnm, bpdtcnyj, xtuj öjnzn nt, rtv jyb ghfdzn,yj gjxtve vs ljkéys dthbnm gjljåysv endth-éltybzv? D gznbltcznst ujls yf ñut CIFghtlcnfdbntkb åtkjq hfcs xfcnj c edthtyyjc-nmñ ujdjhbkb, xnj ≤yfibö wdtnysö≥ dgjkytecnhfbdftn hfcjdfz ctuhtufwbz. Yj rfr njkmrjxthyjrjébv åskj ghtljcnfdktyj ghfdj ujkjcf,endthéltybz cnjhjyybrjd ctuhtufwbb åskbgjkyjcnmñ jghjdthuyens.

Dj dctv vbht bvtkj vtcnj ytvfkj ckexftd,rjulf kñlzv, ébdibv d eckjdbzö lbrnfnehs, drjywt rjywjd ghtljcnfdkzkcz ifyc bpüzdbnmcdjñ djkñ, b dczrbq hfp htpekmnfns gjljåyjujdjktbpüzdktybz jrfpsdfkbcm yt d gjkmpe lbrnf-njhjd. Jåsxyj änj ghjbcöjlbkj njulf, rjulfghfdzobq htébv yfxbyfk joeofnm yf ctåtlfdktybt b gjänjve åsk dsyeélty ecnhfbdfnmdsåjhs yf åkfujghbznysö lkz ctåz eckjdbzö dyfltélt elthéfnmcz e dkfcnb. D 1977 ujle, rju-lf gj Bylbb ghjrfnbkfcm djkyf ghjntcnjd ghj-nbd ddtltyyjuj dkfcnzvb djtyyjuj gjkjétybz,Bylbhf Ufylb cjukfcbkfcm ghjdtcnb dsåjhs,hfccxbnsdfz ntv cfvsv pfhexbnmcz gjllthérjqyfctktybz. D åtlyjq cnhfyt dhjlt Bylbb, hfc-ceélfkf jyf, tt ärjyjvbxtcrbt jåtofybz åelenpyfxbnm åjkmit, xtv gjkbnbxtcrbt ghfdf. Dvtc-nj änjuj d htpekmnfnt dsåjhjd Ufylb kbibkfcmdkfcnb, f jggjpbwbjyyjt ldbétybt djpukfdbkfgfhnbz ≤ytghbrfcftvsö≥ – åtlytqibö bp åtl-ysö. D 1987 ujle Athlbyfyl Vfhrjc jhufybpj-dfk yf Abkbggbyfö ≤crjhjgfkbntkmyst dsåj-hs≥, ghtljcnfdbd jggjpbwbb ckbirjv vfkjdhtvtyb lkz cfvjjhufybpfwbb, yj d bnjut b jyghjbuhfk. Xthtp ujl ghtpbltyn Xbkb FduecnjGbyjxtn, yt étkfz blnb yf hbcr, cdzpfyysq cghjdtltybtv fkmnthyfnbdysö dsåjhjd, cjukf-cbkcz dvtcnj änjuj ecnhjbnm gktåbcwbn gj dj-

37

åbhfntkmyjq rfvgfybb. Lf, yf dsåjhfö d hzltujcelfhcnd åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj åkjrf r dkfcnbdyjdm ghbikb åsdibt rjvveybcns. Yj yb jlbybp änbö rfylblfnjd yt ghtlkjébk djccnfyjdbnmjlyjgfhnbqyeñ cbcntve. Dvtcnj änjuj jybcnhjbkb cdjb bpåbhfntkmyst rfvgfybb yfghtlkfuftvsö bvb htitybzö cjwbfkmysö b ärj-yjvbxtcrbö ghjåktv, yt bvtz ybxtuj ghjnbdltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ghjwtleh.

Yfbåjktt cdtébt ghbvths ujkjcjdfybz,rjulf yfhjl, ébdeobq gjl fdnjhbnfhysv ghfd-ktybtv, ghjltvjycnhbhjdfk cdjt ghtlgjxntybtd gjkmpe ltvjrhfnbb, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq By-ljytpbz b Bhfy. D 1998 ujle cneltyxtcrbt lt-vjycnhfwbb ghbdtkb r ybpdthétybñ htébvfutythfkf Ceöfhnj, f yf gjcktljdfdibö pf änbvdsåjhfö åsdifz ghfdzofz gfhnbz ≤Ujkrfh≥ gj-nthgtkf cjrheibntkmyjt gjhfétybt. Bhfy totybrjulf yt ghjdjlbk gjkyjcnmñ cdjåjlyst ds-åjhs. R exfcnbñ d ybö ljgecrfñncz njkmrj ntrfylblfns, rjnjhst jåzpeñncz gjllthébdfnmbckfvcreñ cbcntve b jljåhtys herjdjlbntkzvbleöjdtycndf. Ntv yt vtytt, gfhkfvtyncrbt ds-åjhs d änjv ujle xtnrj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb dj-kñ yfhjlf r hfcibhtybñ b eukeåktybñ ltvjr-hfnbb. Änb cjåsnbz cjlthéfn d ctåt ytrbq äkt-vtyn ≤njhétcndf hjvfynbxtcrjq cghfdtlkbdjc-nb≥, gjcrjkmre yf rjyathtywbb d ÅfyurjrtBhfy b Byljytpbz yfbåjktt frnbdyj jncnfbdf-kb ntpbc j njv, xnj ébntkb Fpbb yt ghbdtncn-deñn vtéleyfhjlyst cnfylfhns ltvjrhfnbb bghfd xtkjdtrf.

Tot jlby dfhbfyn endthéltybz j njv, xnjytrjnjhst cnhfys yt öjnzn ltvjrhfnbb, bkkñc-nhbhetncz cktleñotq wbnfnjq fvthbrfycrjujextyjuj Ujdfhlf Dbfhls, cgtwbfkbcnf gj Kf-nbycrjq Fvthbrt: ≤Z cjvytdfñcm d njv, xnjKfnbycrfz Fvthbrf öjxtn... ltvjrhfnbb fvthb-rfycrjuj jåhfpwf≥. Ckeifz gjljåyst dscrfps-dfybz, vjéyj gjlevfnm, xnj djghjc pfrkñxftn-cz yt d njv, ckeébn kb ltvjrhfnbz dctjåotqwtyyjcnmñ, f d njv, ljkéys kb dct cnhfysbvtnm gjkbnbxtcreñ cbcntve, crhjtyyeñ gj jl-yjve b njve ét – fvthbrfycrjve – ktrfke. Änjytghfdbkmyfz gjcnfyjdrf djghjcf. Gjxtve kñ-åfz lheufz cnhfyf ljkéyf étkfnm ltvjrhfnbb≤fvthbrfycrjuj jåhfpwf≥? Fvthbrfycrfz cbcnt-

vf c tt jcjåsvb clthérfvb b ghjnbdjdtcfvb,vjueotcndtyysv Ctyfnjv c ytghjgjhwbjyfkm-ysv ghtlcnfdbntkmcndjv, hfpltktybtv gjkyjvj-xbq vtéle dkfcnzvb infnjd b atlthfkmysvghfdbntkmcndjv, ldevz ljvbybheñobvb gfh-nbzvb b n. l. b n. g., djpybrkf yt chfpe. Lhe-ubt ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf bvtñn gfhkf-vtyncrbt cbcntvs, eybnfhyst ghfdbntkmcndf,vyjujgfhnbqyst dsåjhs, ghjgjhwbjyfkmyjtghtlcnfdbntkmcndj, jlyjgfkfnyst pfrjyjlfntkm-yst jhufys b vyjétcndj lheubö dfhbfwbq. Rju-lf cjñpybxtcrbt jrregfyns cjplfdfkb ltvjrhf-nbñ d Zgjybb gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys,jyb yf ghjnzétybb rjhjnrjuj gthbjlf dhtvtybgsnfkbcm ddtcnb atlthfkmyeñ cbcntve ujcelfh-cndtyyjuj eghfdktybz, yj jyf jrfpfkfcm yf-cnjkmrj xeéljq zgjycrbv nhflbwbzv, xnj gj-ghjcne yt ghbébkfcm. Rfélfz ltvjrhfnbz eyb-rfkmyf, b ceotcndetn dtkbrjt vyjétcndj djp-vjéysö dfhbfynjd bycnbnewbjyfkmysö ajhv.

Änj, jlyfrj, djdct yt jpyfxftn, xnj dctcnhfys, yfpsdfñobt ctåz ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb,ltqcndbntkmyj pfckeébdfñn njuj, xnjås nfr yf-psdfnmcz. Bcnjhbz pyfkf ytvfkj rjvveybcnb-xtcrbö b ghjxbö htdjkñwbjyysö htébvjd bldbétybq, yfpsdfdibö ctåz ≤ltvjrhfnbxtcrb-vb≥ yf njv jcyjdfybb, xnj jyb, zrjås, ghtlfysltke gjdsitybz åkfujcjcnjzybz cdjtuj yfhjlf,öjnz b ghbikb r dkfcnb yt d htpekmnfnt dctyf-hjlysö dsåjhjd. Yj d gjcktlybt ujls ceotcn-djdfybz Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf tuj Ghtpbltyn Vböf-bk Ujhåfxtd ghbpyfk gjljåyjt ghbvtytybtnthvbyf ≤ltvjrhfnbz≥ ytjghfdlfyysv. ≤Ctujl-yz vs pyftv, – crfpfk jy, – xnj vjéyj åskj åsbpåtéfnm vyjubö... nhelyjcntq, tckb ås ltvjr-hfnbxtcrbq ghjwtcc d yfitq cnhfyt hfpdbdfk-cz yjhvfkmyj≥. Gjl änbv jy, gj tuj cjåcndty-ysv ckjdfv, gjlhfpevtdfk ≤ghtlcnfdbntkmyeñ,gfhkfvtyncreñ ltvjrhfnbñ≥.

Jghtltktybt gjyznbz

≤ltvjrhfnbz≥

Gjcrjkmre nthvby ≤ltvjrhfnbz≥ ythtlrj bc-gjkmpetncz ytghfdbkmyj, dféyj erfpfnm jcyjd-yst öfhfrnthbcnbrb, jghtltkzñobt, jnyjcbnczkb nj bkb byjt ujcelfhcndj r ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv

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bkb ytn. Jyb cdjlzncz r cktleñobv nhtv dt-ofv. Dj-gthdsö, dscibt ujcelfhcndtyyst xb-yjdybrb ljkéys bpåbhfnmcz d htpekmnfnt cdj-åjlysö b xtcnysö dsåjhjd. Änj jpyfxftn, xnjrfélsq uhfélfyby bvttn ghfdj åfkkjnbhjdfnm-cz yf ujcelfhcndtyysq gjcn b ujkjcjdfnm yfdsåjhfö. Hfpevttncz, jnrkjytybz jn änjuj ghby-wbgf djpvjéys, yj kbim ytpyfxbntkmyst. DÑFH d eckjdbzö fgfhntblf ghjdjlbkbcm fkm-nthyfnbdyst dsåjhs, yj xthyjrjébt åskb kb-itys djpvjéyjcnb ujkjcjdfnm. Änj yt ltvjrhf-nbz. D Bhfyt bpåbhfñncz ghtpbltyn b dscibqpfrjyjlfntkmysq jhufy, yj vyjubt rfylblfnsåskb jncnhfytys jn exfcnbz d dsåjhfö herjdj-lbntkzvb leöjdtycndf, f dct bpåhfyyst xbyjd-ybrb gjlxbyzñncz ytdsåjhysv htkbubjpysvcjdtnfv. Änj njét yt ltvjrhfnbz.

Dj-dnjhsö, ljkéyf åsnm jåtcgtxtyf cdjåj-lf cfvjdshfétybz, nj tcnm cdjåjlf ckjdf, gtxf-nb, cjåhfybq b n. g. Pltcm nfrét djpvjéys yt-pyfxbntkmyst jnrkjytybz, yj cnhfyf dhjlt Cth-åbb, ult chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb d jc-yjdyjv vjyjgjkbpbhjdfys htébvjv, f ytvyjuj-xbcktyyst ytpfdbcbvst ufptns b hflbj- b nt-ktcnfywbb gjldthufñncz ñhblbxtcrjve b abpb-xtcrjve ghtcktljdfybñ, yt vjétn cxbnfnmczltvjrhfnbtq, gecrfq nfv lfét b ghjikb fkm-nthyfnbdyst dsåjhs.

D-nhtnmbö, ljkéyj ghtdfkbhjdfnm dthöjdty-cndj pfrjyf. Rjulf xtkjdtrf jådbyzñn d cjdth-itybb njuj bkb byjuj ghtcnegktybz, jy ljkétyåsnm edthtyysv d njv, xnj tuj ltkj åeltn hfc-cvjnhtyj celjv jåütrnbdyj, f yt d cjjndtncn-dbb c erfpfybzvb, lfyysvb celmt gjkbnbxtcrb-vb dkfcnzvb. Fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv kñåjquhfélfyby, gjldthuibqcz ytcghfdtlkbdjve jå-hfotybñ cj cnjhjys ujcelfhcndtyyjuj xbyjd-ybrf, ljkéty bvtnm jghtltktyyst chtlcndfghfdjdjq pfobns. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, Vfkfqpbz, rghbvthe, yt vjétn cxbnfnmcz ltvjrhfnbxtcrjqcnhfyjq lfét ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ytlfdyj nfvghjikb dsåjhs, gjnjve xnj kblth jggjpbwbbcjlthébncz d nñhmvt yf jcyjdfybb jådbytybq,rjnjhst, dyt dczrjuj cjvytybz, åskb cghjdjwb-hjdfys ghtpbltynjv.

Lfdfqnt ntgthm jåhfnbvcz rj dnjhjve hjledjphfétybq ghjnbd dctjåoyjcnb ltvjrhfnbb, f

bvtyyj endthéltybñ nfrbö vsckbntktq, rfrRhbcnjk, Ebkcjy b Lfkm, xnj ltvjrhfnbz,crjkm ås étkfyyjq jyf yb åskf, dsöjlbn pfhfvrb cgjcjåyjcntq yfhjljd åtlysö b ytpfgfl-ysö cnhfy.

Änjn ntpbc jnyñlm yt yjd. Gjljåysq étcrtgnbwbpv ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq njve yfpfldscrfpsdfkcz d jnyjitybb ltvjrhfnbxtcrböcgjcjåyjcntq jåotcnd, rjnjhst vs ctqxfc ghb-dsrkb yfpsdfnm ecnjqxbdsvb ltvjrhfnbzvb.Yfghbvth, d rjywt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqysGhtpbltyn Ufhhb Nheväy gjghjcbk jlyjuj dt-leotuj ärcgthnf gj Zgjybb bp Ujcelfhcndtyyj-uj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghjrjycekmnbhjdfnm tujgj djghjce j njv, xnj ltkfnm c änjq cnhfyjqgjckt njuj, rfr yfl ytq åeltn jlthéfyf gjåt-lf. Ärcgthn, rjnjhjuj pdfkb Léjpta Uhñ, crf-pfk Ghtpbltyne, xnj ≤c njxrb phtybz ljkuj-chjxyjq gthcgtrnbds kexitt, yf xnj vs vj-étv hfccxbnsdfnm, änj rjycnbnewbjyyfz vjyfh-öbz. Bcnjhbxtcrbq jgsn gjrfpsdftn, xnj lt-vjrhfnbz d Zgjybb ybrjulf yt ghbébdtncz≥.Lheujq ghbvth: rjulf d 1952 ujle pfrjyxbkfcmjrregfwbz Pfgflyjq Uthvfybb pfgflysvb djq-crfvb, dslfñobqcz gjkbnjkju Ufyc Äekfe gj-ctnbk äne cnhfye b d jnxfzybb yfgbcfk: ≤Åjyy-crfz Htcgeåkbrf yfgjvbyftn dnjheñ Dtqvfh-creñ Htcgeåkbre... ghjåeélfz d gfvznb dct ntét cnfhst ytjghtltktyyst ghtlxedcndbz≥.Ghjåktvf, gjzcyzk Äekfe, pfrkñxftncz d njv,xnj ≤uthvfycrfz gjkbnbrf... åfpbhetncz yt yfltvjrhfnbxtcrjv jgsnt, f yf ukeåjrjq ävjwbj-yfkmyjcnb≥.

Rjulf Bnfkbz d ldflwfnst ujls ddthbkfctåz d herb afibcnjd, bcnjhbr Fhyjkml Njq-yåb yfgbcfk, xnj ≤tt jnrfp jn ≤ltvjrhfnbb≥ (dghbyznjv e yfc pyfxtybb änjuj nthvbyf) gjcnf-dbk djghjc j njv, vjétn kb änj gjkbnbxtcrjtlhtdj yf cfvjv ltkt gecnbnm ukeåjrbt rjhybult-ybåelm tot, rhjvt rfr d cdjtq hjlyjq gj-xdt≥, gjl rjnjhjq jy gjlhfpevtdfk Fyukbñ bFvthbre. Yj lfét d cfvjq Fvthbrt dscrfps-dfkbcm cjvytybz d jnyjitybb ≤gjkbnbxtcrjqrjvgtntywbb≥ ytrjnjhsö tt uhfélfy. Rfr gj-zcybk, dscnegfz d Ufhdfhlcrjq irjkt ghfdf d1957 ujle, ctyfnjh Cnhjv Nehvjyl: ≤E vyjuböytuhjd ghjcnj jncencndetn ljcnfnjxyfz gjkbnb-

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xtcrfz cjpyfntkmyjcnm lkz... exfcnbz d gjkbnb-xtcrbö b jåotcndtyysö ltkfö... e vyjubö, dthj-znyj, nfrét jncencndetn wtksq hzl lheubö rfxt-cnd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz gj-yfcnjzotve jcjpyfy-yjuj exfcnbz d dsåjhfö≥.

Endthéltybt j njv, xnj ltvjrhfnbz yeélf-tncz d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö nhflbwbzö, jpyfxftnpfvryensq rheu. Dtlm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt nhflb-wbb vjéyj jåhtcnb, kbim ghfrnbrez ltvjrhf-nbñ yf ltkt. D jndtn yf änj crtgnbrb crféen,xnj ltvjrhfnbz yf Pfgflt dshjckf bp jght-ltktyysö bltq d cjjndtncndbb c pfgflysvbnhflbwbzvb, djcöjlzobvb tot rj dhtvtyfvrkfccbxtcrjq fynbxyjcnb. Jlyfrj Fvfhnz Ctybvttn ghjnbd änjuj jlyj ytåtpsynthtcyjt djp-hfétybt. Jy erfpsdftn yf njn afrn, xnj pfgfl-yst nhflbwbb cjlthéfn ghjnbdjhtxbdst äkt-vtyns. Rjhyb ltvjrhfnbb cktletn bcrfnm dlhtdytq Uhtwbb, yj uhtxtcrbt abkjcjas nfrétjljåhzkb b hfåcndj. Cjdhtvtyyfz ltvjrhfnbzeyfcktljdfkf ytrjnjhst äktvtyns pfgflysönhflbwbq, jndthuyed lheubt. Rhjvt njuj, Ctygthtxbckztn kbåthfkmyst äktvtyns, rjnjhstvjéyj jåyfheébnm d åellbcncrbö, rjyaewbfy-crbö, rfenbkmzycrbö, bckfvcrbö b lhtdytby-lbqcrbö abkjcjacrbö nhfrnfnfö, b pflftncz dj-ghjcjv: gjxtve jyb yt vjuen åsnm dpzns d rf-xtcndt rekmnehyjq jcyjds lkz gjcnhjtybz lt-vjrhfnbb d ytpfgflyjv vbht?

Vs ghbdsrkb cxbnfnm, xnj rekmnehf ckeébnjlyjq bp dféysö ltnthvbyfyn gjkbnbrb, jlyf-rj äne cdzpm nhelyj jgbcfnm. Gjkbnjkju Cfvñ-äk Öfynbyunjy yfgjvybk yfv, xnj ytcrjkmrj lt-cznbktnbq njve yfpfl dct ghtbveotcndtyyjrjyaewbfycrbt jåotcndf åskb d jcyjdyjv åtl-ys, f cjwbjkjub endthélfkb, xnj jcjåtyyjcnbgjdtltybz bö uhfélfy, dljöyjdktyysö rjyae-wbfycrbvb dthjdfybzvb, nfrjds, xnj yt gjpdj-kzñn bv dshdfnmcz bp åtlyjcnb. C njq gjhsärjyjvbrf rjyaewbfycrbö cnhfy gthtébkf gt-hbjl cnjkm åehyjuj hjcnf, rfrjuj pf dcñ cdjñbcnjhbñ yt pyfkb yb öhbcnbfycrbt, yb vecekm-vfycrbt ujcelfhcndf. Ntgthm cjwbjkjub gsnf-ñncz gjyznm, xnj d rjyaewbfycrjq dtht tcnmnfrjuj, xnj ≤utythbhetn≥ vfnthbfkmyst åkfuf.

Étkfntkmyf kb ≤ltvjrhfnbz

lkz dctö≥?Yfbåjktt eåtlbntkmysv djphfétybtv ntv, rnjcjvytdftncz d ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö nfkfynfö åtl-ysö bkb ytpfgflysö yfhjljd, ckeébn jgsn gj-cktlybö ltcznbktnbq. Cjukfcyj yfbåjktt fdnj-hbntnyjve ≤bccktljdfybñ cdjåjls≥, tétujlyjghjdjlbvjve xfcnyjq jhufybpfwbtq ≤Ljv cdj-åjls≥, d ghjikjv ujle d 120 bp dctö 192 cnhfyvbhf bvtkbcm ltvjrhfnbxtcrb dsåhfyyst jhuf-ys ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb. Änj 62,5fi dctöcnhfy, d rjnjhsö ghjébdftn 58,2fi yfctktybzdctuj ptvyjuj ifhf. D Fahbrt yfcxbnsdfkjcm20 dsåjhysö ltvjrhfnbq, d Fpbb – 14, yt cxb-nfz vtkrbö jcnhjdysö ujcelfhcnd Fpbfncrj-Nb-öjjrtfycrjuj htubjyf, 11 bp rjnjhsö nfrét ås-kb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbvb. Cfvj cjåjq hfpevttncz,chtlb änbö ytpfgflysö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujce-lfhcnd ytvfkj b åtlysö cnhfy. Rjytxyj ét,åtlyjcnm, ytuhfvjnyjcnm b cjwbfkmyst ghjåkt-vs pfnhelyzñn gjcnhjtybt ltvjrhfnbb. Dgjkytvjétn cnfnmcz, xnj ytrjnjhst bp vjkjlsö lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcnd, drkñxtyysö d cgb-cjr ≤Ljvf cdjåjls≥ d änjv ujle, dthyencz rlbrnfneht njxyj nfr ét, rfr åjkmibycndj pf-gflyjtdhjgtqcrbö ujcelfhcnd ghbikb r ltvjr-hfnbb yt chfpe, f gjcntgtyyj, xthtp gthbjlsghjuhtccf b htuhtccf. Jlyfrj dcz vyjujdtrjdfzbcnjhbz xtkjdtxtcndf exbn yfc, xnj cjwbfkmystb rekmnehyst ghtgzncndbz yt jrfpsdfñncz yt-ghtjljkbvsvb. Tckb extcnm njn afrn, xnj gth-dfz dtcmvf ytcjdthityyfz ltvjrhfnbz åskf cj-plfyf d 1776 ujle, b xnj ntgthm, cgecnz 224 uj-lf, d vbht yfcxbnsdftncz 120 ltvjrhfnbxtcrböujcelfhcnd, nj gjhféfnmcz cktletn yt njve, yf-crjkmrj juhfybxtyf ltvjrhfnbz, f njve, rfribhjrj jyf hfcghjcnhfybkfcm.

Tckb dct änj cdbltntkmcndetn j njv, xnj lt-vjrhfnbz lkz dctö ltqcndbntkmyj djpvjéyf, njétkfntkmyf kb jyf? Z gjkfufñ, xnj lf. Dj-gth-dsö, jyf erhtgbn vbh dj dctv vbht. Ltvjrhf-nbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf yt djññn lheu c lheujv.Änj yfåkñltybt dgthdst åskj cltkfyj 10–15ktn yfpfl. Änjve atyjvtye åskj gjcdzotyjvyjuj bccktljdfybq, b ctujlyz, rfr dshfpbkczjlby extysq, ≤vs rfr ybrjulf åkbprj gjljikbr njve, xnjås ghjdjpukfcbnm änj cdjtuj hjlf äv-

40

gbhbxtcrbv pfrjyjv vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjit-ybq≥. Dtlencz cgjhs j njv, ltqcndbntkmyj kbltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ujcelfhcndf åjktt vbhjkñåb-dst cfvb gj ctåt bkb njkmrj gj jnyjitybñ rlheubv ltvjrhfnbxtcrbv ujcelfhcndfv. Yj dkñåjv ckexft tckb d vbht cnfytn åjkmit lt-vjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, djqys cnfyen vtytt xfc-nsvb.

D ljgjkytybt r ntpbce j ≤ltvjrhfnbxtcrjvvbhjkñåbb≥ Cty dsldbyek tot jlyj endthélt-ybt j ltvjrhfnbzö, rjnjhjt gjrf ybrnj yt jg-hjdthu. Jy endthélftn, xnj yb jlyj ltvjrhfnb-xtcrjt ujcelfhcndj ybrjulf yt bcgsnsdfkj uj-kjlf bkb byjuj cjgjcnfdbvjuj c ybv åtlcndbz.Ghbxbyf änjuj, gj tuj vytybñ, pfrkñxftncz dnjv, xnj ujkjl vjéyj ghtljndhfnbnm. D gjkbnb-xtcrbö cbcntvfö, rjnjhst drkñxfñn d ctåzghbceobt ltvjrhfnbb vtöfybpvs ≤jåhfnyjqcdzpb≥, dkfcnb cnfdzncz d bpdtcnyjcnm d ckexftgjzdktybz gthdsö ghbpyfrjd ujkjlf b ghbyb-vfñn ytjåöjlbvst vths, ghtélt xtv hfphfpbn-cz rfnfcnhjaf.

Nfrjds cbkmyst ≤ntöybxtcrbt≥ ljdjls dgjkmpe ltvjrhfnbb. Yj kbxyj lkz vtyz – åsnmvjétn, gjnjve xnj z fvthbrfytw – yfbåjktteåtlbntkmysv ghtlcnfdkztncz jnyñlm yt ≤ntö-ybxtcrbq≥ ljdjl. Z gjkfufñ, xnj rfélsqdphjcksq xtkjdtr, tckb jy änjuj öjxtn, ljkétybvtnm djpvjéyjcnm cdjbv ujkjcjv jrfpsdfnmdkbzybt yf cdjt ujcelfhcndj. Änj döjlbn d vjtghtlcnfdktybt j xtkjdtxtcrjv ljcnjbycndt yt-pfdbcbvj jn njuj, yfcrjkmrj velhst htitybzghbybvfñn ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt dkfcnb. Uhfélfytnjét yt dctulf ghbybvfñn velhst htitybz,yfghbvth, ghb dsåjht rfhmths bkb cgenybrfébpyb. Yj z cxbnfñ, xnj kexit, xnjås jybbvtkb djpvjéyjcnm ltkfnm cdjq cjåcndtyysqdsåjh b cjdthifnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst jibårb,xtv xnjås bö ébpymñ eghfdkzkb lheubt. Nj étcfvjt, yf vjq dpukzl, jnyjcbncz b r jåotcndty-yjq ébpyb. Z yt vjue ljrfpfnm cdjñ ghfdjne.Htxm bltn yt j ljrfpetvjv endthéltybb, f jå

jcyjdjgjkfufñobö wtyyjcnzö. Ntv yt vtytt,celz gj ibhjrjve hfcghjcnhfytybñ ltvjrhf-nbb dj dctv vbht, änb wtyyjcnb hfpltkzñnjxtym vyjubt kñlb cjdthityyj c lheubv ébp-ytyysv jgsnjv.

Dpukzls, dshfétyyst d yfcnjzotq cnfnmt, ghbyflktéfn tt fdnjhe b

yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn jabwbfkmyeñ gjpbwbñ ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

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Baehr, Peter R.

Human Rights: Universality in Practice

NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1999

Di Palma, Guiseppe

To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990

Farer, Tom J.

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43

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