January 31 EQ- How does classical conditioning

work?

Table of Contents:

89. Daily Sheet

90. Learning Notes

91. Classical Conditioning Notes and Diagrams

92. Classical Conditioning Examples

HW- Classically Condition

someone! Write up your

experiment. Nothing unethical!

Make sure to uncondition them!

Agenda:

1. Daily Sheet

2. Classical Conditioning

Practice AP TEST Questions

1. Which of the following abilities is predominately a function of the right hemisphere

of the brain?

a. Speech

b. Writing

c. Spatial Reasoning

d. Reading Comprehension

e. Language Comprehension

2. Which of the following is TRUE about the blind spot in the eye?

a. It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

b. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina.

c. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination.

d. It is stimulated only by high levels of illumination.

e. It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods.

3. In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?

a. It is correlated with dreaming.

b. It leads to a marked increase in muscle mass.

c. It alternates with nREM every 30 minutes.

d. It only occurs during the first half of sleep.

e. It involved decreased blood pressure and heart rate.

Learning Cornell Notes- pages 90 & 91

Questions for page 90:

What is learning?

What are the three types of

learning?

What are the two types of

conditioning?

Explain Pavlov’s Experiment

Questions for page 91:

What is the Classical

Conditioning diagram?

Explain the Little Albert

Experiment

Two CC Example Diagrams

LEARNING

What is learning?

• Relatively PERMANENT behavior change due to

experience

Most learning is associative learning:

• Learning that certain events occur together.Ex: Cussing and getting popped on

the arm by your mom!

Three Main Types of Learning

Observational Learning

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Conditioning• Type of learning that involves stimulus-

response connections

• Two types:

– Classical Conditioning (involuntary

behaviors)

– Operant Conditioning (voluntary behaviors)

Pavlov- father of

classical conditioning- Classical Conditioning is when you “train”

someone to exhibit an involuntary behavior to a

formerly neutral stimulus

-Conditioned dogs to salivate to the ringing of

a bell

Pavlov always fed his dogs at the same time.

He realized that as soon as they saw him come in the room,

they would start drooling. (Instead of just drooling when they

had the food in front of them.) He said “WHOA! They’ve

LEARNED to ASSOCIATE me with food and their BODIES are

INVOLUNTARILY responded to me just like they would to food.

He decided to see if he could CONDITION them to

respond to other things in the same way….

Unconditioned Stimulus

(UCS)

Unconditioned Response

(UCR)

Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

Classical Conditioning DiagramDogs naturally drool when food is placed in front of them. Pavlov conditioned his

dogs to drool when they heard a bell ringing.

Befo

re

Co

nd

itio

nin

gA

fter

Co

nd

itio

nin

g

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a

stimulus that naturally and automatically

triggers a response.

Unconditional Response

(UCR): the unlearned,

naturally occurring

response to the UCS.

Conditioned

Response (CR): the

learned response to a

previously neutral

stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally

irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after

association with the UCS, comes to trigger

a response.

John Watson• Applied Pavlov’s

experiment to humans

• Father of “Behaviorism”

• Wanted to show that our

emotions and behaviors

were just conditioned

responses

Little Albert Experiment• 11 month old baby

• Feared loud noises

• Watson conditioned him

to associate white rats

with the loud noise

• Eventually, he feared

the white rat

• Albert generalized this

into a fear of anything

white and furry

Two Examples of Classical ConditioningClassically Conditioning my roommate

Classically Conditioning Dwight

UCS UCR

CS CR

UCS UCR

CS CR

Work with a partner to

complete the Classical

Conditioning Worksheet15 minutes

End

February 2 EQ- How does operant

conditioning work? SSPBC1Agenda:1.Daily Sheet2.Review Classical Conditioning (Ex. From real life)3.Operant Conditioning (notes, video, lab)4. Practice

Table of Contents:93. Classical Conditioning Elements94. Operant Conditioning Notes95. OC Worksheet

HW- Programmed

Unit AssignmentConsciousness HW

Folders: MUST BE TURNED

IN TODAY!!

Assignments:

1. Why of Sleep Article

Guide

2. 2 Paragraphs on Dying

to Sleep Article

3. Chart on Sleep

Disorders

4. Drugs Chart

5. Practice Questions/

Critical Thinking Activity

Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining

his ideas. He came up with 5 critical

terms that together make up classical

conditioning.

• Acquisition

• Extinction

• Spontaneous Recovery

• Generalization

• Discrimination

5 Elements of Classical Conditioning

Acquisition

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Generalization

Discrimination

Acquisition• The initial stage of learning.

• The phase where the neutral stimulus is

associated with the UCS so that the

neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR

(thus becoming the CS).

Does timing matter?

•The CS should come before the UCS (1/2-1

second)

•They should be very close together in timing.

Extinction• The diminishing of a conditioned response.

• Will eventually happen when the UCS does

not follow the CS.

(They will stop associating the tone with the food

if the tone is not followed by food repeatedly)

Is extinction permanent?

Spontaneous Recovery

• The reappearance, after a rest period, of an

extinguished conditioned response.

A real life example…. Imagine that you have a significant other and EVERYTIME

you are together they have on a particular cologne/perfume. You will think of them

and feel “lovey” each time you spell it. TEN YEARS LATER, you randomly smell that

cologne and you all of a sudden are missing that person and feeling lovey towards

them.

Generalization• The tendency, once a response has been

conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit

similar responses.

Ex: A toddler is abused by a man wearing red gloves. Now any

time she sees someone in red clothing, she gets scared.

A cigarette smoking high school student always smokes after

the bell rings for dismissal. Now, anytime they hear a bell their

body craves a cigarette.

Discrimination

• The learned ability to distinguish between

a CS and other stimuli that does not signal

UCS.

Operant Conditioning• A type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened if followed by reinforcement

or diminished if followed by punishment.

Classical v. Operant• They both use acquisition, discrimination,

SR, generalization and extinction.

•Classical Conditioning is automatic

(respondent behavior). Dogs automatically

salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking

involved.

•Operant Conditioning involves behavior

where one can influence their environment

with behaviors which have consequences

(operant behavior).

The organism is learning associations

between events that it doesn’t control

The organism is learning associations between its behavior and resulting events

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike

• Law of Effect:

rewarded

behavior is

likely to recur.

B.F. Skinner

Shaping

• A procedure in Operant

Conditioning in which

reinforcers guide behavior

closer and closer towards a

goal.

• You start with small steps and

gradually get them closer and

closer to the final desired

behavior

Ex: Want animal to learn to press a bar. You reward them first for getting close to

the bar, then for sniffing the bar, then for pressing the bar.

Operant Conditioning Chamber

Conditioning

AKA- Skinner Box

Reinforcer

• Any event that STRENGTHENS the

behavior it follows.

Two Types of Reinforcement:

Positive and Negative

Positive Reinforcement

• Strengthens a response by giving

something positive after the behavior

Negative Reinforcement

• Strengthens a response by taking away

something negative

EX: aspirin takes headache away

Types of ReinforcersConditioned (secondary)-

A stimulus that gains it

reinforcing power through

its association with a

primary reinforcer.

• Primary- something

that is innately

satisfying (food, safety,

pain relief)

Immediate v. Delayed

Reinforcers

• Animals will not respond to delayed

reinforcers

• Humans will (paychecks, good grades

at the end of a class, trophy at the end

of season)

• Learning to delay gratification is a part

of maturing

Reinforcement

Schedules

Continuous

Reinforcement

• Reinforcing the desired response every

time it occurs.

Quick Acquisition

Quick Extinction

Partial Reinforcement• Reinforcing a response

only part of the time.

• The acquisition process

is slower.

• Greater resistance to

extinction.

**** best for learning behaviors ****

Fixed-ratio Schedules

• A schedule that reinforces a response only

after a specified number of responses.

Example: I give cookie monster a cookie

every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.

Variable-ratio Schedule

• A schedule of

reinforcement that

reinforces a

response after an

unpredictable

number of

responses.

Example: I give Homer a donut at random

times when he says “DOH!!!”

Fixed-interval Schedule

• A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Ex: After doing math

problems for 10

minutes you will get a

reward. (high

responses as time

approaches

“scooping”)

Variable-interval Schedule

• A schedule of

reinforcement that

reinforces a response

at unpredictable time

intervals.

Pop Quizzes

Punishment• An event that

DECREASES

the behavior

that it follows.

Does punishment work?

Problems with Physical

Punishment:• Punished behavior is suppressed

• Teaches us to discriminate

• Teaches fear (of behavior and punisher)

• Teaches aggression

February 6 EQ- How does conditioning

work in the real world? SSPBC1Agenda:1. Review2. Practice3. Example

Videos

Table of Contents:96. Classical and Operant Crossword97. Classical vs Operant Chart

Operant Conditioning-

people can learn voluntary

behaviors through the

consequences of those

behaviors (with rewards

and punishments)

Reinforcer- a reward that

INCREASES the frequency

of the behavior it follows

Punishment- something

that DECREASES the

frequency of the behavior it

follows

Think-Pair-Share

You are a parent of two children, a girl age 7 and a

boy age 5. You are concerned because your daughter

keeps attacking her younger brother every time she

gets upset. You would like to use Skinner’s Theory of

Operant Conditioning to get rid of this behavior.

1. How would you use the ideas of positive and

negative reinforcement to INCREASE the desired

behavior? (handling her anger without attacking

her brother)

2. How would you use the ideas of positive and

negative punishment to DECREASE the undesired

behavior? (attacking her brother)

Key Vocabulary- Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation-

displaying the

behavior because you

naturally want to- not

because of a reward

• Extrinsic Motivation-

displaying the

behavior because you

want the reward

Classical Conditioning vs Operant Conditioning

Work with your partner to

complete the chart. 10 minutes!

Conditioning in Pop Culture

Superfetch

Big Bang Theory

Frasier

Marshmallow Test

Supernanny

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

• Companies want you to make associations between their

products and positive emotions/events/activities in your life

• The goal is that you will subconsciously associate the

product with the good feeling

• Commercials are designed to make you form these

subconscious associations

• Ex: hot guys at the beach drinking sprite; your favorite

athlete wearing Nikes, a long lost relative coming back

from war drinking Folgers

• When you see the product at the store, if you have been

correctly conditioned, you will start to have these good

feelings and will pick their brand over competitors

Some Examples

Best Part of

Waking Up!

Smells Like a Man!

What Your Man Could

Smell Like

More Than

Medication

Share a

Coke!

February 10 EQ- How do we learn through

observation?

Agenda:

1.Daily

Sheet/Vocab/Test

Q’s

2.Review Activities

Classical and

Operant

3.Social Learning

Table of Contents:

98. Social Learning Notes

HW- Learning Test on

Tuesday. Study your

notebook. Read through

Unit 6 in your book.

Complete the test practice

questions on page 252-253

1-15. Will be collected in

your HW folder.

Observational Learning• AKA Social Learning

• Studied by Albert Bandura and his famous Bobo Doll experiment

• Based on the idea of modeling- we learn behaviors by observing and

imitating others

• Mirror neurons- fire in the frontal lobe when we see certain behaviors-

allow us to feel empathy and make emotions contagious (we cry when

we see a loved one cry, we yawn when someone we’re attached to

yawns, we smile when we see someone smile)

• We are hardwired to imitate others from birth (by 14 months we can

copy what we see on TV)

• Modeling behavior can be good when it is prosocial behavior, but bad

when it is antisocial behaviors

• Prosocial examples: We read to our children in hopes they will

become readers. We teach about MLK and Gandhi in hopes of

instilling non violence in our children.

• Antisocial examples: Children of abusive parents tend to be

aggressive/abusive to others (not just genetic but LEARNED

behavior); boys who see a father who beats mom tend to be

husbands who beat their wives

• What about TV??????

1. Explain Pavlov’s experiment. ID the UCS, UCR, CS and CR

2. Explain Watson’s experiment. ID the UCS, UCR, CS and CR

3. Who is the “father” of operant conditioning? Classical conditioning?

4. A reinforcer (increases/decreases) the frequency of the behavior it

follows.

5. A punishment (increases/decreases) the frequency of the behavior it

follow.

6. Is this a negative or positive reinforcer? Julia gets to pick a toy from

the “treasure box” every time she gets a 100 on her AR test.

7. Is this a negative or positive punishment? Your parents took away

your car when they caught you skipping school to go to Zaxby’s.

8. Sara was bitten by a snake when she was younger. Now she is afraid

of all reptiles. This is an example of…

9. Baby Albert continued to be afraid of white objects for the rest of his

life because Watson failed to _____ the conditioning.

10. If you do something because you are INTERNALLY motivated. Is

that an Intrinsic or Extrinsic Reward?

11.Who is the “father” of social learning theory? How did he show that

aggression was learned?

12.What is the connection between TV ratings and the social learning

theory?

The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both

parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking

forward to applying the principles they learned from theories

and research that address child

development.

A) Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the

following researchers.

• Skinner’s operant conditioning

• Bandura’s social learning theory

B) Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias

might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes

using each of the theories below to address the

corresponding psychological concept.

• Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management

• Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior

Learning FRQ

Question

#

I chose: Correct Answer? Why is this the correct answer? Refer

to your notes and provide a complete

explanation. (give slide #)

Learning Test Corrections