JAPANESE EDUCATION IN JAPANESE EDUCATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE THE INFORMATION AGE

SOCIETYSOCIETY

Fumie Kumagai, Ph.D.Fumie Kumagai, Ph.D.KYORIN UNIVERSITY, TOKYO, JAPANKYORIN UNIVERSITY, TOKYO, JAPAN

E-mail: fkumagai@sfc.ne.jpE-mail: fkumagai@sfc.ne.jpURL: http://www.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~n96287fk/URL: http://www.sfc.keio.ac.jp/~n96287fk/

Outline of the PresentationOutline of the Presentation Introduction Introduction Community NetworkCommunity Network Digital Kids and Participatory EducationDigital Kids and Participatory Education Media literacy Education in Primary and Media literacy Education in Primary and Secondary EducationSecondary Education Growing Up Digital and Youth EducationGrowing Up Digital and Youth Education Online Higher EducationOnline Higher Education Media Literacy Education for the ElderlyMedia Literacy Education for the Elderly ConclusionConclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

The Information Age SocietyThe Information Age Society The Internet The Internet

– Essential Part of the InfrastructureEssential Part of the Infrastructure– New Communication MediumNew Communication Medium

The ADC Principle The ADC Principle – AutonomyAutonomy– DistributionDistribution– CollaborationCollaboration

The ADC Principle in EducationThe ADC Principle in Education IT & Media Networking →Emergence of a New IT & Media Networking →Emergence of a New

Network SocietyNetwork Society Highly Unexpected, Discontinuous, and Sudden Highly Unexpected, Discontinuous, and Sudden

ChangesChanges Needs for the Changes in the Management System: Needs for the Changes in the Management System:

– from the Authoritarian Power of the Top-Down from the Authoritarian Power of the Top-Down Organization Organization

– to the Autonomous, Distributive, and Collaborative to the Autonomous, Distributive, and Collaborative System of Bottom-up OrganizationsSystem of Bottom-up Organizations

Application of the ADC Principle for the Study of Application of the ADC Principle for the Study of Japanese Education in the IA SocietyJapanese Education in the IA Society

What Is Community Network?What Is Community Network?

The Information Technology The Information Technology Narrows Gaps in Information Narrows Gaps in Information

Services due to Regional VariationsServices due to Regional Variations Revitalization of Local Revitalization of Local

AdministrationsAdministrations Distributing Information beyond the Distributing Information beyond the

Boundaries of the Local CommunityBoundaries of the Local Community

Services of Community Network To Services of Community Network To Meet the Needs of IA CitizensMeet the Needs of IA Citizens

The ContentThe Content– Must be proposed clearlyMust be proposed clearly– Need to be understood fullyNeed to be understood fully

The Telecommunication Infrastructure The Telecommunication Infrastructure (Universal Service)(Universal Service)– Information Infrastructure (cabling, Information Infrastructure (cabling,

equipment, etc.)equipment, etc.)– Information Services (Email, Web, etc.)Information Services (Email, Web, etc.)

PeoplePeople

InformationInformation

Network InfrastructureNetwork Infrastructure

ServicesServices

Figure 1 The Four Components of a Figure 1 The Four Components of a Community NetworkCommunity NetworkIN

FR

AS

TR

UC

TU

RIN

FR

AS

TR

UC

TU

R

EE

Digital Kids and Participatory Digital Kids and Participatory EducationEducation

Education Fostering HumanityEducation Fostering Humanity Education Encouraging Creativity Education Encouraging Creativity

and Independenceand Independence Education Meeting the Demand of Education Meeting the Demand of

the Information Age Societythe Information Age Society Education Establishing the Sense of Education Establishing the Sense of

Community SharingCommunity Sharing

Digital Kids and Participatory Digital Kids and Participatory EducationEducation

Too much emphasis on the entrance exams Too much emphasis on the entrance exams for colleges and universitiesfor colleges and universities

Information & MemorizationInformation & Memorization››The The Intellectual Growth of ChildrenIntellectual Growth of Children

Lack of Communication SkillsLack of Communication Skills The Learning Process=A Series of Trial and The Learning Process=A Series of Trial and

Error ExplorationsError Explorations Learn from the Failing ExperiencesLearn from the Failing Experiences Resulting in fully formed human being with Resulting in fully formed human being with

autonomy and creativity.autonomy and creativity.

Figure 2Figure 2 　　 The Process of Education EncouraThe Process of Education Encouraging Creativity and Independenceging Creativity and Independence

　　　 Diversity in Diversity in OrientationsOrientations　

　　　　ImaginationImagination 　CREATIVITYCREATIVITY

　　 TASKTASK 　　Positive Attitudes Positive Attitudes toward Theory toward Theory

ConstructionConstruction 　　

Theory Theory Construction Construction SkillSkill

　 　　　　Logical Logical ReasoningReasoning

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

Figure 3 The Process of Education Meeting Figure 3 The Process of Education Meeting

the Demand of the Information Age Societythe Demand of the Information Age Society 　 ITIT 　

　 　

Education in the Education in the Information Information Age SocietyAge Society

　　

Skills for International Skills for International IndividualIndividual 　　 　　

●●English SkillsEnglish Skills ●●CommunicationCommunication

●●Cross-CulturalCross-Cultural UnderstandingUnderstanding

● ● Personnel ManagementPersonnel Management Autono-mAutono-mous ous SelfSelf

INTER-INTER-NATIONALNATIONALINDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL

●● Multi Media SkillsMulti Media Skills 　 ●● Team WorkTeam Work

●● Information Information Selectivity SkillSelectivity Skill

●● LeadershipLeadership

●● Human Human 　　ManagementManagement SkillSkill

　 　 ●● Stress Stress 　　 ManagementManagement　 　

　 　

Overcoming PressuresOvercoming Pressures

Figure 4 The Process of Education Figure 4 The Process of Education Establishing the Sense of Community SharingEstablishing the Sense of Community Sharing

PupilsPupils 　　 SchoolSchool TeacherTeacher

　　 　 　 　　Com-Com-munitymunity SUPPORTIVE SUPPORTIVE

FAMILIESFAMILIES　 　

Participatory Participatory SchoolSchool

ParentsParents

Par-Par-ticipatorticipatory Team Ty Team Teachingeaching

Par-ticipatPar-ticipatory Learniory Learningng

HomeHome ElderlyElderly 　 　　　 　　　　　　　 ↓

　 　　　　

↑ 　 Community Community SharingSharing

Com

mun

ity Sharing

Com

mun

ity Sharing

Children’s Attitudes for Children’s Attitudes for Autonomous StudyAutonomous Study

By the active use of Internet Search By the active use of Internet Search EnginesEngines

Web Sites both in Japanese and EnglishWeb Sites both in Japanese and English Expand communication network into the Expand communication network into the

Worldwide Cyberspace CommunityWorldwide Cyberspace Community Open Mindedness Open Mindedness A Willingness to Study on Their OwnA Willingness to Study on Their Own

Youth and Media Literacy Youth and Media Literacy Education in JapanEducation in Japan

Published by Japanese Ministry of Post Published by Japanese Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (June 2000) which and Telecommunication (June 2000) which highlights 3 kinds of abilities:highlights 3 kinds of abilities:»The ability to read and understand The ability to read and understand

media.media.»The ability to access media and utilize The ability to access media and utilize

them effectively.them effectively.»The ability to communicate creatively.The ability to communicate creatively.

Media Literacy Education in Media Literacy Education in Primary and Secondary EducationPrimary and Secondary Education

Assist to develop creativity and Assist to develop creativity and imagination in children.imagination in children.

Children take the initiative on the Children take the initiative on the technical aspects of learning.technical aspects of learning.

The teaching staff facilitate the The teaching staff facilitate the learning activities with the children.learning activities with the children.

Growing Up Digital and Growing Up Digital and Youth EducationYouth Education

Youth Socialization at Home= IntergeneraYouth Socialization at Home= Intergenerational Communication between Parents antional Communication between Parents and Youth. d Youth.

Don Tapscott (1997): Don Tapscott (1997): Growing Up DigitalGrowing Up Digital (‘net generation and adults)(‘net generation and adults)»The N-Gen (Net-Generation of under 1The N-Gen (Net-Generation of under 1

6)6)»The Grown Up includes all the others.The Grown Up includes all the others.

Online Higher EducationOnline Higher Education Online Degree Programs in Higher Online Degree Programs in Higher

EducationEducation Enrollment of the Japanese People in Enrollment of the Japanese People in

Online EducationOnline Education Online Education and Burden to the Online Education and Burden to the

InstructorsInstructors Higher Education as Distance EducationHigher Education as Distance Education Online TextbooksOnline Textbooks

Online Degree Programs in Online Degree Programs in Higher EducationHigher Education

Correspondence Course College Correspondence Course College EducationEducation

In the 1980a=The introduction of the In the 1980a=The introduction of the VCRVCR

In the 1990s=The Internet and In the 1990s=The Internet and online education programs. (=the online education programs. (=the Internet equivalent of the Internet equivalent of the correspondence course.correspondence course.

Distance EducationDistance Education

Enrollment of the Japanese Enrollment of the Japanese People in Online EducationPeople in Online Education

Conversational skills are secondary.Conversational skills are secondary. The primary English ability is to The primary English ability is to

express one’s ideas.express one’s ideas. Therefore, Japanese who lack good Therefore, Japanese who lack good

conversational English skills are not conversational English skills are not at such a disadvantage.at such a disadvantage.

Online Education and Burden tOnline Education and Burden to the Instructorso the Instructors It absorbs too many hours in preparing lecture It absorbs too many hours in preparing lecture

notes, and to place them on the Internet.notes, and to place them on the Internet. Time consuming to respond to students’ Time consuming to respond to students’

queries by email.queries by email. Students show strong interests in the online Students show strong interests in the online

education.education. However, being a good teacher will not However, being a good teacher will not

contribute much toward one’s tenure and contribute much toward one’s tenure and promotion.promotion.

Higher Education as Distance Higher Education as Distance EducationEducation

Some programs enable the students to pSome programs enable the students to pursue and complete a degree program enursue and complete a degree program entirely through the Internet. (e.g., Athabatirely through the Internet. (e.g., Athabasca University)sca University)

Students:raw materials → customersStudents:raw materials → customers Higher Educational Institutions: the SecHigher Educational Institutions: the Sec

ondary Industry of Manufacturing →the ondary Industry of Manufacturing →the Tertiary Industry of ServicesTertiary Industry of Services

Online TextbooksOnline Textbooks Some publishing houses in the U.S. are eager tSome publishing houses in the U.S. are eager t

o adopt IT in their college textbooks.o adopt IT in their college textbooks. Example: Dushkin McGraw-Hill (http://wwExample: Dushkin McGraw-Hill (http://ww

w.dushkin.com/)w.dushkin.com/) The Social SciencesThe Social Sciences Sociology and various topical areasSociology and various topical areas Education in the 21Education in the 21stst century is truly glo century is truly glo

bal in the sense of bal in the sense of SPACESPACE and and TIMETIME..

Media Literacy Education for the Media Literacy Education for the ElderlyElderly

Digital Divide in JapanDigital Divide in Japan Not between the middle class and the Not between the middle class and the

poor.poor. But among the disabled and the elderly.But among the disabled and the elderly. A great majority of Japanese elderly are A great majority of Japanese elderly are

healthy and active. (Active Seniors)healthy and active. (Active Seniors) They possess strong desire to learn the They possess strong desire to learn the

IT of the 21IT of the 21stst century. century.

Elderly Friendly Media Elderly Friendly Media EnvironmentsEnvironments

Voice Recognition Software (Via Voice by Voice Recognition Software (Via Voice by JIBM, Smart Boy by NEC vs. keyboard)JIBM, Smart Boy by NEC vs. keyboard)

Zoom Text (by NEC enlarges the screen teZoom Text (by NEC enlarges the screen text)xt)

Me-no-Tasuke (Visionary Assistant, enlargMe-no-Tasuke (Visionary Assistant, enlarges letters on Web sites)es letters on Web sites)

The PC Pico (by Richo, allowing to input lThe PC Pico (by Richo, allowing to input letters by pencil rather than by keyboard.)etters by pencil rather than by keyboard.)

Senior Network GroupsSenior Network Groups Friends Saloon: Friends Saloon: http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~tsalon/topphttp://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/~tsalon/topp

age2.htmage2.htmLinks for Aging Society: Links for Aging Society: http://www.kahoku.co.jp/senior/http://www.kahoku.co.jp/senior/

links.htmlinks.htmMellow Society Forum: Mellow Society Forum: http://www.mictokyo.co.jp/mellohttp://www.mictokyo.co.jp/mello

w/index.htmlw/index.htmlSenior Live: Senior Live: http://asahi-net.or.jp/~by7m-kkmm/http://asahi-net.or.jp/~by7m-kkmm/Senior Network: Senior Network: http://www.lec.handy.n-fukushi.ac.jp/senhttp://www.lec.handy.n-fukushi.ac.jp/sen

ior/index2.htmlior/index2.htmlSeniorNet Link: SeniorNet Link: http://www.seaple.icc.ne.jp/~fukai/no.8lihttp://www.seaple.icc.ne.jp/~fukai/no.8li

nk-link.htmlnk-link.htmlSeniorNet Sendai: SeniorNet Sendai: http://www.kahoku.co.jp/senior/index.http://www.kahoku.co.jp/senior/index.

htmlhtmlSeniorNet: SeniorNet: http://www.seniornet.org/http://www.seniornet.org/

Tips for the Success of Senior Net Tips for the Success of Senior Net (by SeniorNet: http://www.seniornet.org)(by SeniorNet: http://www.seniornet.org)

Teachers are older adults themselves.Teachers are older adults themselves. Not to give tests or pressure about the rate of Not to give tests or pressure about the rate of

learning.learning. Classes to be small with no more than 20, Classes to be small with no more than 20,

usually under 10 students.usually under 10 students. For every 3 students, 1 coach to assist For every 3 students, 1 coach to assist

students while the teacher instructs.students while the teacher instructs. Instruction should focus on issues of concern Instruction should focus on issues of concern

to older adults such as keyboarding skills, to older adults such as keyboarding skills, using a mouse, and increasing type size.using a mouse, and increasing type size.

Conclusion-1Conclusion-1 Japanese Education in the 21Japanese Education in the 21stst

century and the ITcentury and the IT Education on DemandEducation on Demand English as Lingua Franca (Samuel English as Lingua Franca (Samuel

Huntington, 1997)Huntington, 1997) English Skills based on the sound English Skills based on the sound

knowledge of the Japanese languageknowledge of the Japanese language Identity FormationIdentity Formation

Conclusion-2Conclusion-2 4 Steps for the Globalization of Ja4 Steps for the Globalization of Ja

panese Society (Kumagai, 1996)panese Society (Kumagai, 1996)»To know oneself.To know oneself.»To understand the partner.To understand the partner.»To realize the ethnocentric orienTo realize the ethnocentric orien

tation of ourselves.tation of ourselves.»To be cultural ambassador.To be cultural ambassador.

Conclusion-3Conclusion-3 Socialization of children in the Socialization of children in the

Information Age Society.Information Age Society. Place school children in an easy access to Place school children in an easy access to

the media facility in the community.the media facility in the community. The Internet facilitate people to carry on The Internet facilitate people to carry on

communication globally.communication globally. Need for the educational reform so that Need for the educational reform so that

Japan is accepted as a true partner in Japan is accepted as a true partner in rapidly evolving global communities.rapidly evolving global communities.

図9-1　独創性および自己確立養成のプロセス

　　　 多様な考え方　　　　　想像力 　 独独創創性性 のの確確立立

　　 課課題題 　　 論理展開の姿勢 　　 論理構築力

　 　　　　 論理的推論 　 自自己己のの確確立立

図9-2 国際人確立へのプロセス

　 技技 術術 革革 新新 　　 　

情情 報報 化化・・ 国国 際際化化 　　国国 際際 人人 とと しし てて のの 時時 代代 のの 教教 育育 スス キキ ルル 　　 　　

英 語 力 の 養 成 コミュニケーション

異 文 化 理 解 人 間 管 理 自自律律 すす るる 国国 際際 人人 のの自自 我我 確確 立立マル チ メ デ ィ ア

　 　 チ ー ム ワ ー ク技 法

情 報 選 別 能 力 リ ー ダ ー シ ッ プ

マ ネ ジ メ ン ト 　 　 ス ト レ ス ・

　能 力 　 マ ネ ジ メ ン ト

　 　 ププ レレ ッッ シシ ャャ ーー のの 克克 服服

図９－３ 暮らしの共同体と開かれた学校確立へのプロセス

生生 徒徒

　　 学学校校 先先生生

　　 　 　参参 加加 型型　　　

地地域域 助助手手家家族族 　 　チチーームム・ 学習参加の 開開かかれれたた学学校校

父 母 テティィーーチチンンググ 授業作り

家家庭庭 高齢者　 　　　 　　　　　　　 ↓

　 　　　　

↑ 　 　 暮暮ららししのの共共同同体体

暮暮ららししのの共共同同体体