Jaghmīnī’s Jaghmīnī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣ al-Mulakhkhaṣ : :

Its Importance for theIts Importance for theHistory of Science History of Science

&& Islamic Civilization Islamic Civilization

محمد ابن محمود الدين محمد شرف ابن محمود الدين شرفالخوارزمي الجغميني عمر الخوارزمي ابن الجغميني عمر ابن

Sharaf al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad Sharaf al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn `Umar al-Jaghmīnī al-Khwārizmīibn `Umar al-Jaghmīnī al-Khwārizmī

(fl. first half of 13th century)(fl. first half of 13th century)

الملخص في الهيئة البسيطةالملخص في الهيئة البسيطةal-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-hay’a al-basīṭaal-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-hay’a al-basīṭa

(Epitome of Simplified Theoretical (Epitome of Simplified Theoretical Astronomy) Astronomy)

الملخص في الهيئة البسيطةالملخص في الهيئة البسيطةal-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-hay’a al-basīṭaal-Mulakhkhaṣ fī al-hay’a al-basīṭa

What was this workWhat was this work ??► a popular elementary astronomical texta popular elementary astronomical text► composed ca. 618-19/1221-22 composed ca. 618-19/1221-22

Oldest manuscript: Istanbul, Lâleli 2141, dated Oldest manuscript: Istanbul, Lâleli 2141, dated 644/1246-47644/1246-47

► subject of numerous commentaries and subject of numerous commentaries and super-commentaries (in Arabic and super-commentaries (in Arabic and Persian)Persian)

► basis for more advanced workbasis for more advanced work ► part of thepart of the hay’a hay’a traditiontradition ( ( علم الهيئةعلم الهيئة ))

WhatWhatwas this was this hay’ahay’a

tradition ?tradition ?

What was this What was this hay’ahay’a tradition ?tradition ?

The Classification of AstronomyThe Classification of Astronomy► Up to the 4Up to the 4thth/10/10thth century the science of the stars was century the science of the stars was

`̀ilm al-nujūmilm al-nujūm This included BOTH Mathematical Astronomy & AstrologyThis included BOTH Mathematical Astronomy & Astrology This term used by Fārābī, Abū `Abd Allāh Muḥammad al-This term used by Fārābī, Abū `Abd Allāh Muḥammad al-

Khwārazmī, and the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’Khwārazmī, and the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’ Both Khwārazmī and the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’ useBoth Khwārazmī and the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’ use `ilm al-hay’a`ilm al-hay’a

for a special branch of astronomy identified with knowledge for a special branch of astronomy identified with knowledge (ma`rifa)(ma`rifa) of the arrangement of the arrangement (tarkīb)(tarkīb) of the orbs, their of the orbs, their configuration configuration (hay’a)(hay’a), and the configuration of the Earth, and the configuration of the Earth

► Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037)Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037) in his in his Aqsām al-`ulūm al-`aqliyya (Classification of the Aqsām al-`ulūm al-`aqliyya (Classification of the

rational sciences)rational sciences)► SEPARATES Mathematical Astronomy from AstrologySEPARATES Mathematical Astronomy from Astrology►`̀ilm al-hay’ailm al-hay’a replacesreplaces `ilm al-nujūm `ilm al-nujūm for Astronomyfor Astronomy

What was included under the What was included under the general category of general category of `ilm al-hay’a`ilm al-hay’a

?? (( علم الهيئةعلم الهيئة ) )► After Ibn Sīnā: Astrology excluded fromAfter Ibn Sīnā: Astrology excluded from hay’ahay’a ► Based on Ptolemaic principles with a few techniques from IndiaBased on Ptolemaic principles with a few techniques from India

► Did include topics in Practical AstronomyDid include topics in Practical Astronomy Astronomical handbooks (Astronomical handbooks (zījzījes)es) Books on the making and use of instrumentsBooks on the making and use of instruments Treatises on observational astronomyTreatises on observational astronomy Tables of prayer times, qibla directions, and other religious ritualsTables of prayer times, qibla directions, and other religious rituals Topics in geography related to astronomyTopics in geography related to astronomy

► Did include Theoretical AstronomyDid include Theoretical Astronomy Works that presented a coherent physical cosmography based Works that presented a coherent physical cosmography based

upon mathematical modelsupon mathematical models Did not usually deal with underlying philosophical basisDid not usually deal with underlying philosophical basis

الملخص في الهيئة البسيطةالملخص في الهيئة البسيطة

How does Jaghmīnī’sHow does Jaghmīnī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī `ilm al-al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī `ilm al-hay’a al-basīṭahay’a al-basīṭa fit into this scheme?fit into this scheme?

►A Theoretical work ofA Theoretical work of hay’ahay’a

►Summary of Ptolemaic Astronomy for non-Summary of Ptolemaic Astronomy for non-specialists; thus simplifiedspecialists; thus simplified (basīṭa)(basīṭa) version of version of hay’ahay’a

►Lacked mathematical proofs, which could be Lacked mathematical proofs, which could be found in Ptolemy’s found in Ptolemy’s AlmagestAlmagest

What was the structure of a typical What was the structure of a typical `Ilm al-hay’a al-basīṭa `Ilm al-hay’a al-basīṭa work?work?

► AnAn IntroductionIntroduction defining the mathematical defining the mathematical and physical principlesand physical principles

► A Section (divided into chapters) dealing A Section (divided into chapters) dealing withwith hay’at al-samā’hay’at al-samā’ (the configuration of (the configuration of the celestial region)the celestial region)

► A Section (divided into chapters) dealing A Section (divided into chapters) dealing withwith hay’at al-arḍhay’at al-arḍ ( the configuration of ( the configuration of the earth)the earth)

► A Section dealing withA Section dealing with Sizes and DistancesSizes and Distances:: Size of the Earth and the celestial bodiesSize of the Earth and the celestial bodies Distances of those bodies from EarthDistances of those bodies from Earth

Some examples of other Some examples of other hay’a basīṭahay’a basīṭa works besidesworks besides Jaghmīnī’s Jaghmīnī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣal-Mulakhkhaṣ

► Shams al-Dīn al-Khiraqī (d. 533/1138-9)Shams al-Dīn al-Khiraqī (d. 533/1138-9) Al-Tabṣira fī `ilm al-hay’aAl-Tabṣira fī `ilm al-hay’a

► Mu’ayyad al-Dīn al-`Urḍī (d. ca. 665/1266)Mu’ayyad al-Dīn al-`Urḍī (d. ca. 665/1266) Kitāb al-Hay’aKitāb al-Hay’a

► Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (d. 672/1274)Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (d. 672/1274) Zubdat al-idrākZubdat al-idrāk Al-Tadhkira fī `ilm al-hay’aAl-Tadhkira fī `ilm al-hay’a

الملخص في الهيئة البسيطةالملخص في الهيئة البسيطة Significance for understanding Significance for understanding

scientific education within Islamscientific education within Islam

► It exists in thousands of extant copies: It exists in thousands of extant copies: original, commentaries, original, commentaries, supercommentaries & glosses containing supercommentaries & glosses containing the textthe text

►Manuscripts of the text and Manuscripts of the text and commentaries shed light on transmission commentaries shed light on transmission & transformation of knowledge& transformation of knowledge

►An active tradition in Islam well into the An active tradition in Islam well into the 1212thth/18/18thth century century

Commentaries onCommentaries on Jaghmīnī’s Jaghmīnī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣ al-Mulakhkhaṣ (early (early 77thth/13/13thth c.) c.)

A continuous chain of astronomical learningA continuous chain of astronomical learning ► Mīrak al-Bukhārī (d. 740/1339) Mīrak al-Bukhārī (d. 740/1339) ► Faḍl Allāh al-`Ubaydī (d. 751/1350)Faḍl Allāh al-`Ubaydī (d. 751/1350)► Kamāl al-Dīn al-TurkmānīKamāl al-Dīn al-Turkmānī (fl. 755/1354)(fl. 755/1354)

Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)► Humām al-Tabib (d. 813/1410)Humām al-Tabib (d. 813/1410)► al-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānīal-Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (d. 816/1413)(d. 816/1413)► Qāḍīzāde al-RūmīQāḍīzāde al-Rūmī (d. 835/1432) (d. 835/1432)

Kubnawī (9Kubnawī (9thth/15/15thth c.) c.) Sinān Pāshā (d. 891/1486)Sinān Pāshā (d. 891/1486) Fatḥallāh al-Shirwānī (d. 891/1486)Fatḥallāh al-Shirwānī (d. 891/1486) Muḥammad al-Nīksārī (d.900/1495) Muḥammad al-Nīksārī (d.900/1495) `Abd al-`Alī al-Bīrjandī (d. 932/1525-6)`Abd al-`Alī al-Bīrjandī (d. 932/1525-6) Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530) Bahā’ al-Dīn al-`Āmilī (d. 1031/1622) Bahā’ al-Dīn al-`Āmilī (d. 1031/1622) Molla Çelebi (d. 1066/1656)Molla Çelebi (d. 1066/1656)

► `Abd al-Wāḥid b. Muḥammad (d. 838/1434)`Abd al-Wāḥid b. Muḥammad (d. 838/1434)► Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥusaynī al-Khwārizmī (d. 839/1435) [in Persian]Ḥusayn b. al-Ḥusaynī al-Khwārizmī (d. 839/1435) [in Persian]► Fasīh al-Nīsābūrī (d. 850/1446)► Muḥammad al-Kāfiyājī (d. 878/1474)Muḥammad al-Kāfiyājī (d. 878/1474)► Niẓāmī al-Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)Niẓāmī al-Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)

Qāḍīzāde al-Rūmī Qāḍīzāde al-Rūmī (d. 835/1432)(d. 835/1432)Sharḥ al-MulakhkhaṣSharḥ al-Mulakhkhaṣ

Kubnawī [Diyarbakir court (late 9Kubnawī [Diyarbakir court (late 9thth/15/15thth c.] c.] Sinān Pāshā (d. 890/1486) [written by order of Sinān Pāshā (d. 890/1486) [written by order of

Sultan Muḥammad Khān] Sultan Muḥammad Khān] Fatḥallāh al-Shirwānī (d. 891/1486) [Qāḍīzāde’s Fatḥallāh al-Shirwānī (d. 891/1486) [Qāḍīzāde’s

student]student] Muḥammad al-Nīksārī (d.900/1495) Muḥammad al-Nīksārī (d.900/1495) `Abd al-`Alī al-Bīrjandī (d. 932/1525) [Isfahan at `Abd al-`Alī al-Bīrjandī (d. 932/1525) [Isfahan at

court of Safawid Shāh Ismā`īlcourt of Safawid Shāh Ismā`īl I]I] Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530)Kūhistānī (d. 936/1530) Bahā’ al-Dīn al-`Āmilī (d. 1031/1622) [Isfahan at Bahā’ al-Dīn al-`Āmilī (d. 1031/1622) [Isfahan at

court of Safawid `Abbās I]court of Safawid `Abbās I] Molla Çelebi (d. 1066/1656)Molla Çelebi (d. 1066/1656)

► Written in 1412Written in 1412

► Dedicated to Ulugh Beg (d. 853/ 1449) whose Dedicated to Ulugh Beg (d. 853/ 1449) whose madrasamadrasa in Samarqand was a in Samarqand was a place where mathematics and astronomy were taughtplace where mathematics and astronomy were taught

► Became the subject for numerous super-commentariesBecame the subject for numerous super-commentaries

al-Mulakhkhaṣal-Mulakhkhaṣ Evidence that it was used in MadrasasEvidence that it was used in Madrasas

► Large number of manuscripts (over 300 of Large number of manuscripts (over 300 of Qāḍīzāde’s Commentary alone)Qāḍīzāde’s Commentary alone)

► We know that Qāḍīzāde’s and other commentaries We know that Qāḍīzāde’s and other commentaries taught at madrasastaught at madrasas

► Indications in historical sources and manuscripts Indications in historical sources and manuscripts that these works were taught in schoolsthat these works were taught in schools

► Was treated like a teaching textbook; data was Was treated like a teaching textbook; data was updated in order to make it more up-to-date updated in order to make it more up-to-date [example: revision of maximum daylight [example: revision of maximum daylight information incorporated into the information incorporated into the MulakhkhaMulakhkhaṣ ṣ from from Ṭūṣī’sṬūṣī’s Tadhkira Tadhkira (in this case Ṭūṣī’s data was (in this case Ṭūṣī’s data was considered more correct)]considered more correct)]

Chart: Maximum Daylight and Latitudes of ClimesChart: Maximum Daylight and Latitudes of ClimesCCLLIIMMEE

Max.Max.DaylighDaylight t (Hours)(Hours)

PtolemPtolemyy

BīrūnīBīrūnī ṬūsīṬūsī Jaghmīnī:Jaghmīnī:

Laleli Laleli 2141.32141.3

JaghmīnJaghmīnīī(Rudloff/ (Rudloff/ Hochheim)Hochheim)

Qāḍīzāde’Qāḍīzāde’ss

SharḥSharḥ

II 12¾12¾ 12;3012;30 12;39,512;39,5 12;4012;40 12;3012;30 12;4012;40 12;4012;40

1313 16;2716;27 16;38,316;38,344

16;37,3016;37,30 16;2716;27 15;3715;37 16;3716;37

IIII 13¼ 13¼ 20;1420;14 20;27,220;27,299

20;2720;27 20;1420;14 20;2720;27 20;2720;27

13½ 13½ 23;5123;51 24;4,3024;4,30 24;524;5//24;4024;40

23;5123;51 24;4024;40 24;4024;40

IIIIII 13¾ 13¾ 27;1227;12 27;27,427;27,400

27;3027;30 27;1227;12 27;3027;30 27;3027;30

1414 30;2230;22 30;39,230;39,277

30;4030;40 30;2230;22 30;4030;40 30;4030;40

IVIV 14¼ 14¼ 33;1833;18 33;36,533;36,566

33;37,3033;37,30 33;1833;18 33;3733;37 33;3733;37

14½14½ 36;0036;00 36;21,236;21,299

36;2236;22 36;0036;00 35;2235;22 36;2236;22

VV 14¾14¾ 38;3538;35 38;53,338;53,366

38;5438;54 38;3538;35 38;5438;54 38;5438;54

15 15 40;5640;56 41;13,541;13,522

41;1541;15 40;5640;56 41;1541;15 41;1541;15

VIVI 15¼ 15¼ 43;143;1/ / 43;1543;15

43;23,543;23,5 43;22,3043;22,30 43;1143;11/ / 43;1543;15 43;2243;22 43;2243;22

15½15½ 45;145;1 45;22,845;22,8 45;2145;21 45;145;1 45;2145;21 45;2145;21

VIIVII 15¾15¾ 46;5146;51 47;11,247;11,266

47;1247;12 46;5146;51 47;1247;12 47;1247;12

1616 48;3248;32 48;52,248;52,211

48;52,3048;52,30 48;3248;32 48;5248;52 48;5248;52

16¼16¼ 50;450;4 50;24,350;24,344

50;2050;20 50;2550;25 50;2050;20 50;2050;20

Interpretation of ChartInterpretation of Chart

► Jaghmīnī’s original text [as in Jaghmīnī’s original text [as in Laleli 2141.3Laleli 2141.3], ], which contained which contained Ptolemy’sPtolemy’s values was values was modifiedmodified

► This was done in order to take into account This was done in order to take into account Ṭūsī’s valuesṬūsī’s values, which themselves were , which themselves were rounded from those one finds in Bīrūnī rounded from those one finds in Bīrūnī

► This indicates that copyists, teachers, and This indicates that copyists, teachers, and commentators felt free to rearrange and commentators felt free to rearrange and modify original [as with Euclid’s modify original [as with Euclid’s ElementsElements]]

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

► Jaghmīnī’sJaghmīnī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī `ilm al-al-Mulakhkhaṣ fī `ilm al-hay’a al-basīṭa hay’a al-basīṭa gives strong evidence gives strong evidence for a continuous tradition of scientific for a continuous tradition of scientific learning in the madrasas, one lasting learning in the madrasas, one lasting at least 600 yearsat least 600 years

►Shows that Islamic Civilization was Shows that Islamic Civilization was able to accommodate science within able to accommodate science within religious institutionsreligious institutions