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Saadar India January 2015TRANSCRIPT
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Khadi is a controversial subject. Many peo-ple think that in advocating Khadi I am sail-ing against a headwind and am sure tosink the ship of Swaraj and that I am taking thecountry to the dark ages. I do not propose toargue the case for Khadi in this brief survey. Ihave argued it sufficiently elsewhere. Here I wantto show what every Congressmen, and for thematter every Indian, can do to advance the causeof Khadi. I connotes the beginning of economicfreedom and equality of all in the country.
"The taste of pudding is in the eating." Leteveryone try, and he or she will find out for himselfor herself the truth of what I am saying. Khadi,must be taken with all its implications. It means awholesale Swadeshi mentality, a determination tofind all the necessaries of life in India and that toothrough the labour and intellect of the villages.That means a reversal of the existing process.That is to say that, instead of half a dozen citiesof India and Great Britain living on the exploitationand the ruin of Great Britain living on the exploita-tion and the ruin of the 7,00,000 villages of
India, the latter will be largely self-contained, andwill voluntarily serve the cities of India and eventhe outside world in so far as it benefits both theparties.
This needs a revolutionary change in the men-tality and tastes of many. Easy though the non-violent way is in many respects, it is very difficultin many others. It vitally touches the life of everysingle Indian, makes him feel aglow with the pos-session of power that has lain hidden within him-self, and makes him proud of his identity withevery drop of the ocean of Indian humanity. Thisnon-violence is not the inanity for which we havemistaken it through all these long ages; it is thatmost potent force as yet know to mankind and onwhich its very existence is dependent. It is thatforce which I have tried to present to theCongress and through it to the world. Khadi to meis the symbol of unity of Indian humanity, of itseconomic freedom and equality and therefore,ultimately, in the poetic expression of JawaharlalNehru, "The livery of India's Freedom".
Moreover, Khadi mentality means decen-
KHADI
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tralization of the production and distribution of thenecessaries of life. Therefore, the formula so farevolved is, every village to produce all its neces-saries and a certain percentage in addition for therequirements of the cities.
Heavy industries will needs be centralized andnationalized. But they will occupy the least part ofthe vast national activity which will mainly be inthe villages. Having explained the implications ofKhadi, I must indicate that Congressmen can andshould do towards its promotion. Production ofKhadi includes cotton growing, picking, ginning,cleaning, carding, slivering, spinning, sizing, dye-ing, preparing the warp and the woof, weavingand washing. These, with the exception be effec-tively handled in the villages and is being so han-dled in many villages throughout India which theAISA is covering. According to the latest report thefollowing are the interesting figures :
2,75,146 villagers, including 19645 Harijansand 57,378 Muslims, scattered in at least 13,451villages, received, as spinners, weavers, etc., Rs.34,85,609 in 1940. The spinners were largelywomen. Yet the work done is only one-hundredthpart of what could be done if Congressmen hon-estly took up the Khadi programme. Since thewanton destruction of this central village industryand the allied handicrafts, intelligence and bright-ness have fled from the villages, leaving theminane, lusterless, and reduced almost to the stateof their ill-kept cattle.
If Congressmen will be true to their Congresscall in respect of Khadi they will carry out theinstructions of the AISA issued from time to timeas to the part they can play in Khadi planning.Only a few broad rules can be laid down here :
1. Every family with a plot of ground cangrow cotton at least for family use. Cotton growingis an easy process. In Bihar the cultivators wereby law compelled to grow indigo on 3/20 of theircultivable land. This was in the interest of the for-eign indigo planter. Why cannot we grow cottonvoluntarily for the nation on a certain portion of ourland? The reader will note that decentralizationcommences from the beginning of the Khadiprocesses. Today cotton crop is centralized andhas to be sent to distant parts of India. Before thewar it used to be sent principally to Britain andJapan.
It was and still is a money crop and, therefore,subject to cotton-growing becomes free from theuncertainty and gamble. The grower grows whathe needs. The farmer needs to know that his firstbusiness is to grow for his own needs. When hedoes that, he will reduce the chance of a low
market ruining him.2. Every spinner would buy - if he has not his
own - enough cotton for ginning, which he caneasily do without the hand-ginning, which he caneasily do without the hand ginning roller frame. Hecan gin his own portion with a board and an ironrolling pin. Where this is considered impractica-ble, hand-ginning cotton should be bought andcarded. Carding for self can be done well on a tinybow without much effort. The greater the decen-tralization of labour, the simpler and cheaper thetools. The slivers made, the process of spinningcomplicated. I strongly recommend the dhanushtakli. I have used it frequently. My speed on it isalmost the same as on the wheel. I draw a finerthread and the strength and evenness of the yarnare greater on the dhanush takli than on thewheel.
This may not, however, hold good for all. Myemphasis on the dhanush takli is based on thefact that it is more easily made, is cheaper thanand does not require frequent repairs like thewheel. Unless one knows how to make the twomals and to adjust them when they ship or to putthe wheel right when it refuse to work, the wheelhas often to lie idle. Moreover, if the millions taketo spinning at once, as they well may have to, thedhanush takli, being the instrument most easilymade and handled, it the only that can meet thedemand. It is more easily made even than thesimple takli.
The best, easiest and cheapest way is to makeit oneself. Indeed one ought to learn how to han-dle and make simple tools. Imagine the unifyingand educative effect of the whole nation simulta-neously taking part in the process up to spinning!Consider the levelling effect of the bond of com-mon labour between the rich and the poor!
3. Yarn thus produced may be used in threeways : by presenting it to the AISA for the sake ofthe poor, by having it woven for personal use, orby getting as much Khadi for it as it can buy. It isclear enough that the finer and better the yarn thegreater will be its value. If congressmen will puttheir heart into the work, they will make improve-ments in the tools and make many discoveries. Inour country there has been a divorce betweenlabour and intelligence.
The result has been stagnation. If there is anindissoluble marriage between the two, and thatin the manner here suggested, the resultant goodwill be inestimable. In the scheme of nation-wide spinning as a sacrifice, I do not expectthe average man or woman to give more than
one hour daily to this work.
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Iam glad that the calender reform committee has startedits labours. The government of India has entrusted to itthe work of examining the submit proposals to it thework of examining the different calendars followed in thiscountry and to submit proposals to the government for anaccurate and uniform calender based on a scientific studyfor the whole of India. I am told that we have at presentthirty different calendars, differing from each other in var-ious ways, including the methods of time reckoning. Thesecalendars are the natural result of our past political and cul-tural history and partly represent pas political-divisions inthe country. Now that we have attained independence, it isobviously desirable that there should be a certain unifor-mity in the calendar for our civic, social and other purpos-es and that this should be based on a soisntific approach ofthis problem.
It is true that for governmental and many other publicpurposes we follow the Gregorian calandar, which is usedin the greater part of the world. The mere fact that it islargely used, makes has certain defects which make itunsatisfactory for universal use.
It is always difficult to change a calendar to which peo-ple are used, because it affects social practices. But theattempt has to be made even though it may not be as com-plete as desired. In any event, the present confusion in ourown calendars in India ought to be removed.
I hope that our scientists will give a lead in this matter
Jawaharlal NehruNew DelhiFebruary 18, 1953
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WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICEsocial, economic and political;
LIBERTYof thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITYof status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them allFRATERNITY
assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity andintegrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYthis twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
CONSTITUTION OF INDIAPREAMBLE
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That night, Sue quarreled with her mother,then stormed out of the house. Whileenroute, she remembered that she did nothave any money in her pocket, she did not evenhave enough coins to make a phone call home.
At the same time, she went through a noodleshop, picking up sweet fragrance, she suddenlyfelt very hungry. She wished for a bowl of noodles,but she had no money!
The seller saw her standing before the count-er and asked:
- Hey little girl, you want to eat a bowl? - But but I did not carry money she
replied. - Okay, I'll treat you - the seller said - come in,
I will cook you a bowl. A few minutes later the owner brought her a
steaming bowl of noodles. Eating some pieces,Sue cried.
- What is it? - He asked. - Nothing. I am just touched by your kindness!
- Sue said as she wiped her tears. - Even a stranger on the street gives me a bowl
of noodles, and my mother, after a quarrel,chased me out of the house. She is cruel!!
The seller sighed: - Girl, why did you think so? Think again. I only
gave you a bowl of noodles and you felt thatway. Your mother had raised you since you
were little, why were you not grateful to yourmom?
Sue was really surprised after hearing that. "Why did I not think of that? A bowl of noodles
from a stranger made me feel indebted, and mymother has raised me since I was little and I havenever felt so, even a little."
On the way home, Sue thought in her headwhat she would say to her mother when shearrives home: "Mom, I'm sorry. I know it is myfault, please forgive me "
Once up the steps, Sue saw her mother wor-ried and tired of looking for her everywhere. Uponseeing Sue, her mother gently said: "Sue, comeinside honey. You are probably very hungry? Icooked rice and prepared the meal already, comeeat while it is still hot "
She could not control any longer, Sue cried inher mom's hands.
In life, it's sometimes easy to appreciate thesmall actions of some people around us, but forthe relatives, especially parents, we see their sac-rifices as a matter of natural duty
Parental love and concern are the most pre-cious gifts we have been given since birth.
Parents do not expect us to pay back for nur-turing us but have we ever appreciated or
treasured the unconditional sacrifice of our par-ents?
U UU TOWARDS BETTER LIFE
A bowl of noodlesfrom a Stranger...!
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INGREDENTSSERVES 2100 ml Milk125 ml Peach Yogurt100 ml Orange225 gm canned peach slices,drained6 Ice cubes
DECORATIONStrips of orange peel
Peach & Orange MilkshakeA luscious combination of fruites to leave you
restored, revived and refreshed.z Pour the milk, yogurt and
orange juice into a food proces-sor and process gently untillcombined.
z Add the peach slices andice cubes and process untilsmooth. Pour the mixtureinto glasses and decorate
with strips of orange peel.
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