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hï wdh;khl l%shdldÍ;ajh .uka lrk ÈYdj ms<sn|j;a" tys ld¾h Ndrh yd j.lSï ms<sn|j;a

1 http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=6778accessed 12 OCT 2014

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4 2014 iema - Tla

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Enron iud.ug wod<j jd¾;d jQ le<ô,s iy.; ksÍlaIK w;r tlla f,i tu iud.fuys ú.Kljreka f,ig lghq;= l< Arthor Anderson ú.Kl iud.u o by< .dia;= ,nñka" ú.Kl jD;a;shg wod< jD;a;suh wdpdrO¾u lv lrñka Enron ys jxpksl l%shdjkag yjq,a ù ;sîu oelaúh yelsh'

2 A. Oppel. and A R Sorkin ‘ENRON'S COLLAPSE: The overview; Enron collapses as suitor cancels plans for merger' November 29, 2001

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idx.ñl hymd,kfhys jeo.;alu ms<sn|j wka;¾ cd;sl jYfhka wjOdrKh lrk ,o ;j;a isÿ ùula f,ig f,auka n%o¾ia ^Lehman Brothers&3 iud.u nqkaj;a njg m;a ùu ie<lsh yelsh' tu iud.fuys mej;s wêl wjodkï iy.; lghq;= iïnkaOj ksis mshjr .ekSug wiu;a jQ ÿ¾j, wdh;ksl hymd,k rduqj wjidkfha f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqohla ks¾udKh lsÍug odhl úh' ÿ¾j, wjodkï l<ukdlrKh" wOHlaI uKav,hg yd wfkl=;a mqoa.,hkag wêl f.ùï isÿ lsÍu" wOHlaI uKav,fha ÿ¾j, ;SrK .ekSu hkdosh u.ska by; lS ÿn, kS;s rduqj meyeÈ,s fõ' tys ÿ¾j, l<ukdlrKh ikd: lrñka weußldkq wêlrKhla u.ska m;a lrk ,o úu¾Ylfhl=f.a jd¾;djl f,auka iud.u os.ska os.g u tys wNHka;r wjodkï iSudjka iy md,khka W,a,x>kh l< nj ^Lehman repeatedly exceeded its own internal risk limits and controls& i|yka fõ' tu jd¾;dj u.ska f,auka n%%o¾ia iud.fuys m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odß we;=¿ úOdhl ks,Odßka úiska uQ,H jxpdjla isÿ lr wëlaIK wêldßkag idjoH f;dr;=re jd¾;d lr we;s njo fy<sorõ lrk ,§' ;jo wOHlaI uKav,fha idudkH jhia iSud wjqreÿ 68 la njg jd¾;d jQ w;r

3 Simona Tothova' Corporate Governance failure in the Lehman Broth-ers case'< ies.fsv.cuni.cz/default/file/download/id/22979> accessed 08 Oct 2014

5 2014 iema - Tla

uQ,H jHdmdßl lghq;= ms<sn|j Rcq wjfndaOhla ;sî we;af;a wOHlaIjre fofofkl=g mu‚' flfia fj;;a Tjqkag by< uQ,H §ukd f.jd ;sì‚' 2006-2009 jir ;=<§ wjodkï l<ukdlrK lñgqj ^Risk Management Committee& /iaù ;snqfKa fojrla muKla ùu o ksÍlaIlhkaf.a úfYaI wjOdkhg ,laj ;sì‚'

;u m;g u fnod f.k Kh nr lrd .sh zj¾,aâfldïZ l<ukdldÍ;ajh

j¾,aâfldï ^WorldCom&4 iud.u ÿ¾j, hymd,kh fya;= lrf.k ì| jegqK ;j;a iud.ulg WodyrKhls' tys by< l<ukdldß;ajfha yer wfkl=;a ish¨ u md¾Yajhkaf.a tkï¦ fldgia ysñhkaf.a" fiajlhkaf.a yd Kh ysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug wOHlaI uKav,h wiu;a úh' by< l<ukdldß;ajfha wd;aud¾:ldó uQ,Huh wfmalaIdjka wka ish¨ md¾Yajhkaf.a whs;Ska wNsnjd u;=ùfuka jxpksl l%shdjka isÿ lr iud.u ì| jeàu lrd fufyhjd ;sì‚' úfYaIfhka u l<ukdldÍ;ajh yd wOHlaI uKav,h iud.fï wNHka;r md,khka ^Internal Controls& flfrys wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlrk ,o w;r tys Kh nr by< hEug tlS fkdie,ls,su;a mßmd,kh fya;= ù ;sìK'

by; idlÉPd lrk ,o uQ,H wdh;k ì| jeàï ;=<ska wd¾Ólhl iuia; uQ,H moaO;sfha u ia:djr;ajhg wdh;ksl hymd,kh úiska we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu y÷kd.; yelsh' wdh;ksl hymd,kh u.ska wdh;khla úiska j.lSï iy.; wdldrhlska jHdmdr lghq;= lr f.k hEu ms<sn|j wod< jk l<ukdldß;aj rduqjla ilihs' ;ks uQ,H wdh;khl ia:djr;ajhg th jeo.;a jk w;ru th iuia; uQ,H moaO;sfhys u ia:dhs;djg o u. mdohs' ta wkqj uQ,H moaO;Skays ia:dhs;djg w;HjYH wx.hla jYfhka wdh;ksl hymd,kh uQ,H fiajdjkag wod< kS;s fr.=,dis yd úêúOdk iqúfYaI wjOdkhlg md;% ù ;sfí'

f,dj mqrd wdh;ksl hymd,kh Tijd ;enQ fr.=,dis jmißh

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4 www.nytimes.com/.../worldcom-s-collapse-the-overview-worldcom-files>accessed 2Oct 014

investors& úiska International Corporate Governance Network5 msysgqùu;a" OECD iy f,dal nexl=j úiska Global Corporate Governance forum msysgqùu;a" fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rdcH kdhlhka úiska Commonwealth Association for Corporate Governance hk ix.uh msysgqùu;a úfYaI ikaêia:dkhka f,i y÷kd .; yelsh' tx.,ka;fha yd wefußld tlai;a ckmofhys hymd,khg wod<j ilik ,o kS;s fr.=,dis fuhg wod< kS;s lafIa;%h ;=< m%lgj fmfkk w;r 1998 § tx.,ka;fha ksl=;a lrk ,o Hampel Code" Turnbull Report on International Controls – 1999" Smith Report on Audit Committee ^2009& yd Higgs Report on review of the role and responsibility of Non-executive Directors ^2003&6 tx.,ka;h úiska mkjk ,o tjka úêúOdkhkag ksoiqka fõ' wdh;ksl hymd,khg wod<j úfYaIfhka u uQ,H .kqfokq ms<sn|j wkdjrKh lsÍug wod< Í;sh yd .sKqïlrK mßphkag wod<j wefußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska y÷kajd fok ,o ffk;sl rduqjla f,ig Sarbanes - Oxley Act y÷kd .efka' fuhg wu;rj Basel Committee for Bank Supervision ^BCBS& úiska jßka jr nexl= wdh;kj, hymd,kh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ksl=;a lrk ,o ud¾f.damfoaY u.ska wdh;ksl hymd,kh iïnkaOj mq¿,a l;sldjla uQ,H wdh;k kshduk yd wëlaIK lafIa;%h ;=< u;= lr ;sfí7 '

Y%S ,xldfõ nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;k jHqyh hymd,kh lrd fhduq lrk m%;sm;a;suh úêúOdk

Y%S ,dxlSh ffk;sl moaO;sh i<ld n,k l, 1997 jif¾§ uQ,sl hymd,k fr.=,dis iuQyhla jr,;a .Kldêldßjrekaf.a wdh;kh úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o w;r th 2009 § ixfYdaOkh lr fldgia fjf<|fmdf<ys ,ehsia;=.; iud.ï i|yd hymd,kh iïnkaO ud¾f.damfoaYhka ksl=;a lrk ,§' 2009 jif¾§ úksuh yd iq/l=ïm;a fldñIka iNdj úiska by; lS Í;s ud,dj iafjÉPdfjka ms<smÈk f,ig okajk ,§' fuhg fmrd;=j 2003 jif¾§ iafjÉPdfjka ms<smeosh hq;= hymd,khg wod< Í;ska moaO;shla Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska o ksl=;a lr ;sì‚' nexl= yd wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k iïnkaOj foaYSh jYfhka fukau wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka o isÿl< yels ksÍlaIKhla kï tu wdh;k wëlaIK yd kshduk wêldßh úiska ksl=;a lrk kS;s fr.=,dis yqfola tajdg wkq.; fkdùfï oඞqjñka ñ§u i|yd muKla ms<smÈkq ñi wod< fr.=,disj, 5 Internatonal corporate Governance network6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Corporate_Governance_Code>7 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision ‘Principles for enhancing

corporate governance’ October 2010

6 2014 iema - Tla

ienE wre; ^rational of regulation& wjfndaO lr fkd.ekSuhs' tu ksid m%;sm;a;s uQ,sl Principles based& kshduk yd wëlaIK fr.=,dis l%ufõo fjkqjg Í;s uq,a lr.;a ^Rule based& l%ufõo y÷kajd § ;sfnk nj fmkS hhs' ta wkqj iafõÉPdfjka u wod< kS;sÍ;s ms<sme§u id¾:l fkdjk neúka j¾;udkh jk úg hymd,k fr.=,dis mjd wksjd¾hfhka u ms<smeosh hq;= Í;s f,ig uQ,H wdh;k fj;g ksl=;a lsÍug isÿù we;' zienE hymd,kh iajhx md,khla úh hq;=hZ ^best governance is self-governance& hkak ukd wdma;hla jqjo" wê Odjkldß f,ig ,dNh wruqKq lrf.k jHdmdr lghq;= lrk uQ,H wdh;k tlS ;r.fha ;=<§ hymd,k uQ,sldx. ish,a,lau mdfya ì| oud f.k ;sfnk wdldrhla j¾;udkfha ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

by; lreKq fya;=fjka Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska 2008 jif¾§ uqo,a kS;s mk;" nexl= mk; fukau uqo,a iud.ï mk; hgf;a o wksjd¾hfhka u ms<smeosh hq;= hymd,k Í;s moaO;Ska nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k fj;g ksl=;a lrk ,o w;r jßka jr lrk ,o ixfYdaOkhkag hg;aj tlS kS;s j¾;udkfha n,meje;afõ'

nexl= yd uqo,a iud.ï úiska jHdmdr lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh olajñka mkjd we;s kS;s fr.=,disj,g wu;rj hymd,k úêúOdkhka o by; lS wdldrhg wksjd¾h ms<sme§ulg hg;aj mekùug isÿj we;af;a n,j;a yd idudðlhka úYd, ixLHdjlska hq;= wOHlaI uKav,hla iafjÉPdfjka hymd,k l%ufõohka mj;ajd .ekSu fkdi<ld yeÍu fya;=fjks' fldgia ysñhkaf.a jeämqr ksfhdackhla isÿ flfrk wOHlaI uKav,hka ys § n,h iq¿;rhla u.ska wksis f,i Ndú;d lsÍula olakg we;' tfukau tn÷ wOHlaI uKav, úiska wjodkï wju lsÍu flfrys Wkkaÿjla fkdolajk w;r wOHlaI uKav, /iaùï ksis mßÈ fkdmeje;aùu" iïnkaê; md¾Yajhka iuÕ iSudjkag hg;a fkdù .kqfokq lsÍu yd iud.fï fjk;a iïnkaê; iud.ï yryd uyck uqo,a wh:d mßyrKh hk lreKq ÿ¾j, hymd,k rduq ìys lsÍug odhl ù we;' we;eï wOHlaIjre iud.ul Wkak;sh Wfoid lsisÿ odhlùula isÿ lsÍug wfmdfydi;a ù we;'

wdh;ksl hymd,khg wod<j Y%S ,dxlSh kS;s moaO;sfha úldYh ie,lSfï§ fld<U fldgia fjf<|fmdf<ys ,ehsia;=.; lsÍïj,g wod< Í;sj,g ^listing rules& hymd,k úêúOdkhka o we;=<;a lrñka ,ehsia;=.; iud.ïj,g tlS Í;s ms<sme§u wksjd¾h lsÍu o jeo.;a wjia:djla f,ig oelaúh yelsh' 2013 jif¾§

jr,;a .Kldêldß wdh;k u.ska ksl=;a lrk ,o hymd,k Í;s moaO;sh ^Corporate Governance Code& ixfYdaOkh lr jvd mq¿,a w¾:l:k yd Yla;su;a hymd,k l%ufõohg wjYH miqìula iys;j bÈßm;a lrk ,§'

fodaI /ilg ;ks ms<shula( wdh;k muKla fkdj iuia; uQ,H moaO;sh u iqjm;a lrk hymd,kfha úYsIag;ajh

ukd hymd,khlska hqla; wdh;khl lghq;= iqug wdldrhg mj;ajd.; yels w;r" tys j.lSï iy j.ùï ^Responsibilities and Accountabilities&8 ;yjqre ùug;a" tla tla j.lSï ms<sn|j wdh;kfha úúO wxY w;r meyeÈ,s;djla mj;ajd .ekSug;a hymd,k l%ufõohka bjy,a fõ' uQ,H wdh;khla flfrys uyck úYajdih by< kexúug tn÷ hymd,k ie,eiaula jeo.;a jk w;r wjidkfha iuia; uq,H moaO;sfhys u ia:djr;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug by< uyck úYajdih o w;HjYH idOlhls'

wdh;ksl ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ;=< úksúoNdjh ^Transparency& ;yjqre lsÍu fukau tla tla wêldßhlg mejfrk j.lSï ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lsÍug hymd,k ie,iqï u. fmkajhs' wOHlaI uKav,hg" l<ukdldß;ajhg fukau fldgia ysñhkag o j.lSï yd hq;=lï meyeÈ,sj fjka fldg §u wdh;kfha ld¾hlaIu ls%hdldß;ajhg ;=vq foa' WodyrKhla f,ig iud.ul wOHlaI uKav,h úiska l<ukdldß;ajh we.hSug ,la l< hq;= w;r wfkla w;g l<ukdldß;ajh ÿ¾j, kï th ksis mßÈ fufyhùug wfmdfydi;a ùu iïnkaOj j.lsj hq;= jkqfha o wOHlaI uKav,hhs' ;udg mejrE tla tla ld¾hfha j.lSïiy.; Ndjh fya;= lrf.k tlS ld¾hhka ksis wjOdkfhka yd m%ñ;shlska hq;=j lsÍug keUqrejla we;s lsÍu o hymd,kfhys jdisodhS me;slvls'

wdh;khla ;=< u;= úh yels wjodkï iy.; Ndjh wju lsÍu ^lowering risk& hymd,k l%ufõohla mej;Sfï ;j;a jeo.;a m%fhdackhls' jxpksl ls%hdjka" ryia .kqfokq" ¥IK yd wl%ñl;d fia u iud.ula wmrdOuh jroj,a i|yd j.lSug ,laùu jeks wjodkï hymd,k rduqjla ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka j<ld.; yels nj meyeÈ,sh' hymd,kh tla;rd wdldrhlg iajhx md,khla ^self policing& we;s lsÍu

8 Daily, Catherine M., Dan R. Dalton, and Albert A. Cannella. "Corporate governance: Decades of dialogue and data." Academy of management review 28.3 (2003): 371-382.

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i|yd o fya;= jk njg o ;¾l l< yels h' iud.fuys tla tla ia;rhka yryd ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh l%shd;aul jk úg wjodkï l<ukdlrKh flfrys by< wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug o wjldY ie,fia' jxpksl yd uQ,H wl%ñl;d wd§ wh:d l%shdjka isÿ fkdjk njg lS¾;s kduhla ysñ wdh;khla ms<sn|j uyck úYajdih by< ke.Su ;=<ska jHdmdßl id¾:l;ajhla w;alr .ekSug o bv yir ,efí'

iud.ul lS¾;s kduh flfrys oeä n,mEula ÿ¾j, hymd,k m%;sm;a;shla u.ska we;s l< yels w;r by< ,dN ,nk iud.ula f,i muKla u mej;Su j¾;udk ixlS¾K wd¾Ól yd uQ,H jmißh ;=< wiSre ld¾hhla jkq we;' wdh;khl ienE j¾Okfhys,d hymd,k m%;sm;a;sh u.ska Yla;su;a lrk ,o lS¾;skduh jeo.;a idOlhla nj f,dj mqrd ms<s .efka' m%d.aOkh kxjd,Sug o th j¾;udkfha§ ;SrKd;aulj n,mdk w;r wjidk ú.%yfha§ th iuia; wd¾Ól m%.ukhg o n,mEula we;s lrk nj fmkS hhs'

hymd,k m%jK;d kshdukh myiq lr wd¾Ól hdka;%Kh iqug lrhs

ms,smSkfha Institute of Corporate Directors ys iNdm;s Jesvs Estanista9 úiska m%ldY l< mßÈ hymd,kh u.ska wdh;khla ukdj lghq;= lrkq ,nk wdldrh ms<sônq fjhs' fldgia ysñhkag muKla fkdj wfkl=;a ish¨ u wod< md¾Yajhkag;a ^stakeholders& m%cdjg" iudchg fukau iuia; wd¾Ólhg;a iud.ula úiska jdisodhl m%;sM, w;alr osh hq;=h' by< ld¾hlaIu;djlska hq;=j l%shd;aul jk wdh;khla f,i mej;Su wdfhdaclhska wdl¾YKh lr .ekSug o bjy,a jk w;r tn÷ wdh;khl jHdmdßl lghq;= jHdma; lsÍu kj /lshd W;amdokh flfrys Okd;aul f,ig n,mdkq ,nhs' 2004 jif¾§ Georgia State University u.ska isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhla u.ska o ikd: ù ;sfnk lreKla kï" iajdëk wOHlaI uKav,hlska iukaú; ld¾hlaIu f;dr;=re ;dlaI‚l moaO;Ska iys; ukdj ie,iqï l< hymd,k m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrk wdh;khla tlS ie,iqï fkdue;s wdh;khlg jvd wju jYfhka 25] lj;a by< ,dN ,eîug yelshdj we;s njhs10 ' ukdj ie,iqï l< hymd,k l%ufõo wkq.ukh lrk iud.ul fiajlhka iïm;a M,odhsj fhoùug

9 J P Estanisalo ‘Good Governance is the Key’ Key Note Speech on Uni-versity Convocation in 2008https://www.ue.edu.ph/manila/uetoday/index.php?nav=8.htm

10 Ann K. Buchholtz, Jill A. Brown, and Kareem M. Shabana ‘Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility’

yd ld¾hlaIu ish¨ fiajhka iemhSug Wkkaÿ ùu ;=<ska kdia;sh wju lrf.k lghq;= lsÍug fm<öu ;j;a hym;a m%fõYhla f,i oelaúh yelsh' ukd md,khlska hq;a iud.ï mej;Sfï ;j;a jdis f,i m%.aOkh wju msßjehla hgf;a ,nd.; yels ùu fukau uQ,H wdh;k taldnoaO lsÍï jeks m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï myiqfjka l%shd;aul l< yels ùu o y÷kd.; yels nj Y%S ,dxlSh uQ,H moaO;sh m%;sjHQy.; lsÍu iïnkaOj Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska j¾;udkfha isÿ flfrñka mj;sk l%shdud¾. Tiafia o ;yjqre fjhs'

thg wu;rj hymd,k ie,iqï l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lsÍu u.ska uQ,H wdh;khlg w;ajk wu;r jdishla kï wjodkï l<ukdlrKh ^Risk Management& i|yd oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh wvqùuhs' hïlsis wjodkï iy.; ;;a;ajhla Woa.; jQ úg tjekakla j<ld,Sug fyda we;súh yels mdvqj wju lr .ekSu i|yd ixúê; mQ¾j iQodkula hymd,k ld¾hmámdáh hgf;a ilia lr ;sfnk wjia:djl wjodkulg úYajdifhka hq;=j yd Yla;su;aj uqyqK §ug wdh;khlg yelshdj we;'

fldgia ysñhkaf.a wdfhdack ms<sn|j Tjqkag by< úYajdihla we;s lr .ekSug yels ùu hymd,kh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;khl§ wjldY ie,flk w;r j;alï úlsŒu" idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha hïlsis fjkialula isÿlsÍu jeks hï wdh;khl uQ,sl ;SrK .ekSï ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjhlska ;ukaf.a fldgia wdfhdackh l<ukdlrKhg o fldgia ysñhkag wjldY ie,fia'

tfukau uQ,H wdh;k wëlaIKh yd kshdukh iïnkaOj i<ld n,k úg ukd hymd,khlska hqla;j lghq;= lrk wdh;khla iïnkaOj wëlaIK lghq;= lsÍfï§ oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh wvqùu ^Cost-eective Supervision Process& wdh;ksl hymd,kfhys ;j;a iqnodhs me;slvls' tn÷ wjia:djl wdh;khl wNHka;r md,k l%u ms<sn|j wëlaIK wêldßhg úYajikSh;ajhlska hq;=j lghq;= l< yels jkq we;' flfia fj;;a fulS jdisodhs;ajh w;alr .ekSfï§ wêldß wdh;khla úiska uQ,H wdh;khl hymd,kh we.hSug wjYHjk yelshdjla yd ksÍlaIKhka Yla;su;a lr.; hq;= w;r wOHlaI uKav,h" wjodkï yd ú.Kk lñgq iuÕ ksrka;rj iómj lghq;= l< hq;= nj ndi,a lñgqj úiska ksl=;a lr we;s kj;u ud¾f.damfoaYj, olajd we;'

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úys§ .sh m%;sm;a;s cd,hl w;Hka; yrh foig ne,aula'''

ndi,a lñgqj úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o ud¾f.damfoaY ;=< wdh;ksl hymd,k ixl,amj, .eí úh hq;= uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s yd ixl,am iúia;rj oelafjk w;r th ieflúka oelaùu fuu ,smsh iïmQ¾K ùu i|yd bjy,a fõhehs is;ñ' my; oelafjk tu m%;sm;a;s nexl=j, hymd,kh b,lal lrf.k j¾Okh lr we;af;a jqj o fiiq uQ,H wdh;k i|yd o wksjd¾hfhka wod< lr .; hq;=h hkak j¾;udkfha wjOdkhg ,la jk ksiel ;¾lhls'

1' nexl=jl Wmdh ud¾.sl wruqKq" wjodkï l<ukdlrKh yd hymd,k ie,iqï wOHlaI uKav,h úiska wkqu; l< hq;= w;r nexl=jl lghq;= ms<sn|j iuia; j.lSu;a" l<ukdldß;ajh wëlaIKh lsÍfï j.lSu;a wOHlaI uKav,h úiska oeßh hq;=h'

2' wOHlaI uKav,h ukd oekqula" m<mqreoaola fukau ksis iqÿiqlï yd mqyqKqjla o ,nd ;sìh hq;=h'

3' wdh;ksl hymd,k l%ufõoh wOHlaI uKav,h úiska ks¾Kh l< hq;= w;r thg wkq.;j wdh;kh lghq;= lrkafkao hkak wëlaIKh l< hq;=h'

4' iuQy wdh;khla iïnkaOj jk úg iuia; wdh;k iuQyfhau hymd,kh uõ iud.fuys wOHlaI uKav,fha j.lSula fõ'

5' wdh;kfha jHdmdßl ie<iqu" wjodkï iSudj yd wfkl=;a ld¾hhka wOHlaI uKav,h wkqu; l< rduqj ;=< isÿjk njg wOHlaI uKav,fha u.fmkaùug hg;aj l<ukdldÍ;ajh j.lsj hq;=h'

6' nexl=j ;=< ld¾hlaIu wjodkï l<ukdlrK ie,iqula ^Risk Management Plan& ;sìh hq;=h' ta i|yd wod< ks,Odßfhla m;a l< hq;= w;r Tyqg wOHlaI uKav,fha Wmfoia .ekSug wjldY ;sìh hq;=h'

7' wdh;khg fjka jYfhka n,mdkakd jQ wjodkï fukau iuia; iudchgu n,mdk wjodkï fjkaj y÷kd.; hq;=h'

8' ld¾hlaIu wjodkï l<ukdlrKhla i|yd

wNHka;r md,khka ^Internal Controls& kshu lr tajd by< l<ukdldß;ajhg fukau iuia; wdh;kfha u ta ta wxY fj; o ukdj ikaksfõokh l< hq;= h'

9' wNHka;r yd ndysr ú.Kkhka ld¾hlaIuj m%fhdackhg .ekSug wOHlaI uKav,h yd by< l<ukdldÍ;ajh lghq;= l< hq;= h'

10' wdh;kfha §ukd yd f.ùï ms<sn|j kS;s yd l%ufõo wOHlaI uKav,h úiska wëlaIKh l< hq;= h'

11' úplaIK wjodkï oeÍï iuÕ iudkqmd;sl jk mßÈ fiajlhkag jkaÈ f.ùï yd §ukd f.ùï ms<sn|j l%ufõo ilia l< hq;= h'

12' nexl=fõ fufyhqï wdlD;sh$jHqyh ^Operational Structure& ms<sn|j by< l<ukdldß;ajhg yd wOHlaI uKav,hg ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h'

13' wka;¾cd;slj ms<s.;a kshdukhkag hg;a fkdù fufyhqï lghq;= flfrk nexl= wdh;k ;sfnk rgj, wOHlaI uKav, ta ta wdh;kh uqyqK mE yels wjodkï iy.; ;;a;ajhka ukdj wjfndaO lr.; hq;=h'

14' nexl=jl hymd,k l%ufõoh" .kqfokqlrejkag" ;ekam;alrejkag" fldgia ysñhkag" wfkl=;a ish¨ u wod< md¾Yajhkag yd fjf<|fmd< iyNd.s lrejkag o meyeÈ,sj wjfndaO jk wdldrfha úksúo Ndjhlska hqla; úh hq;=h'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k fj; ksl=;a lr we;s hymd,kh iïnkaO úOdkhka11 by; m%;sm;a;s u; mokïj ilia lr we;s nj lsj yelsh' by; i|yka lrk ,o m%;sm;a;s ie,lSfï§ wOHlaI uKav,fha ieliqu flfrys uE; ld,Skj úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq jk nj fmkS hhs' wdh;ksl hymd,kh iïnkaOj jeo.;a j.lSula mejÍ ;sfnk wOHlaI uKav,h ukd iqÿiqlï ,;a mqoa.,hkaf.ka iukaú; ùu w;HjYHjk neúka Tjqkaf.a fhda.H;dj flfrys wod< jk kSs;S ljrdldr úh hq;= o hkak foaYShj yd wka;¾cd;sl kS;s rduqj ;=< o ksrka;r úuiqug ,la fõ'

11 Central Bank of Sri Lanka ‘Laws & Regulations Regulations, Directions, Rules, Guidelines, Circulars & Operating Instructions’< www.cbsl.gov.lk/htm/english/09_lr/l_2.html

9 2014 iema - Tla

wOHlaI uKav, ieliqu ^Board Composition& ms<sn|j jQ j¾Okhka úuid ne,Sfï§ úOdhl yd úOdhl fkdjk wOHlaIjrekaf.a ixhq;sh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq ù ;sfí' ;ks mqoa.,fhl= fyda lKavdhula fyda u.ska taldêm;s iajrEmfha n,hla oeÍu je<elaùu fuhska wruqKq flfrhs' uQ,H w¾nqohg miqj tx.,ka;fha uQ,H wdh;k iïnkaOj ilik ,o fjda,al¾ iudf,dapk jd¾;dfõ ^Walker Review&12 hymd,k l%ufõohg wod<j olajd we;af;a úOdhl fkdjk wOHlaIjreka" úOdhl wOHlaIjreka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ie,iqï wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍug yd mÍlaIdjg ,la lsÍug yelshdjla we;s wh úh hq;=h' tu jd¾;dfõ we;=<;a ;j;a iqúfYaI fhdackdjla kï jir folg fyda ;=klg jrla ndysr md¾Yajhla ,jd wOHlaI uKav,fha id¾:l;ajh we.hSulg ,la l< hq;= w;r tu jd¾;dj jd¾Isl jd¾;dfjys fldgia ysñhkaf.a o oek.ekSu Wfoid m< l< hq;= njhs' fun÷ fhdackdj,ska o m%lg jkqfha j¾;udkfha uQ,H wdh;kj, wOHlaI uKav,h fj; wdh;khl ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh ;yjqre lsÍfuys,d mejÍ we;s ndrOQr j.lSuhs' th ksis mßÈ bgq lsÍug úfYaI oekqñka" w;aoelSï yd yelshdjkaf.ka iunr jQ wOHlaI uKav,hla ;sîu wksjd¾h idOlhls'

wOHlaI uKav, j.lSu úuOH.; lsÍu fyj;a lñgq y;f¾ Wml%uh

wdh;ksl hymd,k ixl,amfhys kQ;k keUqre;djka msßlaiSfï§ wOHlaI uKav,h úiska m;a lrk ,o lñgq ^Board appointed Committees& ms<sn|j fhduq ù we;s wjOdkh o i|yka l< hq;=h' m%Odk jYfhka lñgq y;rla tkï" ú.Kk lñgqj ^Audit Committee&" udkj iïm;a iy fõ;k lñgqj ^Human resources and Remuneration committee&" kdufhdackd lñgqj ^Nomination Committee& yd taldnoaO wjodkï l<ukdlrK lñgqj ^Integrated Risk Management Committee& hk lñgq fuys§ jeo.;a lñgq f,ig ms<s .efka'

fuu lñgq w;ßka ú.Kk lñgqj fj; úfYaIfhka mejfrk j.lSula f,ig YS% ,dxlSh uQ,H moaO;shg wod<j fmkajd osh yels jkafka iïnkaê; md¾Yajhkag wod< .kqfokq u.ska m%d.aOk fjf<|fmdf<ys wjxl Ndjh yd úksúo Ndjh m¨ÿ jk wdldrfha lghq;= lsÍu je<elaùug l%shd lsÍuhs'

12 A review of corporate governance in UK banks and other financial industry entities’26 November 2009

wjodkï l<uKdlrK lñgqj úiska hïlsis wjodkï iy.; ;;a;ajhla Woa.; jQ miqj l%shd;aul ùu ^reactive manner& fjkqjg tjekakla Woa.; ùug fmr isgu ^proactive manner& lghq;= l< hq;= fõ' uq,ska o i|yka l< wdldrhg Enron iud.ug fujeks lñgqjla ;snqKq kuq;a 2006 iy 2007 ld,h ;=< tu lñgqj /iaj ;snqfka foj;djla mu‚' WorldCom iud.u úiska wjodkï lñgqj msysgqjk ,oafoa th ì| jegqK miqjhs' ta wkqj úfYaIfhka u øjYS,;d w¾nqoh" .kqqfokqlrejkaf.a m%Odk fiajlhka bj;a ùfï ;;a;ajhka" kvq mejÍïj,g ,laùï fyda fiajd yd wfkl=;a ksIamdok ì| jeàfï ;;a;ajhka i<ld n,d tu laI‚l l<ukdlrK ie,iqï ilia l< hq;=h'

wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka úldYh ù we;s by; ú.%y lrk ,o wdh;ksl hymd,kfhys uQ,sl wx. i,ld n,k l, m%lgj u Èiafjk wdh;khl hymd,k ixl,amfhys kQ;k keUqre;d lSmhla y÷kd .ekSug yelsh'

wOHlaI uKav,fhys l%shd;aulùï yd ld¾hNdrhka fukau Tjqkaf.a iqÿiqlï yd yelshdjka flfrys iud.ïj, ysñlrejka oeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsßu fun÷ keñhdjka w;r m%uqL fõ' wkqu; m%d.aOk fjka lsÍï isÿ lsÍu" ÿ¾j, j;alï l<ukdlrKh yd ld¾hlaIu;dj kexùug .;hq;= l%shdud¾. flfrys fï hgf;a uQ,sl wjOdkhla fhduq flfrkq we;'

fldgia ysñhkaf.a j.lSï iy.; Ndjh Shareholders' Responsibility& ;j;a wjOdrKh jk wx.hla f,ig fmkajd oshyelsh' wdh;khl uQ,sl .kqfokq yd wdfhdaclhkag wod< jk lreKq úksúo Ndjhlska hqla;j isÿ lsÍug;a" tajd fy<s lsÍug;a fldgia ysñhka úiska wOHlaI uKav,h fj; n, lsÍu fuysÈ isÿ flfrhs' wdh;ksl hymd,kh iïnkaO ffk;sl rduqj ;j ;j;a Yla;su;a lrñka" úfYaIfhkau uQ,H moaO;s ia:dhs;dj iqrlsñka wdh;ksl hymd,kh ;=<ska i,id.; yels msgqn,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iúia;rd;aul yd oeä iajrEmfha kS;s fr.=,dis ^stringent regulation on corporate governance& ksl=;a lsÍu fï hgf;a y÷kd.; yels ;j;a j¾Okhls'

wOHlaIjrekaf.a Oqr ld,h iïnkaOj fukau ú.Kljrekaf.a m;a ùfï ld,h iïnkaOj o hï hï iSud mekùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu ;j;a úfYaI j¾Okhls' ienúkau iajdëk ú.Kk u;hka yd jd¾;djka bÈßm;a lsÍug ú.Kk wdh;kfhys

10 2014 iema - Tla

iajdëk Ndjh jeo.;a jk w;r" tla wdh;khla iuÕ lghq;= l< yels ld, iSudj iïnkaOj ú.Kljrekag iSud mekùfuka tlS iajdëk;ajh kexfjk njg ;¾l l< yelsh'

f;dr;=re ;dlaI‚l moaO;sj,g wod<j flfrk wmrdOuh jerÈ yd wdh;khl iqug meje;au yd lS¾;s kduh iïnkaOfhka we;s úh yels wjodkï wju lsÍug wOHlaI uKav,h keUqre lsÍu ;j;a jeo.;a j¾Okhla fõ'

iud.ul wOHlaI uKav,fha iNdm;sf.ka fuf;la wfmalaId l< idïm%odhsl iajrEmfha ld¾hNdrh fjkqjg mq¿,a j.lSï iy.; ld¾h Ndrhla j¾;udkfha§ kj hymd,k kS;s ixl,am hgf;a wfmalaId flf¾' wOHlaI uKav,hg yd l<ukdldß;ajhg flfrk f.ùï" §ukd wdosh iïnkaOj meyeÈ,s m%;sm;a;s ieliSug f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoh hgf;a wkdjrKh lr.;a j¾Okh lr.; hq;= hymd,k keUqrejla ms<sn|j by; § o i|yka fl ß‚' tfukau wOHlaI uKav,h idudðlhka úiska tlsfklg iïnkaê; wdh;khkays lghq;= lrñka ta tla tla wdh;kh iïnkaO jQ lreKqj,§ ;SrK §u j<ld,Sug wOHlaI uKav, iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre flfrk ks¾Kdhlhka ;jÿrg;a ksYaÑ; yd mD:q, f,i ks¾Kh l< hq;=j ;sfí'

fulS ish¨ u lreKq w;ßka hï wdh;khl ixialD;sh ;=<g hymd,k kS;s ldjeoa§u wksjd¾h wjYH;djla f,i ;¾l l< yelsh' wdh;khl jxpksl l%shd iy wl%ñl;djkag tfrysj yඞ k.k fiajlhka /l .ekSu ^whistle blower protection& iy my< l<ukdldß;ajhg mjd hymd,k j.lSï mejÍu o ¥IKfhka f;drj lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lsÍu o wksjd¾h jk ms<sfj;a w;r fõ13'

id¾:l yd úksúo Ndjfhka by< wdh;ksl hymd,k moaO;shla Wfoid iud.ul .kqfokq yd wfkl=;a jeo.;a lghq;= ms<sn|j fy<sorõ lsÍu ^disclosure&" ms<sme§u fyda fkdms<sme§ug fya;= oelaùu ^comply or explain& hkd§ m%;sm;a;s hgf;a jeä f;dr;=re m%udKhla fldgia ysñhkag yd wfkl=;a wod< md¾Yajhkag wkdjrKh lsÍfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh flfrhs14 '

13 Super ‘Corporate Governance - Whistleblower Policy’< ir.superiorenergy.com › Investor Relations>

14 Antoine Faure-Grimaud, Sridhar Arco, Valentina Bruno, December 2005 ‘Corporate Governance in the UK: is the Comply-or-Explain Ap-proach Working?’ DISCUSSION PAPER NO 581

fláld,Sk msßjehlska §¾> ld,Sk m%;s,dN ,eîu Wfoid'''

hymd,k l%ufõo hï uQ,H wdh;khla ;=< ia:dms; lsÍfï§ thg oeÍug isÿ jk msßjeh Cost of Corporate Governance& ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= njg ;¾l u;= fõ' ienúkau fuhg m%;s;¾lhla f,ig bÈßm;a l< yels lreKla kï hymd,kh iïnkaOj jeh jk msßjeh fláld,Sk jk w;r ta u.ska ,efnk jdisiy.; Ndjh §¾>ld,Sk njhs' tfyhska jvd;a M,odhs l%ufõoh f,ig jvd;a jeo.;au yd uQ,sl;ajh oshhq;= wjodkï y÷kdf.k hymd,k rduqj ieliSfï§ tu wjodkï iy.; wxY uQ,sl lr .ekSu msßjeh ld¾hlaIuj Wmfhda.s lr.; yels l%ufõohla f,ig oelaúh yelsh' fuys§ idïm%odhsl jQ;a yd wod< wdh;khg m%n, ;¾ckhla fkdjkakd jQ;a wjodkï y÷kd .ekSfuka hymd,kh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ jeh úh yels msßjeh wju lr.; yels nj fhdackd l< yelsh'

flfia fj;;a wdh;ksl hymd,kh ;yjqre lsÍu wOHlaI uKav,hg yd l<ukdldß;ajhg muKla isÿ l< yels ld¾hhla fkdfõ' ukd hymd,k rduqjla uQ,H wdh;k ;=< ia:dms; lsÍug wëlaIK yd kshduk wêldÍkays ksrka;r iqmÍlaIKh yd u. fmkaùu jeo.;a jk w;r wdh;khl fiajlhka" fldgia ysñhka" ú.Kljreka" Kh j¾.SlrK wdh;k yd uQ,H wdh;k u.ska msysgqjdf.k ;sfnk ix.ï hkdoshg o tys j.lSu mejfrk w;r ;ekam;=lrejka we;=¿ fiiq .kqfokqlrejkag o tlS j.lSfuka ñ§ hd fkdyel' wod< jk kS;s yd fr.=,diSka W,a,x>kh lrñka hï wdh;khla .kqfokqj,g t<fUk úfgl Bg wkqn, fkd§ kS;Hkql+, rduqj ;=< iajlSh .kqfokqj,g t<öug .kqfokqlrejkag j.lSula mj;sk w;r tjeks j.lSï meyer yeß úfgl uQ,H wdh;kj, iqug l%shdldß;ajh ;yjqre lrñka ta jgd ne| we;s hymd,k neïu foord hkq we;' tfukau wdh;ksl hymd,khg wod< cd;Hka;r kS;s iïu;hka foaYSh kS;s rduqjg wka;¾.; lsÍfï§ tla tla rgl uQ,H moaO;shg wdfõ‚l jQ lreKq ^country specic circumstances& i<ld ne,sh hq;= w;r tu fr.=,dis muKla mkjd ;sîfuka wdh;ksl hymd,kh ;yjqre l< fkdyel' tajdg wkq.; ùu wksjd¾hfhka u iemsßh hq;= idOlhla jk w;r tys§ wOHlaIjrekaf.a fukau wod< uQ,H moaO;sfha wjxlNdjh ^integrity& ish,a,g u by<ska ;yjqre l< hq;= .=Kdx.hla nj i|yka l< hq;=h'

11 2014 iema - Tla

ye|skaùu

f,dj tla tla rgj,g we;s

cd;Hka;r ms<s.ekSu ksYaph flfrkafka m%;srEmh

ms<sn|j we;s úYajdih u`.sks¡ Yla;su;a" úYajdijka;

m%;srEmhla we;s rglg wmkhk i|yd we;s bvm%ia;d

myiqfjka mq`M,a lr.; yel¡ iDcq úfoaY wdfhdack

iy ixpdrlhka wdl¾IKh lr.; yel¡ wfkla

rgj, wjOdkh yd f.!rjh oskd.; yel¡ ta wkqj

hym;a iy Yla;su;a cd;sl m%;srEmhla iys; rglg

f,dal wd¾Ólfhka ,nd.; yels m%;s,dN /ils¡

tuksid j;auka ;r.ldÍ f,dal wd¾Ól rgdj ;=<

ixpdrlhka" wdfhdaclhka" wmkhk fjf<|fmd<

oskd.ekSug tlsfkl rgj,a w;r we;af;a oeä

;r.hls¡ úfYaIfhka u j¾;udk f,dal wd¾Ólh

;=< úYd,;u iy fõ.fhka j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk

wxYhla jk ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< fï ;;a;ajh

lemS fmfka¡ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okh wmkhk

wdodhï by< hEug" /lshd wjia:d ckkhg iy

há;, myiqlï m%j¾Okhg bjy,a fjhs¡

oYl yhlg muK fmr jirlg úfoaY ixpdrfha

fhÿkq f,dal ck.ykh ñ,shk 25 la muK úh'

1980 oS tu ixLHdj ñ,shk 278 olajd;a 1995 oS

ñ,shk 528 olajd;a by< .sfhah¡ 2012 jif¾oS

ì,shkh blaujQ ck.ykhla úfoaY ixpdrfha

fhfoñka tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ á%,shk 1¡07 la f,dal

wd¾Ólhg tla l<y¡ 2013 jif¾ úfoaY ixpdrj,

fhÿKq ck.ykh ñ,shk 1087la jQ w;r ta i|yd

Tjqka oerE úhou tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ á%,shk 1¡4

la úh¡ f,dal o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h i|yd ixpdrl

l¾udka;fha odhl;ajh ishhg 9 ls¡ tfuka u

f,dj /lshd kshqla; iEu tfldf<dia fofkl=f.ka

u tla wfhl= ixpdrl lafIa;%h yd iïnkaO

/lshdjl ksr;j isà¡ tfukau f,dal wmkhk wdodhu

i|yd ishhg 6 lska o iuia; fiajd wmkhkh i|yd

ishhg 29 lska o ixpdrl l¾udka;h odhl fjhs¡

fufia fõ.fhka j¾Okh jk iy bÈßfhaoS ;j

ÿrg;a j¾Okh jkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrk ixpdrl

lafIa;%fhka m%;s,dN ,eîug ;u rgj, m%;srEmh by<

kexùug" th cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;rg f.khEug tla

tla rgj,a úúO l%fudamdh wkq.ukh lrhs¡ Y%S ,xldj

o fuys,d úúO mshjr .ksñka isà¡

rglg cd;sl m%;srEmfha we;s jeo.;alu" cd;sl

m%;srEmfhys Yla;su;a nj wkqj rgj,a fY%aKs.;

lsÍu iy cd;sl m%;srEmh wdjrKh flfrk lreKq

6 we;=<;a cd;sl m%;srEm IvY%h ms<sn|j óg fmr

,smshlska idlÉPd lr we;¡ Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl

m%;srEmh flfrys ixpdrlhka wdl¾IKh lr

.ekSfuys,d fuf;la f.k we;s mshjr iy ixpdrl

l¾udka;h m%j¾OkfhaoS ;jÿrg;a ch.; hq;=j we;s

wNsfhda. ms<sn| j ieflúka úuid ne,Su fuu ,smsfha

wruqK fõ'

b;sydih

jir oyia .Kklg;a fmr isg u wm rg cd;Hka;r

lS¾;skduhla Èkd isáfha h¡ b;du;a u hym;a iy

Yla;su;aa m%;srEmhla we;sj isáfha h¡ Y%S ,xlsl

rcjre úfoaY rgj,a iu`. rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d

f.dvk.d .;ay¡ tajdg ;dkdm;sjre hejQy¡ fuu

ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh i|yd cd;sl m%;srEmh

by< kexùu

úkS;d fyar;a" ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j

12 2014 iema - Tla

rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;dj, jd¾;d.; b;sydih l%s¡mQ¡

3 jeks ishji olajd osj hhs¡ Ndr;h md,kh l<

wfYdal wêrdcHhd yd Y%S ,xldj md,kh l< foajdkï

msh ;siai rcq w;r fujeks rdcH ;dka;%sl in|;d

f.dvke.S ;sìKs¡ .%Sish" frdauh yd Ökh hkdos rgj,a

/ila iu`. o rdcH ;dka;%sl iy fjf<| iïnkaO;d

mej;s nj fkdfhl=;a jd¾;dj,ska fy<sorõ fõ¡

tfuka u w;S;fha isg u Y%S ,xldj ixpdrlhkaf.a

wdl¾IKh Èkd.ekSug iu;aj isá neõ foaYdgk

jd¾;dj,ska ;yjqre flf¾¡ uqyqÿ fiao udjf;a ueo

msysàu ksid;a fkdfhl=;a jákd fjf<| øjH furáka

,nd .; yels jQ ksid;a fndfyda úfoaYslfhda furgg

meñKshy¡ Tjqyq úúO kïj,ska ye|skajQ Y%S ,xldj

ms<sn| f;dr;=re ish rgj, m;< l<y¡ miqj ngysr

cd;Skaf.a wdêm;Hhg k;=ùu;a iu`. úfoaY rgj,a

iu`. mej;s in|;dj, iajrEmh uq`Mukska u fjkia

úh¡ ksoyiska miq f.jqkq jir 66 ;=< cd;Hka;r

m%cdj w;r Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh úfgl b;du;a u

Yla;su;a tlla f,i;a ;j;a úfgl ÿ¾j, tlla

f,i;a ia:dms;ù ;sìKs¡ tuksid f,dal m%cdj bosßfha

Yla;su;a m%;srEmhla iys; rgla" cd;shla f,i fmkS

isàug tu ld,mßÉfPaoh ;=< fkdfhl=;a mshjr f.k

we;¡ jevigyka" ie,iqï l%shd;aul lr we;¡

ksoyiska miq f.jqkq hq.h ms<sn| úuid ne,SfïoS

n,hg m;a iEu rchla u mdfya ixpdrl lafIa;%h

;=<ska rgg ,eìh yels m%;s,dN y÷kdf.k th jeä

oshqKq lsÍug mshjr f.k ;sfnk nj olakg ,efí'¡

WodyrK jYfhka 1948 rcfha ixpdrl ld¾hdxYh

msysgqùu" 1965 lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqfmd< ixj¾Okh"

1966 Y%S ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h" fydag,a ixia:dj

iy fydag,a mqyqKq mdi, msysgqùu oelaúh yel¡ fuu

jevms,sfj<j, m%;sM, f,i 1966 isg Y%S ,xldjg

meñKs ixpdrlhkaf.a ixLHdj;a t u`.ska ,enqKq

wdodhu;a l%ufhka by< .sh neõ olakg ,efí¡ 1966

jif¾ Y%S ,xldjg meñKs ixpdrlhka f.a ixLHdj

18"969 la jQ w;r 1967 oS tu ixLHdj 23"666 la úh¡

tfy;a fuh tod fuod;=r taldldÍ wdldrfhka isÿù

hehs mejish fkdyel¡ ^01 jeks rEm igyk&

1983 - 1984 ld,h Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl lafIA;%h

msßfyñka ;snqKq wjêhls¡ ;%ia;jdoh yd ;reK

wiykh jeks fkdfhl=;a fya;= ksid fuu ld,fha

ixpdrlhka w;r ,xldj ms<sn| j mej;s m%;srEmh

úYajdijka;" Yla;su;a tlla fkdjqks¡

miq.sh oYlj, ixpdrl jHdmdrh flfrys wys;lr

f,i n,mE fya;= w;ßka ;sia wjqreoaola ;siafia

os.a.eiqKq ;%ia;jdoS hqoaOh m%Odk h¡ ixpdrl

wdl¾IKh fnfyúka Èkd.ekSug YlH;djla ;snQ

m%foaY wkdrlaIs; nj fya;=fjka oYl lsysmhla u

ixpdrl lafIa;%h ;=<ska .s,syS ;sìKs¡ ol=Kq iy uOHu

m<d;a muKla ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd újr j

;sìKs¡

01 jeks rEm igyk

ixpdrl meñKSï 1983 - 2013

uQ,dY%h - Economic & Social Statistics of Sri Lanka

13 2014 iema - Tla

2004 - 2013 oYlfha ixpdrl lafIa;%fha m%j¾Okh

Wfoid f.k we;s mshjr

fuu ld,mßÉfPaoh ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlsÍfï

oS 2004 j¾Ih iqúfYAI h¡ tf;la meñKs by<u

ixpdrlhskaf.a ixLHdj jQ 566" 202 jd¾;d jQfha tu

j¾Ifha hs¡ tfuka u ixpdrl bmhSï m%udKh tlai;a

ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk 513 olajd ishhg 10 lska

j¾Okh úh¡

fujka iqnodhS jd;djrKhla ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl

m%;srEmh ixpdrlhka w;rg f.k hEug Y%S ,xld

ixpdrl uKav,h iy Y%S ,xld ixpdrl wud;HdxYh

tlaj zkej; f.dvkef.kq Y%S ,xldZ kñka úfYAIs;

m%j¾Ok jevigykla Èh;a lr we;¡ tfuka u 2004

jif¾ osjhskg f.dvneiSfï oS whl< .=jka f;dgqm<

wd.uk noafoka 1$3 la iy ixpdrl uKav,fhys

,shdmosxÑ ixpdrl wdh;kj, uq`M msßjegqfuka

ishhg 1 la jQ noafoka ,o wdodhu Y%S ,xld ixpdrl

uKav,fhys m%pdrk lghq;= iy udkj iïm;a

ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdojñka ixpdrl lafIa;%fha

m%j¾Okh Wfoid mshjr f.k we;¡

tfy;a 2005 jif¾ Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl m%;srEmh flfrys

m%udKj;a ;rñka ixpdrlhskaa wdl¾IKh jQfha ke;¡

iqkdñ jHikh yd ta ms<sn| wys;lr m%pdr Bg fya;=

úh¡ jir wjidk Nd.fha W;=re kefkysr fom<d;aj,

we;s jQ hqO .egqï fï ;;a;ajh ;j;a ;Sj% lf<a h¡

tjeks miqìula ;=< 2005 jif¾ ixpdrl meñKSï

ishhg 3 lska my< .sfhah¡ l,dmSh jYfhka .;a l<

Y%S ,xldjg wLKavj u ixpdrhka meñKs úYd,; u

uQ,dY%h jQfha ngysr hqfrdamh hs¡ tfy;a 2005 jif¾

tlS l,dmfhka meñKs ixpdrlhskaf.a ixLHdj ishhg

20¡1 lska wvq úh¡ iqkdñ iyk" mqkre;a;dmk yd

m%;sixialrK lghq;= i|yd meñKs iafjÉPd ixúOdk

fiajlhka yd wdOdr lKavdhï fkdjkakg meñKs

ixpdrlhka ixLHdj óg;a jvd my< w.hla .ekSug

bv ;sìKs¡ tfuka u bkaÈhdfjka iy mlsia:dkfhka

meñKs ixpdrlhka f.a ixLHdj o ixpdrl msßfia

úYd, fjkila isÿfkdùug n,mEfõ h¡ tfy;a fufia

meñKs msßia fY%aKs.; fydg,aj,a kjd;eka .ekSu

isÿjQfha b;d wvqfjks¡ tu ksid ixpdrl wxYfha uq¨

bmehSï t¡c¡ fvd,¾ ñ,shk 429 olajd ishhg 16¡3 lska

my< jeáKs¡

2006 jif¾ uq,a Nd.fha ixpdrl meñKSï ishhg 17 lska j¾Okh jqj o fojeks Nd.fha mej;s ;;a;ajh t;rï iqNodhS fkdùh¡ Bg fya;= jQfha b;d,sh" c¾uksh" m%xYh iy TiafÜ%,shdj we;=`M ngysr rgj,a úiska Y%S ,xldj ixpdrh i|yd wjodkï l,dmhla f,i m%ldYhg m;a lsÍuhs¡ thska jif¾ fojeks Nd.fha ixpdrl meñKSï wffO¾u;a ùfuka iuia; ixpdrl meñKSïj, j¾Okh 1¡9 lg iSud úh¡ fuu ;;a;ajh 2007 jir flfrys o n,mEfuka tu jif¾ ixpdrl l¾udka;h iïnkaOfhka jd¾;d jQfha ishhg 11¡7l miqnEuls¡ fuu ld,fhys Y%S ,xldfõ wdrlaIl ;;a;ajh o hym;a fkdùh¡ tfy;a ixpdrl m%j¾Okh i|yd 2006 whjefhka mekjQ t¡c¡ fvd,¾ 10 ùid .dia;=j l,a oeóug rch wkque;sh oSu" ixpdrl lghq;= i|yd tl;= l< w.h u; nÿ f.ùu ;djld,slj k;r lsÍu" l,a miq jQ tl;= l< w.h u; nÿ f.ùu fjkqfjka jQ ovuqo,a k;r lsÍu iy m%d.aOk f.ùï i|yd iykhla ,ndoSu hkdoS fláld,Sk mshjr lsysmhla f.k we;¡ Bg wu;rj 2007 Tlaf;dan¾ 01 jeks od isg 2005 wxl 38 ork ixpdrl mk; y÷kajd fok ,o w;r ta u`.ska ixpdrl l¾udka;h l<ukdlrKfha § jvd;a M,odhS rdcH - fm!oa.,sl iyfhda.S;djla ìysfõ hehs wfmalaId flßks¡ kj mk; y÷kajdoSu;a iu`. Y%S ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" Y%S ,xld ixpdrl m%j¾Ok ld¾hdxYh" Y%S ,xld ixpdrl iïfï,k ld¾hdxYh yd Y%S ,xld ixpdrl yd fydag,a l<ukdlrK wdh;kh msysgqjk ,os¡

2008 jif¾ o úfoaYSh ixpdrlhka w;r Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh t;rï wdl¾IKSh tlla fkdjqks¡ tuksid ixpdrl meñKsï ishhg 11¡2 lska my< .sfha h¡ ixpdrl bmehSï o t¡c¡ fvd,¾ ñ,shk 342 olajd wvq úh¡ ta i|yd 2007 jif¾ n,mE fya;=j,g wu;rj f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoh o n,mEfõh¡

2008 jif¾ bkaoshdj tlai;a rdcOdksh" reishdj iy ueo fmros. jeks rgj,a b,lal lrñka zl<ukdlrK Wml%u iy ld¾h ie,iqu( 2008 - 2010Z bosßm;a lsÍu iy ixpdrl lafIa;%fha kshq;= jQjka yg ,nd ÿka Kh m%;s ,ehsia;= .; lsÍï" bkaOk wêNdrh yd wd¾Ól fiajd .dia;=j (ESC) wh fkdlsÍu ixpdrl lafIa;%fha m%j¾Okh Wfoid .kakd ,o mshjr h¡

fufia iEu jirlu mdfya ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh Wfoid fláld,Sk mshjr fuka u È.= ld,Sk jevigyka o l%shd;aul lrk ,o kuqÿ ;%ia;jdoS

14 2014 iema - Tla

hqO .egqï fya;=fjka 2009 jir f;la u Y%S ,xldj fndfyda ÿrg ixpdrl wdl¾IKfhka .s,syS .sfhah¡ tfy;a tf;la mej;s b;du;a u nrm;< Wmøjh jQ ;%ia;jdoh 2009 jif¾ ksudùu;a iu`. we;eï rgj,a úiska mkjd ;snQ wys;lr ixpdrl Wmfoia ,sys,a flßks' ke;skï bj;a flßks' ta;a iu`. u Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh úYajdiodhS Yla;su;a tlla f,i ixpdrlhkaf.a wdl¾IKhg ,laùug uxfm;a újr úh¡ 2009 .egqï mej;s uq,a udi lsysmfhys ixpdrl meñKSï fnfyúka wvqjqj o jd¾Isl meñKSï j¾Okh ishhg 2'1 la úh' ixpdrl bmehSï o t'c' fvd,¾ ñ,shk 350 olajd ishhg 2'2 lska j¾Okh úh'

idfmalaIj .;a úg 2010 jir Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh ixpdrlhka w;r wdl¾IKhg ,laùu w;ska id¾:l werUqula iksgqyka l< j¾Ihla f,i i|yka l< yels hs' tu jif¾ 2004 jd¾;d jQ by< u ixpdrl meñKSï ixLHdj blaujd .sh w;r tys j¾Okh ishhg 46'1 la úh' fuhg fnfyúka u n,mEfõ Y%S ,xldfõ wdrlaIl ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka u;=fjñka mej;s úYajdih hs' ta wkqj wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh" TiafÜ%,shdj iy cmdkh jeks rgj,a úiska ixpdrlhka i|yd ksl=;alr ;snQ whym;a ixpdrl

Wmfoia ,sys,a flßks'

ta wkqj 2009 jif¾ tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk

350la jQ ixpdrl bmhSï 2010 jif¾ t'c' fvd,¾

ñ,shk 576 la olajd ishhg 64'6 lska j¾Okh úh'

fuu ;;ajh ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh lrkq jia 2011 jir

zkrUuq Y%S ,xldZ ^Visit Sri Lanka& f,i kï lr udi

12 i|yd f;aud 12 la hgf;a m%pdrk jHdmdrhla f.k

hEug ie,iqï lrk ,os'

tfukau oYl lsysmhla ;siafia ixpdrl wdl¾IKfhka

.s,syS ;snqKq" tfy;a ixpdrl wdl¾IKh i|yd by<

úNj;djla iys; mdisl=vd" wre.ïfí" ;%sl=Kdu,h"

ks,dfõ,s" jdlf¾" fjre.,a iy l,al=vd jeks

ia:dkj, há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh jHdmD;s

läkïlsÍug mshjr .ekSu" fld<U yd ta wdY%s;

m%foaYj, cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a fydag,a boslsÍug

wkque;sh oSu" ixpdrl l¾udka; iïnkaO whÿïm;a

ms<sn| läkñka lghq;= lsÍug Y%S ,xld ixpdrl

ixj¾Ok wêldßh úiska uOHia:dkhla msysgqùu

2010 jifrys ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh Wfoid

.kakd ,o mshjr h' ;yjqre fjñka mej;s iduldó

jd;djrKh ;=< úúO .=jka iud.ï fld<U olajd

mshdießh h<s weröu o ixpdrl wdl¾IKh iy

úYajdih ;yjqreùug fya;= úh'

ixLHd igykixpdrl l¾udka;fha o< bmehSï ^2003 - 2013&


j¾Ih remsh,a ñ,shk tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk

2003 42549 411

2004 52126 513

2005 43151 429

2006 42586 410

2007 42571 385

2008 37094 342

2009 40133 350

2010 65018 575

2011 91926 830

2012 132427 1039

2013 221720 1715

15 2014 iema - Tla

fufia iduldó iqrlaIs; rgla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ

m%;srEmh ixpdrlhka w;r ia:dms;ùu ksid 2011

jif¾ ixpdrl meñKSï ishhg 30'8 lska o ixpdrl

bmhSï t'c' fvd,¾ ñ,shk 830 olajd ishhg 44'2 lska

o j¾Okh úh' ixpdrl meñKsï fufia j¾Okh fjoa§

fydag,a iy wdmk Yd,d boslsÍï wdfhdack i|yd b,aü

o by< .sfhah¡ ta wkqj 2011 jifrys tjeks whÿïm;a

210 lg;a jeä ixLHdjla iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrk

,o w;r ixpdrl i;aldrl ksjdi tall jevigyka

u`.ska tall 143 la ixpdrl l¾udka;hg tla lsÍu o

lafIa;%fha m%j¾Okh Wfoid .kakd ,o mshjr w;r

fõ¡ zkrUuq Y%s ,xldZ jevigyk hgf;a wfma Wreuh"

ieKfl<s" iqkaor o¾Yk" wmg wdfõKsl foaYSh YÍr

iqj;d l%u" l%Svd iy ;%dih uqiq l%Svd" fkdls<sá fjr<

;Srh" jk Wreuh iy jk i;=ka hk f;aud 8 hgf;a;a

/iaùï" iïuq;s" iïuka;%K iy m%o¾Yk ^MICE Tourism& i|yd ixpdrl meñKSu j¾Okh i|yd;a

mshjr f.k we;¡ tfukau l,amsáh" mdisl=vd" fooa¥j"

l=Épfõ,s isg jdlf¾ hd," yïnkaf;dg" is,dj;=r

iy hdmkh olajd kj ixpdrl ia:dk we;=<;a

lrñka ixpdrl lghq;= mq`M,alsÍug bvm%ia;dj

i,ik ,§' Y%S ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh

úiska thg wh;a ksjdvq ksfla;k iy ixpdrl

kjd;eka m%;sixialrKh i|yd mshjr .eksks'

2011 jifrys kj ixpdrl mk; flgqïm;a lrk ,o

w;r ta u`.ska mej;s ixpdrl wdh;k 4 tla mk;la

hgf;a Y%S ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh iy Y%S

,xld ixpdrl iy fydag,a l<ukdlrK wdh;kh

hkqfjka wdh;k 2 la hgf;a tldnoaO lrk ,os'

.,a*A thd" phskd Biagka" tafrdaiaúÜ thd,hskaia"

údka thd" *skathd" yekka thd,hskaia" *,hsvqndhs"

fkdajd thdfõia" mlsia:dka bkag¾keIk,a thd,hskaia"

iamhsiafcÜ" tfrda*af,dÜ .=jka fiajd 11 la Y%S ,xldjg

mshdiersh i|yd ,shdmosxÑùu 2011 jifrys ixpdrl

lafIa;%fhys lemS fmfkk ch.%yKhka h' Y%S ,xld

.=jka fiajh o .uka jdr iy .uka ud¾. jeä lrñka

ke.S tk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólj,ska iy hqfrdamfha

iïm%odhsl ixpdrl .ukdka;j,ska we;sj, b,aüg

iß,k mßos myiqlï ie,iSug we;s yelshdj mq`M,a

lsÍug mshjr .;af;a h'

2012 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h iïnkaOfhka

iqúfYaIS jQjls' tu jifrys ixpdrl meñKSï ishhg

17'5 lska j¾Okh fjñka m%:u j;djg ñ,shkh

blauùh' tfuka u ixpdrl bmhSï o t'c'fvd,¾

ñ,shk 1039 la olajd ishhg 25'1 lska j¾Okh úh'

fuu iqNodhS m%jK;dj ;jÿrg;a /l.ekSug iy

j¾Okh lr .ekSug 2012 jif¾ f,dj mqrd fjf<|

yd .uka m%o¾Yk 25 la yryd m%j¾Ok lghq;= isÿlsÍu

iy l,amsáh" l=Épfõ,s iy hd, m%foaYj, ixpdrl

ixj¾Ok l,dm wdfhdackh i|yd wkq.%yh oelaùu"

0

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150000

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250000

300000

1983

19

84

1985

19

86

1987

19

88

1989

19

90

1991

19

92

1993

19

94

1995

19

96

1997

19

98

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20

00

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02

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04

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සෘජ සසේවා නයකතය ඇසතසේනත කළ වක‍ර සසේවා නයකතය එකතව

02 jeks rEm igyk

ixpdrl lafIa;%fha fiajd kshqla;sh - 1993 - 2013


16 2014 iema - Tla

l=Épfõ,s ixpdrl ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh hgf;a ldur

48 lska iukaú; fydag,la idod ksu lsÍu" ldur

764 lska iukaú; kj fydag,a 11 la boslsÍug kshñ;

mdisl=vd jHdmD;sh iy l,amsáh taldnoaO ixpdrl

jHdmD;sh lrf.k hEu" kj yd w¨;ajeähd lrk

,o fydg,a lsysmhl jHdmdßl lghq;= weröu"

wdishd Ydka;slr l,dmfha iqmsß fydag,a cd,hla jk

Iex.%s,d taIshd ldur 650 lska iukaú; iqmsß fydag,a

ixlS¾Khla fld<U msysgqùug lghq;= lrf.k

hEu" Iex.%s,d iud.u ol=Kq fjr<nv yïnkaf;dg

m%foaYfha ldur 400 lska iukaú; ixpdrl ksjdi 50

lska hq;a fjr<dY%s; ixpdrl ksfla;khla bÈlsÍfï

fojeks jHdmD;sh weröu" Y%S ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok

wêldßfha ixpdrl i;aldrl ksjdi jevigyk

yryd ixpdrl l¾udka;fha Odß;dj by< kexùu" Y%S

,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh ish Ndrfha mej;s

kjd;eka 25 la w¨;ajeähd lsÍu iy kj i;aldrl

ksjdi 150 la ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu wdoS há;, myiqlï

ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s /ila l%shd;aul lrk ,os'

Y%S ,xldj ms<n| úYajdijka;" hym;a m%;srEmhla

ixpdrlhka w;r j¾Okh ùu iy È.ska È.gu

lrf.k hkq ,nk m%j¾Okd;aul jevigyka ksid 2013

jif¾ ixpdrlhka ñ,shk 1'27lg wêl ixLHdjla

wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug Y%S ,xldj iu;a úh' th fmr

jirg jvd ishhg 26'7 l j¾Okhls' ixpdrl bmhSï

o t'c' fvd,¾ ì,shk 1'7 blaujd by< .sfhah¡ ixLHd

igyk& 2013 jif¾ meje;ajQ fmdÿ rdcH uKav, rdcH

kdhlhkaf.a iuq¿j CHOGM& o Y%S ,xldj foi f,dal

wjOdkh fhduqùug fnfyúka fya;= úh'

ixpdrl wdl¾IKh ;jÿrg;a Y%S ,xldj flfrys

fhduqlr .ekSug 2013 jif¾ o fkdfhl=;a mshjr

.;akd ,o w;r há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ta w;r

lemSS fmfka¡ l,amsáh" l=Épfõ,s" hd, ixpdrl

m%j¾Ok l,dmj, wdfhdack osßu;a lsÍu" bmamka;sjq"

fj,a,dhs iy WÉpuqks wdfhdaclhka ;sfofkl=g nÿ

oSu" fj,a,dhs ¥mf;a c,dY%s; kjd;eka 4 la boslsÍug

fjr< ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wkque;sh §u"

t'c' fvd,¾ ñ,shk 372 la hgf;a ldur 2547 la

iys;j kj fydag,a jHdmdr 36 la i|yd wkque;sh §u"

wïmdr" .ïmy iy mq;a;,u Èia;%slalj, fuf;la

wjOdkhg ,la fkdjQ wdl¾IKSh ia:dk y÷kdf.k

tu ia:dk m%j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍu" mqrke.=u yd lgqkdhl wêfõ.S ud¾.h boslsÍï

jHdmD;s wdosh ta w;r fõ'

fufia ixpdrl lafIa;%fha m%j¾Okh Wfoid .kq ,nk

fkdfhl=;a mshjr Tiafia Y%S ,xldfõ há;, myiqlï

jHQyh o fmr fkdjQúrE mßos mq`M,a flfrñka ;sfí'

Bg iu.dój ixpdrl l¾udka;h yd iïnkaO iDcq yd

jl% /lshd ckkfha o ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla olakg

,efí' ^02 jeks rEm igyk&

n%Ekaâ *skEkaia ixúOdkh úiska m%;srEm m%n,;d

o¾Ylh .KkfhaoS ixpdrl wxYfhys ld¾hidOkh

ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlrhs' ta wkqj 2013 jifrys

ixpdrl wxYfhys ld¾h idOkh wkqj .Kkh lrk

,o m%;srEm m%n,;d o¾Ylfhys .dul w.h by<u

rg ù we;af;a Y%S ,xldj hs' fuu ;;a;ajh ,nd.

ekSu i|yd Y%S ,xldj Wodlr.;a iduh ;SrKd;aul

idOlhla jQ w;r fkdfhl=;a ixúOdk úiska Y%S ,xldj

ixpdrh i|yd b;du;a u iqÿiq rgla njg m%ldYhg

m;a lsÍu o ixpdrl wdl¾IKh j¾Okh i|yd

fnfyúka fya;= úh¡ th ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd È.ska

os.gu lrk ,o m%j¾Ok jevigyka o bjy,a jQfhah¡

fuf;la Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h idudkH

uyck;djf.ka ÿria jQ wdldrfhka l%shd;aul jqj;a"

tu ÿria nj ke;s lsÍug wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh

jHdmD;s lsysmhla l%shd;aul lrhs¡ zixpdrl wd¾Ólfha

Èú ke.=u fufyjr - ixpdrl i;aldrl ksjykZ

fuhska tla jHdmD;shls¡ fï hgf;a ixpdrlhka i|yd

;u ksjfia myiqlï imhkakka fjkqfjka uQ,HdOdr

iy Wmfoia ,nd fohs¡ fï u`.ska ;re mx;sfha

fydag,aj, kjd;eka .ekSug fkdyels fyda idudkH

ck cSú;h iu`. .eàug leu;s fyda ixpdrlhkag

thg wjia:dj Wod fjhs¡ z;sridr ixpdrl m%j¾Okh

u`.ska È<s÷lfuka f;dr Y%S ,xldjlaZ jHdmD;sh u`.ska

iq`M yd uOH mßudK jHdmD;sj, wdfhdackh osßu;a

lrhs¡

2016 jk úg ixpdrlhka ñ,shk 2'75 Y%S ,xldjg

f.kajd .ekSu ixpdrl l¾udka;fha uE; ld,Sk

b,lalh hs' thska wfmalaIs; wdodhu fvd,¾ ñ,shk

3'1 ls' flfia fj;;a fulS wruqKq bgqlr.ekSug ork

m%h;akfhaoS uqyqKmEug isÿj we;s wNsfhda. /ils'

ixpdrl wxYh úiska ch.; hq;=j we;s wNsfhda.

Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh flfrys ixpdrl wdl¾IKh

Èkd.ekSfï oS foaYShj fukau úfoaYSh j o

wNsfhda.j,g uqyqKoSug isÿfjhs' úfoaYShj u;=jk

m%Odk;u wNsfhda.h jkafka ;r.h hs' fïjk úg

17 2014 iema - Tla

Ökh" bkaoshdj yd reishdj jeks ke.S tk wd¾Ólj,ska

ìysfjk kj uOHu mx;sh úfoaY ixpdr i|yd

fhduqùu by< hEfï m%jK;djla olakg ,efí' fuu

jeäjk ixpdrlhka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu i|yd

wdishdkq l,dmh ;=, u tlsfkl rgj,a w;r m%n,

;r.hla u;=j we;' ud,osjhsk" bkaoshdj" ;dhs,ka;h"

uef,aishdj" ;dhsjdkh" úhÜkduh" fkamd,h iy

isx.mamQrej fï w;r lemS fmfka'

uQ,H w¾nqofha w÷re fijke,s f,dal wd¾Ólh ;=<

;jÿrg;a fkduelS mej;sh;a 2013 jif¾ ñ,shk

1087 ck.ykhla úfoia ixpdrj, kshe¨ky' th

fmr jirg idfmalaIj ishhg 5 l j¾Okhls' 2014

j¾Ifhys fuu j¾Okh ishhg 4 - 4'5 la muK jkq

we;ehs UNWTO World Tourism Barometer mqfrdal:kh

lr ;sfí¡ tfy;a 2014 m<uq ld¾;=j ;=< muKla fuu

j¾Okh ishhg 5 la úh¡ flfia fj;;a ke.S tk

wd¾Ólj, ixpdrlhskaf.ka m%udKj;a ixLHdjlaa wm

rg fj; wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug wm fuf;la iu;aj

ke;' WodyrK jYfhka 2013 jifrys Ök cd;slfhda

ñ,shk 98'19la úfoaY ixpdrfha fhÿky' fuu ixpdr

i|yd Tjqka jeh l< uqo, tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾

ì,shk 128'7 ls' 2014 jifrys Ök cd;slhka ñ,shk

114 la úfoaY ixpdrfha fhfokq we;ehs o Tjqka tu

ixpdrj,oS tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ì,shk 140 la úhoï

lrkq we;ehs o weia;fïka;=lr we;' 2013 ckjdß -

iema;eïn¾ ld,mßÉfPaofha muKla Ök cd;slhka

ñ,shk 4 la ;dhs,ka; ixpdrfha fhoS we;' tfy;a

2014 ckjdß - Tlaf;dan¾ ld,mßÉfPaofha Y%S ,xldjg

meñKsfha Ök ixpdrlhka ,laIhla muKs' tfuka u

2013 jifrys ixpdrl ksfhdacs; wdh;k yryd muKla

;dhs,ka;h" ol=Kq fldßhdj" ueldjq" ;dhsjdkh"

isx.mamQrej iy uef,aishdj hk rgj,a j,g Ök

cd;slhka ñ,shkhlg wêl ixLHdjla ixpdrfha fhoS

we;' fï wkqj n,k úg wm ;ju;a ixpdrl wdl¾IKh

Èkd.ekSfuys ,d m%udKj;a ;rñka iu;aj ke;s neõ

meyeos,s fõ' fïksid ,eìh yels wd¾Ól m%;s,dN

/ila ;j ÿrg;a wmg wysñj mj;S' isx.mamQrej

jeks rgla iu`. iei|sfuka fï ;;a;ajh b;du;a u

meyeos,s fõ¡ isx.mamQrej ishhg 100 la kd.ßl rgls'

tys uq`M ìï m%udKh j¾. lsf,da óg¾ 697 ls' bka

j¾. lsf,da óg¾ 687 la f.dv ìu jk w;r b;sß

j¾. lsf,da óg¾ 10 c,dY h' isx.mamQrej i;= fjr<

;Srfha os. lsf,daa óg¾ 193 ls' uilg ñ,shkh blaujQ

úfoaY ixpdrlhka ixLHdjla wdl¾IKh lr.kakd

isx.mamQrejg 2013 jifrys meñKs ixpdrlhskaf.a

ixLHdj ñ,shk 15'5 blaujd f.dia ;sfí' bka ñ,shk

7'5 lg;a jvd jeä msßila meñK we;af;a bkaÿkSishdj

uef,aishdj uyck Ök iuQydKavqj iy bkaoshdj hk

ke.S tk wd¾Ólj,sks'

tfy;a 2013 jifrys wm iu;aj we;af;a ixpdrlhka

ñ,shk 1'27 la muK wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug hs'

idfmalaIj .;a úg fuhg jeä msßila wdl¾IKh lr

.ekSfï YlH;dj wm i;=h' tfy;a ta i|yd úêu;a

jevms<sfj<la wjYH fõ' fuys,d m%j¾Okh l< hq;=

wxY y÷kd.ekSu b;du;a u jeo.;a fõ' jevigyka

úÑ;%j;a ùu muKla fkdiEfya' ukao tu jevigyka

iEosh hq;af;a wmf.a i;=g i|yd fkdj ixpdrl

wdl¾IKh i|yd jk neúks' wmf.a cd;sl m%;srEmh

ms<sn| úYajdih Tjqka w;r ;yjqrejk wdldrfhks'

ixpdrl wdl¾IKfhys,d úYajdijka;Ndjh w;sYh

jeo.;a fõ' th ì|S .sh ;ek cd;sl m%;srEmhg

we;sjk le<, myiqfjka wld uld oeñh yels fkdfõ'

úúO rgj,a úfoaY rgj, ixpdrj, § wkq.ukh l<

hq;= l%shdud¾. ms<sn| j Wmfoia ksl=;a lrhs' fuu

Wmfoiaj,ska we;eï tajd Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrh i|yd

ck;dj fmd<Ujkiq¨ tajd jqj o we;eï tajd ixpdrh

iïnkaOfhka kej; is;d ne,sh hq;=jk wdldrfha

tajdh' m<jk we;eï f;dr;=re idjoH tajd jk nj

o olakg ,efí' WodyrK jYfhka tlai;a rdcOdksh

Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrh iïnkaOfhka https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/sri-lanka fjí wvúfhys

i|yka f;dr;=re oelaúh yel' tys bjexc,sl

l%sia;shdkskag iy uqia,sïjrekag tfrysj Y%S ,xldfõ

we;eï m%foaYj, flda,dy, isÿjk nj olajd ;sfí'

fujeks f;dr;=re u`.ska Y%S ,xldfõ m%;srEmh ms<sn|

ixpdrlhkaf.a úYajdih ì|S hEug bv ;sfí'

úfoaYSh iy foaYSh jYfhka ch.; hq;=j we;s

අNsfhda. /ila u iDජj fyda jl%j udkj l%shdldrlï

yd ne|S mj;S'

ixpdrlhka furgg meñfKkafka úúO wruqKq we;sjh'

tfy;a fmdÿfõ ta iEu wfhla u wfmalaId lrkafka

iqjmyiq" m%shukdm ixpdrhls' tfy;a we;eï wjia:dj,

ixpdrlhskag flfrk fkdfhl=;a wlghq;=lï"

/já,s" jxpd iy wvkaf;aÜgï ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a

m%foaYj,ska jd¾;d fjhs' Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrh lsÍfïoS

fl%äÜ ldâ jxpd" fydag,a iy wdmk Yd,dj, isÿjk

fydrlï iy .eglemSï wdosfhka m%fõYï jk f,i

tlai;a rdcOdksh yd tlai;a ckmoh jeks rgj,a

18 2014 iema - Tla

ish ck;djg Wmfoia fohs' ÿïßh .ukd.ukfha oS

Y%S ,dxlslhka ÿïßh m%fõY m;a ish,a, ñ,oS f.k

tajd úfoaYSh ixpdrlhkag jeä ñ,lg úl=Kk nj

jeks f;d;=re i|yka ùfuka rfgys idudkH ck;dj

ksr;=rej ixpdrlhskaf.a ielhg Ndckh ùu

fkdje<elaúh yelsh' tfukau ldhslj yd jdÑlj

ldka;djka w;jrj,g ,laùu;a ,sx.sl w;jrj,g

f.dÿreùu;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu fjí wvú u`.ska

ck;dj fj; f.k hhs' fld<U wjg ks;r foaYmd,k

/<s iy úfrdaO;d we;sjk nj;a we;eï wjia:dj,

tajd m%pKavldÍ isÿùï olajd j¾Okh jk nj;a ks;r

isÿjk uydud¾. wk;=re iy fvx.= Wjÿr jeks oE

ms<sn| fuu fjí wvúj, i|yka fjhs' fuu f;dr;=re

jeä m%udKhla idjoH tajd f,i wmg neyer lr,sh

fkdyel' tuksid ixpdrlhkaf.a wdrlaIdj ;yjqre

flfrk wdldrfhka j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= fkdl<

fyd;a th Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha miqnEug

fya;=jkq fkdje<elaúh yelsh' ixpdrlhka úm;g

m;aflfrk wdldrfha isÿùïj,ska cd;sl m%;srEmhg

we;sjk iDK n,mEu wkd.;fha rgg ysñùug ;snQ

m%;s,dN /ila wysñùug fya;= fjhs' iSuka wekafyda,aÜ

mjik mßos f,dal m%cdj wm olskafka wm lrk fohska

ñi wm lshk fohska fkdfõ' tu ksid fuu wys;lr

;;a;aj uÕyrjd .ksñka Y%S ,dxlsl wkkH;dj iq/

flk whqßka ixpdrlhkag ys;lr úYajdiodhS

iqrlaIs; mßirhla ;yjqre lsÍu ;=<ska ixpdrl

jHdmdrfhka buy;a m%;s,dN ,eìh yels h' ta i|yd

ixpdrl jHdmdrh yd ne÷kq m%jdykh" úÿ,sh" c,h"

fi!LHh" kS;sh yd iduh" ixpdrl lafIa;%fha kshq;=

udkj iïm;a mqyqKqj yd l<ukdlrKh hkd § ish¨u

wxYj, m%udKd;aul j¾Okhla fuka u .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhla isÿúh hq;=h' ixpdrl l¾udka;h myiq

iy blaukska uqo,a bmhsh yels ud¾.hla fkdúh hq;=

w;r th ;sridr ixj¾Okhg bjy,ajk wdldrfha

taldnoaO jevms<sfj<la hgf;a l%shd;aul úh hq;=h'

idrdxYh

iuia;hla f,i .;a úg 2009 jißka miq Y%S

,xldfõ m%;srEmh by< kexùfuys ,d bjy,a jk

ixpdrl lafIa;%fhys Okd;aul m%jK;djla olakg

,efí' miq.sh jifrys m%;srEm m%n,;d o¾Ylfhys

ixpdrl wxYfhys ld¾h idOkh ne,Sfï oS rgj,a

100 la w;ßka Y%S ,xldj .dul;ajh wkqj m<uq ;ek

f.k we;' fuu ;;a;ajh <`.d lr .ekSu i|yd hqO

.egqïj, ksudj;a wdrlaIs; iduldñ jgmsgdj iy

m%j¾Okd;aul jevigyka bjy,a ù we;' tfy;a

ixpdrl lafIa;%%h úiska ch.; hq;=j we;s foia

úfoia wNsfhda. o olakg ,efnhs' fuu wNsfhda. ch

.ekSug ixpdrl lafIa;%h yd iïnkaO ish¨u wxYj,

m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla isÿl< hq;=h'’

29 % o'foaa'ks' /lshd

wdodhut'c'fvd á%%,shk 1'4 fiajd

wmkhkfhkaf,dal wmkhk

wdodhfuka

19 2014 iema - Tla

ye¢kaùu

f,dj mqrd wiu;=,s;j úis¯ we;s iïm;a yqjudrej myiq lr.ekSug iy udkj wjYH;d myiqfjka bgqlr .ekSu i|yd ñksid úiska uQ,H l%uh ksr®udKh lr.kakd ,°' uQ,H l%uhlg uQ,H WmlrK" uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H há;, myiqlï iy uQ,H fjf<|fmd< hk wx. w;HjYHfhkau ;sìh hq;=h' uQ,H l%uhla ;=< mj;sk Wla; wx. ms<sn|j mqoa.,hd i;= idudkH wjfndaOh uQ,H idlaIr;dj hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' uQ,H wOHdmkh" uQ,H ±kqïj;aNdj" uQ,H m˙yrK l=i,;dj wd° úúO ixl,amhkag uQ,H idlaIr;dj b;d ióm njla fmkakqï lrhs' tfy;a fuys ° uQ,H lghq;= ms<sn| úfYaI ±kqu ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrk w;r uqo,a Ndú;h yd uqo,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j mqoa.,hl= i;= idudkH ±kSu uQ,H idlaIr;dj f,i y∫kd .kq ,efí'

uQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq §uQ,H wOHdmkh hk mqΩ,a úIfhys tla wx.hls¶

- Hira & Loibl, 2005

tfiau uQ,H idlaIr;dj hkakg mqΩ,a wr®:hla o mj;S' tkï uQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq"

§idudkH uQ,H ixl,am wjfndaO lr.ekSug yd Ndú;h i|yd mqoa.,hd i;= yelshdjhs' fï wkqj wd∞hï bmehSu" úhoï ls¯u iy uqo,a l<ukdlrKh ls¯u hkd†h flfrys M,∞hS iy jvd;a ksjer† ;SrK .ekSug ñksid i;= yelshdj uQ,H idlaIr;dj fõ¶

- Servon & Kaestner, 2008

Wla; ksr®jpkh uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn|j mqΩ,a woyila b†˙m;a lrhs' tkï jr®;udk jd◊cjd° iudch ;=< iEu mqoa.,hl=g u mdfya ;u

wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd úúO uQ,Huh ldr®hhkaj, ksr;ùug is≥jk w;r úúO uQ,Huh ;Ska≥ ;SrK .ekSug is≥fõ' uqo,a bmehSu" úhoï ls¯u fukau tajd wdfhdackh ls¯u i|yd o uQ,H ksIamdok yd uQ,H wdh;k ms<sn|j hï wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' tlS ;Ska≥ ;SrK .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hka i;= uQ,H m˙yrKh ms<sn|j idudkH wjfndaOh uQ,H idlaIr;dj f,i by; ksr®jpkh ;=<ska ú.%y flfr®'

W∞yrKhla f,i mqoa.,hl=g ;u úY%du †úh idr®:lj .;ls¯ug kï Tyq tf;la Wmhk ,o Okh ksjer†j wdfhdackh ls¯fï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a b†˙ úY%du ld,fha ° tu uqo,a ksis whq˙ka m%fhackhg .ekSug fkdyels jkjd muKla fkdj ;u ffoksl wjYH;d mjd iïmQr®K lr .ekSfï ° .egÆ we;s úh yelsh'

fï wkqj uQ,H idlaIr;dj hkq ;u ffoksl lghq;=j, ° jvd;a M,∞hS whq˙ka uqo,a Ndú;d ls¯ug mqoa.,hd i;= idudkH wjfndaOh nj;a th fkd;sîu jr®;udk jd◊cjd° iudch ;=< mqoa., hy meje;au úIfhys .egÆ we;s ls¯ug fya;= jk nj;a y∫kd.; yelsh'

f,dj fndfyda rgj,a ck;djf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj jeä†hqKq ls¯u i|yd úúO mshjr f.k we;' thg fya;= ù we;af;a rgl wdr®:sl ixjr®Okh ldr®hlaIu ùug iy tys° uqyqK °ug is≥jk .egÆ wju lr .ekSug ck;dj i;= by< uQ,H idlaIr;dj buy;a msgqn,hla iemhSuhs' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska uQ,H idlaIr;dj ;sridr ixjr®Okhg iïnkaO jkafka flfiao@ uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu" wfkl=;a rgj,a f.k we;s mshjr" YS% ,xldfõ w;a±lSï yd YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùug .;yels ls%hdudr®. hkak ms<sn|j úur®Ykh ls¯ug wfmalaIs;h'

ixjr®Okh úIfhys ,d uQQ,H idCIr;dfõ jeo.;alu

ixch ùrisxy" iyldr wOHCI" ixLHdk fomdr®;fïka;=j

20 2014 iema - Tla

wdr®:sl ixjr®Okh úIfhys uQ,H idlaIr;djfha jeo.;alu

uQ,H idlaIr;dj" uQ,H moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k hdug fukau YS>% wdr®:sl jr®Okhlg o jeo.;a fõ' uQ,H idlaIr;dj iudchl wdr®:sl l%uh ;=< úúO .egÆ ksrdlrKh ls¯ug Wmld¯jk w;r my< uQ,H idlaIr;djla mej;Su úúO iudc .egÆ we;sùug fya;= fõ' ta wkqj uQ,H idlaIr;dj jr®Okh ls¯fuys we;s jeo.;alï lsysmhla fufia meye†,s l< yelsh'

ñksidf.a wdr®:sluh ;Ska≥ ;SrK .ekSu i|yd fukau hymeje;au i|yd o by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla mej;Su Rcq ∞hl;ajhla imhhs' jr®;udkfha kùlrKh jQ uQ,H l%uhla ;=< ksrka;rj u ñksidg wdfhdack lghq;=j, ksr;ùug is≥ fõ' by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla iys; mqoa.,hkag fujeks wjia:dj, ° ksjer† uQ,H wdh;k ;=< ;u uqo,a wdfhdackh ls¯ug yels fõ' tkï jr®;udk iudch ;=< fmdkais jHdmdr fyj;a jxpksl uqo,a jHdmdr nyq,j jHdma; fõ' uE;ld,Skj YS% ,xldfõ o tjeks jHdmdrj, l%shdld˙;ajhla olakg ,efí' my< uQ,H idlaIr;djla iys; mqoa.,hka tjeks wdh;k ;=< ;u uqo,a wdfhdackh lr úYd, .egÆj,g uqyqK ° we;' fujeks .egÆ u.yrjd .ksñka ;u b;=reï wdfhdack ksjer† whq˙ka mj;ajd .ekSug by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla ;sìh hq;=h' ,dNh iy wjodku ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ;sîfuka iudcfha idud‚lhkag ;u j;alï ksjer†j l<ukdlrKh l< yelsh' th jxpksl uqo,a iud.ïj, jHdma;sh wju ùug iy fndfyda iudc .egÆ ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug Wmld¯ fõ' fï wkqj ksjer† wdfhdack iy b;=reï lghq;=j,g yd j;alï l<ukdlrKhg fukau iudcfha fndfyda .egÆ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla m%cdj i;=ùu w;HjYH fõ'

uQ,H moaO;shl ukd ls%hdld˙;ajh i|yd uQ,H moaO;sh ;=< isák idud‚lhka i;= uQ,H idlaIr;dj jeo.;a fõ' by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla iys; md˙fNda.slhkaf.ka hq;a iudchla ;=< uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H fjf<|fmd<" uQ,H há;, myiqlï moaO;sh" uQ,H WmlrK hkd†h M,∞hS whq˙ka l<ukdlrKh ls¯u myiq fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla we;s md˙fNda.slhka iys; nexl=jlg Kh wj∞ku wju lr.; yelsh' tkï Kh ,nd°fï ° iy jd˙l wh lr .ekSfï ° mj;sk .egÆ wju lr.; yelsh' fuh fnd,a Kh wju ùug fukau wl%Sh Kh m%udKh wju ùug o Wmld¯ fõ' fï wkqj jl%j i,ld n,k úg uQ,H wdh;kj, øjYS,;d

wjodku o hï;rulg wju ùug iy iuia;hla jYfhka uQ,H moaO;sfhys ia:dhS;dj wdrlaIdùug o md˙fNda.slhkaf.a by< uQ,H idlaIr;dj Wmld¯ fõ'

YS>%fhka jr®Okh jk ;dlaIKh ;=<ska ìysjk kùk uQ,H Wml%u iy WmlrK ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug;a tajdhska Wm˙u M, fk<d.ekSug;a uQ,H idlaIr;dj jeo.;a fõ' jr®;udk f,dalfha †fkka †ku kj uQ,H ksIamdok" kj b;=reï l%u" kj uQ,H fiajd iemhSï YS>%fhka jr®Okh jkq ±l.; yelsh' W∞yrKhla f,i wka;r®cd,h u.ska nexl= myiqlï iemhSu fmkajd †h yelsh' m%cdj fj; ldr®hlaIu uQ,H myiqlï ,nd °ug fujeks fiajd Wmld¯jk w;r tjeks ;dlaI◊l uQ,H fiajd ;=<ska m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hd i;= uQ,H moaO;sh ms<sn| ±kqu by< uÜgul ;sìh hq;=h' fï wkqj YS>%fhka jr®Okh jk f.da,Sh uQ,H l%uhg wkq.; ùug iy tys m%;s,dN N=la;s ú£ug o by< uQ,H idlaIr;dj Wmld¯ jk nj ikd: fõ'

f,dalfha iEu rglau mdfya jhia.; m%cdj by<hdfï W.% iudc .egÆjg fï jk úg uqyqK foñka isáhs' YS% ,xldfõ o 1981 isg 2011jk úg jeäysá ck.ykh iuia; ck.ykfhka wdikak jYfhka 6'6] isg 12'2] olajd by< f.dia we;' ^YS% ,xld uy nexl= jdr®;dj 2012& tys m%;sM,hla f,i Y%u n,ldh wvqùu iy hefmkakka ixLHdj l%ufhka by<hdu ksid hemqï wkqmd;slh o Y%u n,ldhg wkqmd;slj hefmkakkaf.a m%;sY;h& by< hhs' fuys,d jeäysáhkaf.a úY%du ie,iqïlrKh wkd.; wdr®:slhg Rcqj n,mdk idOlhls' tkï Tjqkaf.a úY%du jegqma ksjer†j wdfhdackh iy l<ukdlrKh ls¯fuka jeäysá iqNidOkh †hqKq l< yelsh' fï i|yd w∞< jhia.; mqoa.,hkag uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka ie,lsh hq;= wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqj by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla fkd;sîu jhia.;ùu kï jQ

uQ,dY%h( ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomdr®;fïka;=j

j.=j 1

Y%u fjf<|fmdf<ys ldka;d$ms˙ñ ∞hl;ajh - 2013

ldka;d ms˙ñ iuia;

Y%u n,ld iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h

35'6 74'9 53'8

wdr®:sluh jYfhka il%Sh mqoa.,hka ^m%;sY;h&

35'5 64'5 100

fiajd kshqla; wkqmd;h 93'4 96'8 95'6

fiajd úhqla; wkqmd;h 6'6 3'2 4'4

21 2014 iema - Tla

m%cdúoHd;aul .egÆfjys w;=re .egÆ ksr®udKh ls¯u i|yd bjy,ajk nj fmkShhs'

YS% ,xldfõ jr®;udk Y%u fjf<|fmd< ;=< mj;sk W.% .egÆjla jkqfha Y%u fjf<|fmdf<ys ldka;d ∞hl;ajh mqreI iyNd.S;ajhg idfmalaIj my< m%;sY;hla .ekSuhs' my; j.=j ;=<ska th wjfndaO lr.; yelsh'

fuu ,smsfhys uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn|j is≥lr we;s fjk;a iólaIK ms<sn| wka;r®.; jk m˙Éf√oh ;=< o iuia; jYfhka ldka;djkaf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj my< uÜgul mj;sk nj y∫kdf.k we;' YS% ,xldfõ o Wla; .egÆjg by; ;;a;ajh n,mdkakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh' fï wkqj Y%u n,ldh i|yd ldka;d iyNd.S;ajh jr®Okh ls¯ug o Tjqka i;= uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj

fujeks Y%u fjf<|fmd< wdY%s; úIu;d ;=,kh ls¯u i|yd o wdr®:slhl idud‚lhkaf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh ls¯u w;HjYH idOlhls'

kQ;k jd◊cjd° wdr®:slhla ;=< iEu mqoa.,fhlau mdfya ;u m˙fNdack lghq;= i|yd bmhSï is≥lrhs' fuu wd∞hï ,eîu iy úhoï l<ukdlrKh ;=<ska ;u wdr®:sl uÜgu Yla;su;aj mj;ajd.; yelsh' fl;rï wd∞hula ,enqj o úhoï l<ukdlrKh fkdlrkafka kï bka we;sjk wdr®:ßl wmyiq;d fjkqfjka Kh ,nd.ekSug is≥ fõ' †.ska †.gu jr®Okh jk fuu ;;a;ajh fya;=fjka Tjqka ≥mam;=ka njg m;afõ' tfy;a by< uQ,H idlaIr;djlska hq;a m%cdjla kï Tjqkag ;u uQ,H iïm;a wdfhdackh ls¯u ms<sn|j hï muKl fyda wjfndaOhla ;sfí' tu ksid rgl m%cdjf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj jr®Okh ls¯u tu rfgys †<s∫lu msgq±lSug o msgqn,hla fõ'

rg iy jr®Ihfmd,S

wkqmd;hWoaOukh

wj∞kï l<ukdlrKh

kshe†fha m%udKh

mr®fhaIlhka

by< wd∞hï ,nk rgj,a

weu˙ldj ^2009& 65] 64] 52] 1"488 Lusardi and Mitchell (2011)b;d,sh ^2006& 40] 60] 45] 3"992 Fornero and Monticone (2011)cr®uksh ^2009& 82] 78] 62] 1"059 Bucher - Konemen and Lusardi (2011)iaùvkh ^2010& 35] 60] 68] 1"302 Almenberg and Save-Soclerbergh (2011)cmdkh ^2010& 71] 59] 40] 5"268 Sekita (2011)kjiS,ka;h ^2009& 86] 81] 27] 850 Crossan et al. (2011)fkor®,ka;h ^2010& 85] 77] 52] 1"324 ALessie et al. (2011)by< uOHu wd∞hï ,nk rgj,a

reishdj ^2009& 36] 51] 13] 1"366 Klapper and Panos (2011)refïkshdj ^2010& 24] 43] - 2"048 World Bank CPFL Programwir®nhscdkh ^2009& 46] 46] - 1"207 World Bank CPFL ProgramÑ,S ^2006& 2] 26] 46] 13"054 Behrman et al. (2010)my< uOHu wd∞hï ,nk rgj,a

bka≥kSishdj ^2007& 78] 61] 28] 3"360 Cole et al. (2010)bka†hdj ^2006& 59] 25] 31] 1"496 Cole et al. (2010).did iy ngysr bjqr ^2011&

51] 64] - 2"022 World Bank CPFL Program

j.=j 2 f;dard.;a rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;d iólaIK iy tajdfha m%;sM,

uQ,dY%h( Xu.L and Zia.B (2012)

22 2014 iema - Tla

by; idOl ish,a, i,ld n,k úg uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh ls¯u rgl ixjr®Okh i|yd b;d úYd, ∞hl;ajhla imhk nj meye†,s fõ' YS% ,xldj jeks ixjr®Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;dj jr®Okh ls¯u fndfyda fihska jeo.;a jk w;r kQ;kfha wdr®:sl úoHdhka úiska nyq,j ixjdohg ,lalrkq ,nk ir®j iyNd.s;ajhla iys; wdr®:sl jr®Okhla (Inclusive Economic Growth) i|yd iudchl ishÆ lKavdhï iyNd.s lrjd .ekSug m%cdj i;= by< uQ,H idlaIr;dj ksrka;rfhkau bjy,a fõ' .sks wúhla w;e;s mqoa.,hl= th Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd fkdue;s wjia:djl Tyqf.a wdrlaIdjo i,id .ekSu Tyqg wmyiqh' tfiau fl;rï Okh /ial< o th uekúka m˙yrKh l< fkdyels kï kj f.da,Sh uQ,H l%uh ;=< idr®:l „ú;hla .; ls¯u wmyiqh' fï wkqj by; lreKq ish,a, iïmsKavkh l< úg wdr®:sl ixjr®Okh úIfhys m%cdjf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu w;sYhska jeo.;ajk nj úoHdudk fõ'

uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu

uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu t;rï myiq l%shdj,shla fkdfõ' tfy;a úúO rgj, úúO nqoaêu;=ka uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu i|yd úúO l%ufõo Ndú;dlr we;' fï w;˙ka jvd;a u m%p,s; l%uh jkafka iólaIK meje;aùu ;=<ska uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSuhs' fï i|yd uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn|j m%Yakdj,shla ilia fldg ta i|yd ksjer† ms<s;=re ,nd°fï yelshdj .Kkh ls¯fuka uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSug fndfyda úoaj;=ka W;aidy f.k we;' Lusardi & Mitchell uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu i|yd m%Yak ;=klska hq;a m%Yakdj,shla ilia fldg we;' fmd,S wkqmd;h" WoaOukh iy uQ,H wj∞kï l<ukdlrKh hk m%Odk wxY ;=k ms<sn|j fuys ° wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' fuu wxYhkag w∞<j uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu i|yd rgj,a lsysmhl mj;ajk ,o iólaIK lsysmhl m%;sM, 02 jeks j.=fõ wka;r®.; fõ'

^W∞yrKhla f,i fmd,S wkqmd;h .Kkh ls¯u iïnkaOfhka wefu˙ldfõ mqoa.,hska 65la wjYH wju uÜgfï ±kqula ,nd we;'& úúO rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;dj tlsfklg fjkia uÜgïj, mj;sk nj by; iólaIK m%;sM, wkdjrKh lrhs'

fmd≥ m%cd úoHd;aul idOl wkqj iólaIK is≥lr we;s iEu rglu mdfya idfmalaIj ldka;djkaf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj my< uÜgul mj;sk nj wkdjrKh lrf.k we;' fï yereKq úg wd.u" ckjr®.h" NdIdj wd°

idOl wkqjo uQ,H idlaIr;d uÜgu úúO w.hka .kakd nj y∫kd f.k we;' tfukau wOHdmk uÜgu yd wd∞hï úIu;dj wkqj o uQ,H idlaIr;djfha úIu;d mj;sk nj wkdjrKh lrf.k we;' (Xu.L and Zia.B (2012))

by; j.=j 2 ys oelafjk iólaIKj,g wkqj by< wd∞hï iys; rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;dj úY%du ie,iqïlrKh" ixlSr®K wdfhdack lghq;=" fm!oa.,sl Kh iy Wlia lghq;= hkd†h iu. ne£ mj;S' tfy;a my< wd∞hï iys; rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;dj nexl= .sKqï mj;ajdf.k hEu" rlaIK ysñlï mj;ajdf.k hEu wd° m%d:ñl uÜgfï lghq;= iu. ne£ mj;S' fuu f;dr;=rej,g wkqj meye†,s jkafka úúO rgj, uQ,H idlaIr;dj úúO uÜgïj, mj;sk njh' uE;ld,Skj fndfyda rgj,a by; wdldrfha úúO iólaIK l%ufõo yryd ;u m%cdjf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSug W;aiql ù we;' fufia uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSug fya;= ù we;af;a rgl m%cdjf.a by< uQ,H idlaIr;dj rfÜ wdr®:sl lghq;= myiq lr.ekSug Wmld¯ jk ksidfjks' tfukau iEu idud‚lhl=u rfÜ wdr®:slfhys Wm˙u m%;s,dN N=la;s ú£ug kï by< uQ,H idlaIr;djla ;sîu w;HjYH jk neú◊'

uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd úúO rdcHhka f.k we;s mshjr

uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd úúO rgj,a úúO mshjr f.k we;' ta i|yd wdh;k msysgqùu" iólaIK meje;aùu" cd;sl Wmdhudr®. ixjr®Okh" jevigyka ixúOdkh iy ±kqïj;a ls¯fï fjí wvú wdrïN ls¯u fï w;˙ka lsysmhls' fuys ° ì%;dkH" weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh yd ´iafÜ%,shdj hk rgj,a ;s%;ajfhys w;a±lSï muKla idlÉPd lrkq ,efí'

ksfhda‚; wdh;k msysgqùu

ì%;dkH" weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh yd ´iafÜ%,shdj hk rgj,a ;%s;ajh u uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd úúO wKmk;a iïu; fldg ksfhda‚; wdh;k msysgqjd we;' uQ,H fiajd iy fjf<|fmd< mk;g (Financial Services & Markets Act) wkqj ì%;dkH ;=< uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd uQ,H fiajd wêld˙h (Financial Services Authority) kï ksfhda‚; wdh;kh msysgqjk ,°' by; mk;g wkqj ck;djf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh ls¯u" md˙fNda.slhka wdrlaId ls¯ug w∞< ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka ls%hd;aul ls¯u fjf<|fmd< iqrlaIs;;dj

23 2014 iema - Tla

;yjqre ls¯u iy fuu wdh;khg wkqnoaO fjk;a wdh;k md,kh ls¯u wd° ldr®hka /ila uQ,H fiajd wêld˙hg mej¯ we;' fï yereKqúg ì%;dkH ;=< uQ,H fiajd wêld˙h hgf;a uQ,sl l=i,;d ixjr®Ok wdh;kh (Basic Skills Agency)" fm!oa.,sl uQ,H wOHdmk lKavdhu (Personal Financial Education Group) jeks wdh;k o msysgqjd we;' ì%;dkH fukau weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh o ck;djf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd wdh;k moaO;shla ia:dmkh fldg we;' rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh" fµvr,a rdcHfha uQ,H wOHdmk lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh" cd;sl Wmdhudr®. ixjr®Okh ls¯u wd° ldr®hhka wruqKq fldgf.k uQ,H idlaIr;dj iy wOHdmkh jeä†hqKq ls¯fï mk;g (Financial Literacy and Education Improment Act) wkqj weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< uQ,H idlaIr;dj iy wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj (Financial Literacy and Education Commission) msysgqjk ,°' fï yereKq úg íafÜ%,shdj o uQ,H idlaIr;d m%jr®Ok ls¯u i|yd uQ,H idlaIr;d mokï wdh;kh (Financial Literacy Foundation) kñka kj wdh;khla msysgqjk ,°' by;ska olajk ,o weu˙ldkq iy ì%;dkH uQ,H idlaIr;d m%jr®Ok wdh;khkag fndfyda fihska iudk ldr®hh fldgila fuu wdh;khg o mej¯ we;'

cd;sl Wmdhudr®. iïmdokh

uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd ì%;dkH iy weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh cd;sl uÜgfuka Wmdhudr®. /ila iïmdokh fldg l%shd;aul lrñka mj;S' tfy;a íafÜ%,shdj ;=< uQ,H idlaIr;d mokï wdh;kfhka is≥lrkq ,nk ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka yereKqúg mqΩ,a uÜgfï cd;sl jevigyka ud,djla olakg fkd,efí' ì%;dkH ;=< 2003 jr®Ifha ° uQ,H fiajd wêld˙h úiska uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd cd;sl Wmdhudr®.sl ie,eiaula iïmdokh lr we;' tu ie,eiaug wkqj uQ,H idlaIr;dj wju lKavdhï iólaIK ;=<ska y∫kd.ekSu" tjeks lKavdhï ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka ls¯u wd° mshjr fhdackd lr we;' tu fhdackdjkag wkql+,j 2006 jr®Ifha ° w∞< iólaIKh mj;ajd tys m%;sM, m%ldYhg m;afldg we;' ta wkqj wvq uQ,H idlaIr;djla iys; md˙fNda.slhka f;dard uqo,a Ndú;h yd uqo,a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka ls%hd;aul ls¯ug ì%;dkH lghq;= lr we;'

2006 jr®Ifha ° uQ,H idlaIr;d iy wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj u.ska weu˙ld tlai;a ckmofha uQ,H idlaIr;d cd;sl ie,eiau iïmdokh fldg

b†˙m;a lrk ,°' b;s˙ls¯ï iïnkaO .egÆ" Kh ,nd.ekSu" úY%dñl b;=reï" uQ,H idlaIr;djfhys mj;sk wr®nqo hkd° lreKq fuys° ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' 2007 jr®Ifha ueoNd.h jk úg fuu Wmdh udr®.sl ie,eiaug w∞< l%shdudr®. m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul ls¯u wdrïN lrk ,°' ta wkqj uyck ±kqïj;a ls¯fï jevigyka" f;dard.;a úúO ck lKavdhï i|yd iïuka;%K meje;aùu we;=Ω uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd wjYH úúO mshjr /ila f.k we;' fï yereKq úg m%Odk mdi,a úIh Odrdjg uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn| úIh lreKq we;=<;a ls¯ug;a 2007 weu˙ldkq NdKavd.dr fomdr®;fïka;=fõ m%Odk;ajfhka uQ,H idlaIr;d m¯laIK iuqΩjla meje;aùug;a lghq;= lr we;' fï wkqj meye†,s jkafka weu˙ldj iy ì%;dkH uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd cd;sl uÜgfï ls%hdudr®. /ila f.k we;s njhs'

±kqïj;a ls¯fï fjí wvú wdrïN ls¯u

fuu rgj,a ;=ku mdfya uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh ls¯fï ksfhda‚; wdh;k hgf;a ±kqïj;a ls¯fï fjí wvú mj;ajdf.k hhs' ì%;dkHfha uQ,H fiajd wêld˙h (Financial Services Authority) Moneymadeclear kñkao" weu˙ld tlai;a ckmofha uQ,H idlaIr;d iy wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj (Financial Literacy and Education Commission) Mymoney hkqfjkao" íafÜ%,shdfõ uQ,H idlaIr;d mokï wdh;kh (Financial Literacy Foundation) Understanding Money hkqfjka o fjí wvú ;=kla mj;ajdf.k hhs' uQ,H idlaIr;dj ,nd.; yels bf.kqï wdlD;s" iajhx ;lafiare m¯laIK wd†h fuu fjí wvú ;=< wka;r®.;h' fuu fjí wvú ;=fkysu fmd≥fõ n≥ lghq;=" nexl= .sKqï" Kh iy Kh ldâm;a" Kh md,kh" rlaIK lghq;=" md˙fNda.sl wdrlaIdj" uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn| Wmfoia" b;=reï" wdfhdack" mjq, ;=< uqo,a l<ukdlrKh iy úY%du ie,iqïlrKh hk lafIa;%h wdY%s; ±kqu wka;r®.; fõ'

by; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj weu˙ld tlai;a ckmoh" ì%;dkH iy íafÜ%,shdj uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh i|yd úúO ls%hdudr®. /ila f.k we;s nj meye†,s fõ'

uQ,H idlaIr;dj ;j ≥rg;a by< kexùug YS% ,xldj .;hq;= l%shdudr®.

by;ska fuu ,smsfha idlÉPd l< wkaoug úúO rdcHhka tajdfha uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu iy y∫kd.;a my< uQ,H idlaIr;dj we;s iudc lKavdhïj, uQ,H

24 2014 iema - Tla

idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd úúO wdh;k msysgqùu" fjí wvú wdrïN ls¯u" ±kqj;a ls¯fï mdGud,d mj;ajdf.k hEu wd° l%shdudr®. /ila f.k we;' tfukau YS% ,xldj o uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ m%dfoaYSh ixjr®Ok fomdr®;fïka;=j u.ska Kh md,kh yd jHjidhlhka ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka meje;aùu; uy nexl=j úiska úúO ckudOH yryd ±kaùï m<ls¯u" w;am;%sld yd f,aLk fn∞ye¯u; fjk;a jd◊c nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k u.ska uQ,H ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a ls¯fï úúO jevigyka ls%hd;aul ls¯u wd° mshjr /ila ±kgu;a f.k we;' fï yereKq úg cd;Hka;r w;a±lSï Ndú;hg f.k uQ,H idlaIr;dj by< kexùu i|yd YS% ,xldfõ m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskag my; ls%hdudr®.j,g t<eôh yelsh' tajdkï"

÷ uQ,H idlaIr;dj uekSu i|yd iólaIK iy m¯laIK ie,iqï fldg l%shd;aul ls¯u - úúO m%cd lKavdhïj, uQ,H idlaIr;d uÜgfï úIu;d fuu.ska y∫kd.; yelsh'

÷ uQ,H idlaIr;dj jr®Okh ls¯u i|yd wjYH úfYaI ±kqu Ndú;hg .ksñka wjYH kS;suh rduqj ilid thg w∞< wdh;ksl moaO;sh ia:dms; ls¯u - tu wdh;k moaO;sh yryd mdi,a úIh Odrdjg uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn|j we;=<;a úIh ksr®foaYhka iy mdGud,d ilia fldg th ishÆu YsIHhkag wksjdr®h ls¯u jeks mshjr .;yelsh'

÷ my< uQ,H idlaIr;dj iys; lKavdhï b,lal m%cdj f,i f;dardf.k rfÜ iuia; uQ,H idlaIr;dj m%jr®Okh ls¯ug wjYH jevigyka ls%hd;aul ls¯u'

÷ ishÆu /lshdjkays Wiiaùï i|yd lsishï f;dard.;a fYa%◊hl ° uQ,H idlaIr;dj m¯laId ls¯fï úNd.hla meje;aùu'

÷ uQ,H idlaIr;dj ms<sn| kj mdGud,d úYaj úoHd, wOHdmkhg we;=<;a ls¯u'

÷ rfÜ iuia; m%cdju wdjrKh jk m˙† ta ta uÜgïj,g .e,fmk wdldrfha ±kqj;a ls¯fï jevigyka ls%hd;aul ls¯u'

÷ uQ,H idlaIr;d jr®Ok úfYaI jHdmD;s y∫kajd ° tajdg m%;smdok fjka ls¯u'

fujeks °r®> ld,Sk ls%hdj,shla wkq.ukh ls¯fuka YS% ,xldfõ iuia; m%cdjf.a uQ,H idlaIr;dj hï uÜgulg fyda m%jr®Okh lr.; yels fõ' fuu ,smsfhys w∞< ishÆ lreKq iïmsKavkh l< úg ixjr®Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jYfhka cd;Hka;r w;a±lSï o Ndú;hg f.k by;ska i|yka l< wdldrfha m%;sm;a;s yd ls%hdudr®. wkq.ukh ls¯u YS% ,xldjg M,∞hS uQ,H idlaIr;djla <Ûdlr .ekSug Wmld¯ jk w;r th YS>% wdr®:sl jr®Okhg o úYd, msgqn,hla jkq we;'’

uQ,dY% (

Hira T, and Loidl C (Summer 2005), Understanding the Impact of Employer/provided Financial Education on Workplace Satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39, 1.173(22). Retrieved July 11, 2009, from general one file via gale : http://find.galegroup.com

Servon L J, and Keastner R. (2008), Consumer Financial Literacy and the Impact of Online Banking on the Financial Behavior of Lower/Income Bank Customers.Journal of consumer affairs, hhttp://find.galegroup.com

Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey Annual Bulletin - 2013, Department of Census and Statistics

Xu.L and Zia.B (2012), Financial Literacy around the World : and Overview of the Evidence with Practical Suggestions for the Way Forward, World bank. Policy Research Working Paper 6107

rdc.sßh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr udjf;a" wxl 58 ork ia:dkfha msysá Y%S ,xld uy nexl= uqøKd,fha uqøKh lrk ,ÿj"

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ikaksfõok fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;a lrk ,§'

ixjr®okh úifhys ,d uqq,h idcir;dfõ jeo.;alu 19 · 2019-01-30 · wod< md¾yajhkq;a w;r mj;akd...

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