ivors of raleigh - ncsu
TRANSCRIPT
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
Smart & Economical Disease Management
Kelly Ivors Associate Professor & Extension Specialist
Dept. Plant Pathology NC State University
Ornamentals, Vegetables
Christmas trees
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Disease Quadrangle
Designed by Kelly Ivors
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Pest Prevention/Management
• Critical Control Points – Disease exclusion
– Cleaning / sanitation • Plant Debris Handling and Disposal
– Proper diagnosis /scouting
– Management of environment / moisture
– Use most effective bio- and chemical- controls
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
• Best Management Practices (BMPs)
• Developed for P. ramorum …
• But applicable to
most diseases
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Sanitation: tools, benches
• Bleach
• Quaternary ammonium
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Phenolics
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Reuse trays / pots?
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Sanitation table K. Ivors and Mike Munster; NC State
www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/clinic/
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Exclusion: disease free plants
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Exclusion: Inspect buy-ins
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Exclusion: Commingling (bad idea)
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Pre-treat stock plants
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Get the right diagnosis
Know what your problem is… and
What the symptoms look like
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Plant Disease & Insect Clinic
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/clinic/
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http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/clinic/
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/clinic/video/
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Inspect plants: Scouting
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Environmental Management
source: Nursery Industry BMPs P. ramorum, CA
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Very few fungicides have curative action; Timing and rate of application are critical; Pathogens may develop resistance to fungicides: Mefenoxam resistance is prevalent… increasing in greenhouse industry
Fungicides should always be used in combination with cultural control
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Adorn (fluopicolide); FRAC 43
Orvego (dimethomorph & ametoctradin); FRAC 40+45
Segway (cyazofamid); FRAC 21
FenStop (fenamidone); FRAC 11; No NL label
Disarm (fluoxastrobin); FRAC 11
Tourney (metconazole); FRAC 3; No GH label
Torque (tebuconazole); FRAC 3; No GH label
Palladium (cyprodinil & fludioxonil); FRAC 9 & 12; NO L
Regalia (extract Giant Knotweed).
New Fungicides and Modes of Action
1 yr away
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
FUNGAL LEAF SPOTS
>1,000 fungal species capable of producing leaf spots on herbaceous & woody ornamentals
Caused by species of Alternaria, Bipolaris, Cercospora, Entomosporium, Mycosphaerella, Phyllosticta, Septoria…
Can be round or angular; bleached out or brown, sometimes with a dark-colored border
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
M5: Chlorothalonil Daconil; GNL Spectro (+ thiophanate methyl- FRAC 1); GNL
M3: Mancozeb Dithane, Protect; GNL
11: Strobilurins Heritage; Insignia; Cygnus; Compass; GNL FenStop; ONLY GH Pageant (+ boscalid- FRAC 7) ; GNL
3: DMIs Banner Maxx (propiconazole); ONLY NL Tourney (metconazole); ONLY NL Torque (tebuconazole); ONLY NL
FUNGAL LEAF SPOTS
New Valent product
New Cleary product
FRAC #
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
POWDERY MILDEW
Commonly found on dogwood, Prunus, Gerbera daisy, hydrangea, rose, petunia;
Obligate biotrophs (requires living host);
Caused by species of Blumeria, Erysiphe, Leveillula, Microsphaera, Phyllactinia, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca and Uncinula.
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Powdery mildew
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
5: Piperalin Pipron; THE BEST ERRADICANT ONLY GH
M5: Chlorothalonil Daconil; GNL Spectro (+ thiophanate methyl- FRAC 1); GNL
M1: Fixed copper Camelot; CuPro; Phyton 27; GNL
11: Strobilurins Heritage; Insignia; Cygnus; Compass; GNL FenStop; ONLY GH Pageant (+ boscalid- FRAC 7); GNL
3: DMIs Hoist/Eagle/Systhane (myclobutanil); GNL Banner Maxx (propiconazole); ONLY NL Tourney (metconazole); ONLY NL Torque (tebuconazole); ONLY NL
POWDERY MILDEW
New Valent product
New Cleary product
Sulfur
Biorationals: Rhapsody
Neem oil
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
BOTRYTIS: Gray mold
Wide host range in the GH; potted plants, bedding plants, foliage plants, cut flowers, hanging baskets, vegetable transplants
Weak pathogen; infects succulent tissue including flowers and fruit.
Management requires good sanitation.
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Botrytis spores
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BACTERIAL LEAF SPOTS
Caused by species of Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, & Acidovorax English Ivy very susceptible… Spreads via splash and contaminated tools Limited selection of bactericides available
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Use PREVENTATIVELY; no more than 1X per week: M1: Fixed copper Camelot; CuPro; Phyton 27; GNL
M1+M3: Fixed copper + Mancozeb Junction; GNL
NA: Bacillus subtilis Cease (used to be Rhapsody); GNL
25: Streptomycin Agri-Mycin; ONLY NL
NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
BACTERIAL LEAF SPOTS
FRAC #
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
Phytophthora & Pythium root rots
Hundreds of ornamental plant species are susceptible.
Can cause root rot, crown rot, and foliar blights.
Caused by a few dozen Phytophthora species in U.S. cinnamomi, nicotianae, drecshleri, cryptogea, citricola, citrophthora, cactorum, cambivora, foliorum, gonapodyides, heveae, hibernalis, palmivora, ramorum, syringae, tropicalis… plus many more.
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Root rot
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African violet
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Phytophthora & Pythium management
• Rapid detection & removal of infected plants
• Well drained areas and substrates
• Irrigation water treatment (if using recycled water)
• Disinfectants for surfaces between crops
• Preventative fungicides - drenches & sprays
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5 min; $5.00
New Detection Technologies…
-Phytophthora ImmunoStrip www.agdia.com
Pythium Lateral flow device
NEOGEN (Europe)
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Increased use of Mefenoxam (and Aliette)
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Mefenoxam resistance common in NC Phytophthora Heather Olson’s thesis 2010 (Mike Benson)
• Overall 65% of isolates were insensitive at 1 ppm
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PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT & DIEBACK 43. Fluopicolide Adorn; (poinsettias off label) GNL
21. Cyazofamid Segway; GNL
11. Fenamidone FenStop; ONLY GH
14. Etridazole Terrazole; Truban; GNL
4. Mefenoxam Subdue Maxx; GNL
40. Dimethomorph Stature; (formulation change to SC) GN
40+45. Dimethomorph + ametoctradin Orvego [BASF] 1 year until registration
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NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
DOWNY MILDEWS Caused by numerous species of Oomycetes; Basidiophora, Bremia, Peronospora, Plasmopara, Pseudoperonospora, Sclerospora …
Alyssum, Aster, Buddleia, Coreopsis, Dusty miller, Gaillardia, Gazania, Geranium, Geum, Iberis, Lamium, Rose
basil, begonia, blue daze, Calibrachoa, Dusty miller, Easter lily, Euphorbia, Fuchsia, Gerber daisy, ivy (Hedera spp), million bells, nandina, petunia, verbena
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• Extremely weather dependent
• Favored by cool, wet weather (50-70 F) • Develops rapidly
• Rainy periods: greenhouse crops at risk
Keep leaf wetness to a minimum;
Keep humidity down; ≤3 hours above 85% RH;
Leaf drop is common; do not let fallen leaves accumulate
DOWNY MILDEW
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Peronospora belbaharii downy mildew of coleus
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43. Fluopicolide Adorn; (poinsettias off label) GNL
21. Cyazofamid Segway; GNL
11. Fenamidone FenStop; ONLY GH
14. Etridazole Terrazole; Truban; GNL
4. Mefenoxam Subdue Maxx; GNL
40. Dimethomorph Stature; (formulation change to SC) GN
40+45. Dimethomorph + ametoctradin Orvego [BASF] 1 year until registration
NC STATE Ornamental Pathology
DOWNY MILDEWS
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Inoculum (pathogen) sources?
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Capturing run-off
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Capturing run-off
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Capturing run-off
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Algae control in ponds / lines / emitters Reduced fungicide/algaecide costs later Control Phytophthora and Pythium NOT NECESSARY TO SANITIZE WELL WATER FOR PATHOGENS Odor Control
Why sanitize water?
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Water treatment options…
• Chlorination (gas, tablets, or liquid)
• Copper ionization
• Ozone
• UV
• Commercial peroxidases / copper
• Slow sand filtration
• Pond design
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Historically done to kill plant pathogens (254 nm)
Disinfection a function of duration
and intensity
Turbidity (clarity) of water impacts effectiveness
Often coupled with ozone
$25,000 plus filters, etc
UV radiation
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Copper ionization
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Strong oxidizer; Breaks down readily;
ZeroTol / SaniDate commercial formulation
Hydrogen peroxide
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Commercial peroxidases: larger greenhouses Flood floors Lowers pH substantially
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Most practical and cost effective approach: Continuous chlorination set to deliver 2 ppm free chlorine at the sprinklers “free chlorine” ≤ 2.9 ppm conc is generally considered safe for most woody crops (must be low in turbidity)
3 forms of chlorine: • Gas (Cl2) • Liquid (sodium hypochlorite) • Solid (calcium hypochlorite) Maximizing distance in the catch basin between return water entrance and intake to the pump will decrease inoculum
For nurseries Economics, operation, reliability in effectiveness
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Calcium hypochlorite (solid form of chlorine) Chlorine tablet: Accu-Tab
Nursery / woody plants tolerant
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Chlorine gas: Regal
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www.cals.ncsu.edu/plantpath/extension/clinic/