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Japan’s Automotive EmissionsJapan s Automotive Emissions Regulations and Emissions g
Control Technologiesf 2005 d L tfor 2005 and Later
Akio TamanoEmission & Fuel Efficiency SubcommitteeEmission & Fuel Efficiency Subcommittee
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
1
1.Current Status of Air Pollution
2.Automotive Emissions Regulations
3.Automotive Emissions Control3 Automotive Emissions Control Technologies
2
Trends in Annual Average of Air Pollutants in Japan(Average of Roadside Monitoring Stations )
0.18
0.14
0.16
on
0 1
0.12
ncen
trati
NO2(ppm)
SPM(mg/m3)
0.08
0.1
Con
SPM(mg/m3)
Ox(ppm)
CO(ppm/100)
SO ( )
0.04
0.06 SOx(ppm)
0
0.02
3
070 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06
Year
Attainment Rate of Environmental
General R d id
Quality Standard in 2006General
Monitoring StationRoadside
Monitoring Station
All Regions 100% 90 7%All Regions 100% 90.7%
100% 83.7%NO2 Nox・PM Law
Measures Regions
93.0% 92.8%
96 7% 92 1%
SPMAll Regions
Nox・PM Law 96.7% 92.1%
Oxidant 0.1% 3.7%All Regions
Measures Regions
SO2 99.8% 100%
CO 100% 100%
All Regions
All Regions
4
CO 100% 100%All Regions
1.Current Status of Air Pollution
2.Automotive Emissions Regulations
3.Automotive Emissions Control3 Automotive Emissions Control Technologies
5
Emissions Regulations for Gasoline gPassenger Cars in Japan
1965 = 100
100
1965 = 100
HC
100
NOx2005 New long-term
1975-78 regulations
50CO
regulations
2000 New short-term regulationsCO regulations
065 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10
6
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 101978 20001966 1975
Exhaust Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars
NOxfor Passenger Cars
0.20Diesel New Long-term Standard (’05~)
(g/km)
0.14
0.16
0.18Standard ( 05 )
Diesel Post New Long-term Standard (’09~)
0.15
0.10
0.12Standard (’09~)Gasoline New
Long-term Standard (’05~)
0 080.08 0.024
Gasoline 3☆
0.04
0.06
( )0.08
Gasoline 4☆0.05
0.025
CO HC01.0 0.51.5 0.01 0.050.02 0.03
0.02
0.040
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.100.005 (g/km)(g/km)
0.0130.013
0.050.025
0.010
0 020
0.015
(g/km)(g/km)
0.014
0.005
7PM
0.020
0.025
(g/km)
Emissions Standards for
0.3
Heavy–duty Diesel Vehicles
0.25Long-term regulations
0.2PM(g/kWh)
Long-term regulations(starting 1997)
0.15 New short-term regulations(starting 2003)
0 05
0.1(starting 2003)
New longNew long--term term regulationsregulations
New short-term regulations
Ultra-low PM vehicle
0
0.05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PM
regulationsregulations(starting 2005)(starting 2005)
Post New longPost New long--
Ultra low PM vehicle certification standards
PM
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NOx (g/kW/h)
ggterm regulationsterm regulations(starting 2009)(starting 2009)
Low Emission Vehicle Certification System
NOxNOx (g/km) NOxNOx (g/km)
10-15 Mode Combined Mode
0.080.080.080.08
(g ) (g )
[2000
0.040.04
0.060.06
0.040.04
0.060.06
0.040.040.05
[2005
Regulations]
0.020.020.020.02 0.025Regulations]
0.013J-ULEVJ-ULEV
J SULEV1.15
COCO (g/km)HCHC (g/km)00 0.670.670.040.04 0.020.020.060.060.080.08 00 0.670.670.040.04 0.020.020.060.060.080.08
COCO (g/km)NMHC (g/km)00000.05 0.025
0.013
J-SULEV
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Introduction of Certified Low E i i P C i JEmission Passenger Cars in Japan
T t l it hi d5,000 Total units shipped
1,00
0)
4,000
5,000
pped
(× 3,000
Uni
ts s
hi
1,000
2,000
U
0
,
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
3.9 million low emission vehicles (3☆, 4 ☆) shipped in Year
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
10
( , ) pp2006, 90% or more of all passenger cars
Future Automotive Emissions Regulations in Japan'03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16
Gasoline vehicle
New Long-term Reg.
JC08 mode(Cold)High-level OBD JC08 mode(hot)Passenger car
2015 Fuel EfficiencyStandard
2010 Fuel EfficiencyStandard (10・15mode゙)
Light- and Medium-truck
Heavy-duty vehicleJC08 cold/hot
Standard
Standard (10 15mode )
Diesel vehicle
y yJE05 mode
Post New Long-term Reg.Passenger car
Light- and Medium-truck
2015 Fuel efficiencystandard
NOx Challenge Target??
JE05 modeHeavy-duty vehicle
JE05 d
11
JE05 mode
New Emission Test Mode (JC08 Mode)for Vehicles with GVW of 3,500kg or less
80Distance:4.165kmAve. speed:22.7km
10・15 Modefor Vehicles with GVW of 3,500kg or less
40
60
eed km/h
Ave. speed:22.7kmMax. speed:70km/h
0
20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
spe
In order to accurately assess
the performance of time s
Distance:8 159kmJC08 Mode
pexhaust emissions
in real world
60
80
100
m/h
Distance:8.159kmAve. speed:24.4km/hMax. speed:81.5km/h
20
40
60
speed k
12
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
time s
New Emission Test Mode (JE05 Mode)for Vehicles with GVW of over 3,500kgfor Vehicles with GVW of over 3,500kg
Representative Running Mode As the Basis of Test Mode
8090
m/h)
Distance:13 9km Ave speed:27 3km/h Max speed:87 6km/h
01020304050607080
spee
d(km Distance:13.9km, Ave. speed:27.3km/h, Max.speed:87.6km/h
00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Time (sec)
Actual Max. Torque Curve Measured Data
Vehicle Specification Data Simulation
Conversion to Engine RPM and Torque
Engine OperationEngine Operationon
Engine Dynamometer
13
Dynamometer
Worldwide Harmonization ofWorldwide Harmonization of Emission Test Procedure
Environment- Easy-to-understand rulemaking- Easy-to-evaluate each country policy
Government- Better Air Quality
Lower GHG Easy to evaluate each country policy
Consumer-EFV will be available more cheaper
Manufacturer・Improvement of R&D EfficiencyP i f Ad d T h l i
- Lower GHG
-Greater freedom in selection of vehicles・Promotion of Advanced Technologies
UN/ECE/WP 29
Motorcycle
UN/ECE/WP.29
WMTC GTR
Heavy-duty Vehicle WHDC
WLTP
GTR
14
Light-duty Vehicle WLTP
1.Current Status of Air Pollution
2.Automotive Emissions Regulations
3.Automotive Emissions Control3 Automotive Emissions Control Technologies
15
Emissions Regulations and Main gControl Technologies in Japan
1965 = 100 (Gasoline passenger car)
100
1965 = 100
- Engine improvements
(Gasoline passenger car)
HC
100
NOx - Oxidation catalyst- 3-way catalyst (O2 sensor)- Microprocessor engine control
50CO - Catalyst improvements
- Microprocessor engine control- NOx storage-reduction
catalystAir fuel ratio sensorCO Catalyst improvements
- 2 O2 sensors - Air assist injection
- Air-fuel ratio sensor- VVTi
065 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10
16
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 101978 2005 New long-term
regulations20001966 1975
Emissions Control TechnologiesEmissions Control Technologies(Gasoline vehicles)
Move catalyst forwardCascade catalyst
NOxReduction Technology HC
HC adsorption systemSuperchargingDouble-wall exhaust manifold
Cold emission
VVTBetter control of transient A/FReduce crevice volumeReduce crevice volumeImprove catalystStrengthen swirlIncrease catalyst size and carrier volumeIncrease catalyst size and carrier volumeImprove NOx catalyst Electronically controlled EGR
Hotemission
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Future Technologies to Reduce
Points: Improve combustion Warm up faster Activate catalyst fasterPoints: Improve combustion Warm up faster Activate catalyst faster
Future Technologies to Reduce Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles
D l t l t h l
Points: Improve combustion, Warm up faster, Activate catalyst faster, Points: Improve combustion, Warm up faster, Activate catalyst faster, Restrain deterioration, Improve controlRestrain deterioration, Improve control
Develop engine controlDevelop control technology- Increase control precision for A/F
ratio, ignition timing- Improve OBD detection performance
Improve engine combustionDevelop valve
Develop control partsDevelop sensors
pmechanism
Use thermal energygy- Heat cylinder head, port - Heat intake airetc.
Improve catalyst performance- Improve catalyst
- Reduce heat capacity
p yLow-temperature activation Good heat resistance
- Adsorption purification
Develop exhaust system parts
18
p y- Secondary air- Control exhaust temperature
p pcatalyst
- New catalysts
Y ‘74 ‘77 ‘79 ‘83 ‘89 ‘94 ‘98 ‘03
Diesel Emissions Control TechnologiesYear ‘74 ‘77 ‘79 ‘83 ‘89 ‘94 ‘98 ‘03
Emissions Regulations Short-term
Long-term
New Short-term
Retarded injection timingRetarded injection timingImproved injection nozzleHigher injection pressure CR, UI
Variable injection rateion
syst
em
Variable injection rateMulti-injection (common rail, etc.)Improved combustion chamber
Fuel
inje
ct
e Improved combustion chamberSupercharger with intercoolerInertial supercharging, Supercharger with W/G, etc.
Eng
ine
ke s
yste
m
Variable nozzle turbochargingVariable swirl
Internal EGR
Inta
stem
EGR External hot EGRCooled EGR
PM Oxidation catalyst
EG
R s
ysen
t
19
reduction DPFNOx reduction NOx catalystA
ftertr
eatm
e
Diesel Emission Control Technologies ese ss o Co t o ec o og esfor New Long-term Regulation (1)
U l ti d ti t l t (SCR) Hi h f lUrea selective reduction catalyst (SCR) + High-pressure fuel injection unit + Cooled EGR
EGR valve
High-pressure injector unit
EGR cooler
Urea NOx selective reduction catalyst
Intercooler(Intake air cooler)
High-pressure common rail
EGR cooler
Intake airOxidation catalyst
Exhaust
Oxidation catalyst
Urea-water tankAdded module
20Urea-water adding unit
Air tank
Diesel Emission Control Technologiesfor New Long-term Regulation (2)
DPF + High-pressure fuel injection unit + Cooled EGR
EGR valve
Intake air throttle
High-pressure common rail
IntercoolerIntercooler(Intake air cooler)
Oxidation catalyst DPF (Ceramic filter)
EGR cooler
Intake air Exhaust
21VG turbo
22
23
Future Diesel Emission Control Technology(1) DPF + NO storage red ction 0 30(1) DPF + NOx storage-reduction
catalyst systemCommon rail high-pressure 0.20
0.30
1998 HDV0.25PM Current
Intake air throttleEGR valve
Common rail high-pressure injection unit
0.20
0.10
0.15
(3) DPF
2003 HDV
(2) De-NOx Cat. (1) EM
(g/kWh)Current
EGR cooler
Intake air throttle
4.0 5.00
0 2.0 3.01.0
0.05(3) DPF
2005 HDV
Inter-CoolerInter-Cooler
HC oxidation catalyst NOx (g/kWh)
Inter Cooler Inter Cooler Intercooler
NOx catalyst + DPF
Exhaust Intake air
24Unit to add fuel to
exhaust
1998 HDV0.25(2) Urea SCR System
PM(g/kWh)
2003 HDV.0.18
CurrentUltra-high pressure
(2) Urea SCR System
(g/kWh)
0 027 Urea SCR
pinjection
0 0.7 3.38 4.5NOx (g/kWh)
0.027
EGR valveIntake air throttle 2005 HDV
EGR cooler
Intercooler
Ammonia oxidation catalyst
Ultra-high pressure fuel injection
EGR cooler
Electronically controlled turbo
Intake airDPF
E h tElectronically controlled turbo
High-performance selective reduction
catalyst
P
ExhaustUrea-water
injection controller
25
catalystUrea-water tank
26
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
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