i've got to be perfect
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I’ve got to be perfect!
Sarah Lane and Josie Bannon (Psychological Wellbeing
Practitioners)
Helping yourself
to...
Overcome Perfectionism
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It can be hard to ask for help with perfectionism,
particularly within a University environment. Well done
for recognising that perfectionism is having a negative
effect on you and for taking the first step towards trying
to tackle the problem.
This booklet is aimed at anyone who feels that perfectionism is impacting negatively on their life. It
includes a student example to illustrate how to apply the various ideas and techniques. All the
techniques in the booklet are based on the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach. We will talk
more about this later in the booklet. There is a lot of research to show that CBT can be very helpful in
overcoming a range of psychological difficulties. You may have received this booklet through attending
our perfectionism workshop or be working through it with individual support from a practitioner at the
Wellbeing Centre. It can also be helpful to talk to someone you trust such as a family member or a
friend so you have their support as well.
If you are working with a practitioner it is likely you will have regular sessions where you can talk
through how you are getting on with using the different techniques and any difficulties that may have
arisen. You can talk together about how to solve these problems and progress with the techniques.
Tackling perfectionism can be a difficult and challenging process and there may be times when you feel
as though you aren't getting anywhere. Remember at these points that we all have good days and bad
days, so try not to let the bad days feel as though you have taken ‘two steps back’.
If you are seeing a practitioner at the wellbeing centre then you can talk this through with them and
work out the best course of action. If not then you may want to get in touch to access some support in
using these techniques.
The idea of this booklet is to give you the information
you need to help yourself tackle perfectionism. It will be
most effective if you try out at all the techniques to find
out which ones are the most helpful for you.
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“…the relentless striving for extremely
high standards, both for yourself and/or
others, that are personally demanding,
in the context of the individual.”
Understanding perfectionism
As can be seen from the above definition, perfectionism is not necessarily about being ‘perfect’. It is more about pushing yourself excessively hard to meet targets which may be so difficult to reach that they result in negative consequences for your wellbeing. Perfectionism usually involves judging your self-worth based largely on your ability to strive for and achieve these unrelenting standards.
It is possible to be a perfectionist in one area of life but not in others. At university stu-dents are most likely to have a tendency towards perfectionism with their studies. However, it may also be an issue affecting health and fitness; sport; eating, weight and shape; grooming and personal hygiene and close relationships.
How does perfectionism develop?
Perfectionism tends to develop as a result of being rewarded by others for successes, known in psychology as positive reinforcement. Achieving may then become equated with being hard-working, conscientious and intelligent i.e. being of worth. Perfectionists come to believe they are only of worth if they are pursuing or achieving the high standards they set for themselves. Punishment or a lack of positive reinforcement can also lead to perfectionism. Sometimes indirect learning or modelling, of perhaps a parent’s behaviour, can play a part. Natural temperament may be an element in the development of perfectionism as well.
Centre for Clinical Interventions
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I enjoy completing tasks to the best of my ability
It helps me to be organised
I feel satisfied when I know I have done everything I can on a piece of work
I feel I can rest if I can go to bed knowing that I have completed all tasks
I like to get the highest results in the class
It makes me feel efficient
I like being prepared for any eventuality
Achieving what others can’t gives me a sense of pleasure
It makes me feel special
Study takes up all my time, there’s
little opportunity for socialising or
relaxing
Whatever level I achieve , it’s still never
enough
I have to check my work lots of times
before I feel able to submit it
I am very critical of myself if I do not
believe I’ve done something exactly
right
I worry so much that I’ll fail that I put
off starting work until really near the
deadline
I don’t trust other people to do things as
well as me so I end up doing most of the
work on group projects
I have to do increasingly well to feel ac-
cepted by others
Advantages and disadvantages of
perfectionism
The paradox of perfectionism
Perfectionism is usually considered to be positive. People often view it as the pursuit of excellence, having high standards and working hard to challenge themselves. It may be perceived as facilitating efficiency, organisation and preparation.
However, sometimes these standards get in the way of our happiness and can actually impair our performance. They provide little chance of meeting goals and feeling good about ourselves. The pressure is likely to make us feel constantly on edge, tense and stressed out. Self-worth can become especially vulnerable as not reaching the (possibly unachievable) standards may result in feeling like a failure. There can be a significant impact on wellbeing and frustration, worry, social isolation, depression, relationship difficulties, insomnia, poor health and a persistent sense of failure may result.
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How does perfectionism affect you?
What advantages and disadvantages do you associate
with perfectionism ?
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A way of thinking about perfectionism:
Behaviours
Checking work many
times. Spending so much
time on study that there is
little opportunity to do
much else.
Feelings
Anxiety about
performance. Feeling low
when unable to achieve
the extremely high
standard set.
Thoughts
Often negative or
unhelpful such as being
concerned about potential
failure or self-criticising
when achievements are
not deemed to be enough.
All of these three areas can be affected by perfectionism then each area can start to have
additional ‘knock on’ effects on the other areas. For example, if you think that you will fail
or not do well enough on a piece of work, then you might experience feelings of anxiety
about your performance and try to control these feelings by checking your work many
times. A result of checking work many times might be that you don’t realise that you
would have done as well without doing this and continue to think that it is necessary to
spend a lot of time going over work to prevent failure.
The above diagram shows how you can get ‘trapped’ in a vicious cycle that can be very difficult to
break free from.
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Behaviours
Feelings
Thoughts
How does perfectionism affect you?
The techniques in this booklet are based on the principles behind this vicious cycle. It is possible to
tackle perfectionism by focusing on making changes in any one specific area. This booklet includes
techniques based on thoughts and behaviour as a way of breaking the cycle.
Have a go at
filling in your
vicious cycle
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Today’s date:
Goal One:
Setting goals to work towards
I can do this now (circle a number)
0 (not at all) 1 2 (occasionally) 3 4 (Often) 5 6 (Anytime)
Today’s date:
Goal Two:
I can do this now (circle a number)
0 (not at all) 1 2 (occasionally) 3 4 (Often) 5 6 (Anytime)
Revisit these each week and circle the relevant number. This will help with monitoring your progress
towards your goals.
Setting and monitoring goals can help keep you focused on what you want to achieve and can also help
you to know when you have reached that point. First identify the extremely high standards you set
yourself and consider what you do to maintain these. Think about what other people would consider a
healthy high standard to aim towards. What perfectionist behaviours could you aim to reduce over the
next few months? When setting goals try to ensure they are specific and realistic so that you will be
able to measure when you have achieved them. A time frame should also be included.
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Yoshiro is a third year English student. He has always been described as
conscientious throughout his education, takes great pride in the essays
he writes and consistently receives firsts and high 2:1s. Yoshiro proof-
reads his work ten times before submitting it to check that he has not
made any errors. He also takes great care over constructing each
sentence as he is keen for his work to read as well as possible. Yoshiro’s
approach to his studies is very time-consuming and means that he has
less time for socialising with his friends. It also causes him to delay
starting essays sometimes for fear that they will not be good enough.
Yoshiro’s story
Today’s date: 12th August 2014
Goal One: To reduce the number of times I check each essay to five
times over the next month
0 (not at all)
I can do this now (circle a number)
1 2 (occasionally) 3 4 (Often) 5 6 (Anytime)
Specific - Be as clear as you can, you may want to ‘feel better’ but ask yourself
what ‘feeling better’ means you will be able to do e.g. go for more walks.
Measurable - How will you know when you have achieved this goal?
Achievable - It needs to be something we really want or need to do so that
we feel more motivated. Is it a small enough step?
Relevant - It needs to be relevant to you, it should match your values.
Time bound - You should have a clear idea of when you want to achieve this
goal by.
Yoshiro initially set himself a goal to be less perfectionist,
however it is difficult to measure this. Making goals SMART
can help.
S M A R T
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Perfectionist behaviours Being a perfectionist can have a significant impact on the things we do and the way we act.
Perfectionist behaviours can be divided into two categories: Active Behaviours and Avoidance
Behaviours. In other words, things that we do more of and things that we do less of.
Perfectionist Active Behaviours
Most perfectionists engage in actions aimed at reaching the extremely high standards they have set for
themselves, and perhaps others. These may seem necessary to the perfectionist but excessive to other
people.
For example:
Excessive checking
Excessive organising
List making
Correcting others
Reassurance seeking
Perfectionist Avoidance Behaviours
Many perfectionists also try to meet their extremely high standards and avoid ‘failure’ by avoiding doing
tasks.
For example:
Procrastination
Giving up too soon
Indecisiveness
Avoiding tasks they fear they are unable to do adequately
The problem with perfectionist behaviours
Perfectionist behaviours keep you from learning whether or not your perfectionistic beliefs are true.
For example, a student who proof reads every essay ten times, will not be able to test out whether they
will receive a lower grade by not engaging in this behaviour.
Perfectionist behaviours are often time-consuming and are sometimes done at the expense of other
important activities. They can impair relationships and may, at times, actually interfere with attempts to
meet the standards that have been set.
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Challenging perfectionist behavioursChallenging perfectionist behaviours
One way to test the accuracy of perfectionistic beliefs is to see what
happens when you behave differently. This can help loosen the grip of
perfectionism. You may need to experiment with tackling tasks that you
have been avoiding doing or may need to experiment with not actively
doing your perfectionism behaviours.
Belief/Prediction Perfectionism Behaviour
Test of Belief
If I didn’t proof-read
every assignment so
many times, I’d receive
a bad mark.
Proof-reading
assignments thirty
times before
submission.
Proof-reading the
assignment only ten
times before
submission.
I will fail on any
‘healthy eating plan’
because there’s always a
party or a meal out and
I’ll overeat.
Delaying starting a
‘healthy eating plan’.
Develop a healthy
eating plan which
allows for exceptions
such as parties.
There’s no point
starting this
assignment as it won’t
be good enough
anyway.
Procrastinating over
doing work.
Start writing the
assignment and ask a
friend from course to
read it and see what
their feedback is.
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Behavioural experiments: the process
Challenging perfectionist behaviours can help to loosen the grip of perfectionism. To find out what
happens if we reduce our perfectionist behaviours we need to carry out experiments. We can study the
‘behaviour’ in question through a step by step process of experimentation, similar to how we would go
about conducting any other scientific experiment. The steps involved in this process are detailed below:
Make a plan to test the belief
Identify a belief
Carry out the experiment
Evaluate the result
Draw conclusions
Is there another explanation for what happened?
What else was happening at that time? What
other variables may have affected the outcome?
Are there other ways of viewing what happened?
What could I learn from the experience to improve or change
things in the future?
What if the
findings support
my belief/
prediction?
A belief or thought might be quite vague or general. If you are going to test it out then you will need to
reduce it down to something specific that can be tested experimentally.
Make a plan to test this belief. Be as specific as possible. What, Where, When and with Who will
you test this. You will also need to create a hypothesis about what you predict is going to happen.
Carrying out the experiment might feel very uncomfortable and
anxiety provoking. But remember that a bit of anxiety is to be
expected and you are just experimenting to find out what happens.
Record what happened in the experiment. What was the outcome? Is the
outcome open to interpretation or is it conclusive?
What do the results mean? How do they relate to the original prediction/hypothesis? What does
this tell you about your belief? Are you able to test this belief further with any more experiments?
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Yoshiro’s experiment
Step 1: Belief to be tested
If I don’t check my essays 10 times I believe I will receive a bad mark
(a bad mark for me means less than 60%)
Step 2: Experiment to test belief (What to do, where to do it and when to do it)
I’ll start by checking my essay 7 times. I will do this for my next assignment which is
the Contemporary Fiction module EN203, due in on the 20.11.14. I will be doing the
essay at home or in the library.
Distress rating BEFORE experiment (0-10)
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Step 3: Carry out the experiment
Distress rating DURING experiment (0-10)
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Step 4: Evaluate the result
It was hard to stop checking after 7 proof-reads and I got anxious that I might receive a
bad mark but my result was as good as normal (64%)
Distress rating AFTER experiment (0-10)
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Prediction came true (%) 0%
Step 5: Draw conclusions (Learning from experiment and effect on original beliefs)
I was really surprised that I was able to do it. I’m pleased that I am now comfortable with
only checking my essays 7 times and not concerned it will affect my result. I feel able
to try reducing to 5 proof-reads now as well and see if there is a difference to my mark.
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Step 1: Belief to be tested
Step 2: Experiment to test belief (What to do, where to do it and when to do it)
Distress rating BEFORE experiment (0-10)
Step 3: Carry out the experiment
Distress rating DURING experiment (0-10)
Step 4: Evaluating the results
Distress rating AFTER experiment (0-10)
Prediction came true (%)
Step 5: Draw conclusions (Learning from experiment and effect on original beliefs)
Testing perfectionist beliefs worksheet
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Progressing with behavioural change
Start with a relatively easy task.
Break down each goal into small steps, with the number of steps being determined
by how stressful the goal is.
Consider WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE and HOW.
Expect some anxiety.
Persist – keep going until the anxiety reduces.
It may be helpful to repeat a step more than once.
Recognise your successes and acknowledge the steps you’ve made.
One of the problems with being a perfectionist is the inability to relax and unwind.
Here is a fun way you can encourage more spontaneity:
List 6 activities which give you a sense of relaxation or pleasure. Try to think of
activities you do not usually allow yourself to do and are
reasonable in terms of their cost and time-frame.
Schedule a day and time to try one of these activities.
Then roll a dice to decide which activity to do at this time.
Do not roll the dice again or change your planned relaxation
day! – This may get in the way of overcoming perfectionism.
Review afterwards how you got on with this task, noting any difficulties or positives.
Consider how you could include more activities that are not focused on
achievement in your day-to-day activities.
Tips for moving forward
On the roll of the dice...
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On the roll of the dice worksheet
List 6 activities which give you a sense of relaxation or
pleasure. Try to think of activities you do not usually allow
yourself to do and that are reasonable in terms of their
cost and time-frame.
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Perfectionist thinking
Black and white thinking
Shoulding and musting
Catastrophising
Jumping to conclusions
Mental filter
Labelling
Magnification and minimisation
Biased information processing
Self-criticism and unhelpful thinking
Perfectionists tend to be extremely self-critical, especially if they are unable to meet their high standards.
This self-criticism can cause people to feel a range of negative emotions including anger, anxiety,
depression and guilt. Often these negative thoughts reflect an unhelpful style of thinking such as:
Perfectionists repeated criticism of themselves not only causes uncomfortable emotions, it also
emphasises the importance of achieving unrealistically high standards. The negative thinking styles that
they rely on cause them to place unreasonable pressures on themselves, see only the extremes and not
accurately perceive situations. Such negative thinking styles underlie perfectionists’ extremely high
standards and harsh self-criticism. See the next page for a description of the different thinking styles that
can occur.
Repeatedly focusing on information in the environment that is consistent with our beliefs, and ignoring
information that does not fit with our beliefs, can lead to these beliefs seeming well supported.
Similarly, repeatedly interpreting information in a way that is consistent with our beliefs may lead to us
perceiving that there is a lot of support for these beliefs. When perfectionists pay attention only to
evidence that they are not achieving, or interpret neutral information as showing they are not achieving,
they tend to feel bad about themselves. E.g. Focusing on have received one mark below 60% when all
the others have been above. This then underlines the importance of striving to achieve, thereby keeping
perfectionism going.
We tend to pay attention to and interpret things according to what we
expect. Since achieving extremely high standards provides the basis for a
perfectionist’s self-worth, they tend to pay careful attention to any
evidence that they take to mean they are not achieving. Perfectionists
also have a tendency to interpret information in a way that demonstrates
they are not achieving.
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Unhelpful thinking styles Have a look through the thoughts you have recorded and see if any of these thinking styles apply, these
can be helpful to refer to when trying to generate evidence.
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Unhelpful thoughts
If I don’t do well on
this essay, people
will think I’m stupid.
If I don’t check this essay
through again, I’ll miss
something important and
will receive a bad mark.
I can’t start the essay
yet, I haven’t done
enough reading.
Characteristics of unhelpful thoughts
Automatic: We don’t think them on purpose; they come into our minds
involuntarily.
Believable: They seem real at the time they appear.
Unhelpful: They are the kind of thoughts that would be upsetting to anybody.
Distorted: They are not accurate reflections of reality.
Perfectionists commonly have unhelpful thoughts like this and unfortunately these make
us feel worse and more likely to carry out perfectionist behaviours. They’re part of the
vicious cycle that happens in perfectionism. Challenging these thoughts is another way of
breaking the cycle.
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Cognitive Restructuring is a technique that aims to change unhelpful thoughts by
identifying and challenging them. It can help you to think in a less perfectionistic way
and to see situations more objectively by targeting the unhelpful thinking styles that
maintain perfectionism. It does this by using questions to help you consider different
perspectives and generate factual evidence to challenge your unhelpful thoughts.
Challenging perfectionist thinking
The three steps of Cognitive Restructuring
Recording your thoughts
Looking at evidence for and against your thoughts
Revising your initial thought
Challenging negative thoughts can be difficult at first, but over time it gets easier and
becomes more automatic.
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Recording thoughts
Firstly, you need to identify the content of your unhelpful thoughts. Each time you
notice a perfectionist thought complete the initial three columns of the Thought Diary
sheet.
In the first column write down a brief description of the situation you were in when the thought
occurred i.e. where you were and what you were doing.
In the second column write down one emotional word to describe the feeling you had as a result of
the thought e.g. sad, anxious or angry. Also rate how bad that feeling was on a scale of 0-100%, where
0 is not at all and 100% is the worst you could ever imagine feeling.
In the third column write down exactly what the thought was i.e. the words that went through your
mind or the image that occurred. Then rate how much you believe that thought to be true, where 0 is
not at all and 100% is totally believe the thought.
For the time being, ignore the last two columns; we return to complete these in the final stage of the
process. It is suggested you collect your thoughts in this way for one or two weeks, depending on how
frequently unhelpful thoughts are occurring for you.
Situation
Where you were and
what you were doing
Feeling
Emotion experienced and
rating of how bad it was
(0-100%)
Thought
Words that went through
your mind and rating of how
much you believe this
thought (0-100%)
At home writing essay Anxious – 70% “If I don’t check this essay
through again, I’ll miss
something important and
will receive a bad mark.”
80%
Yoshiro spent a week noting down
unhelpful thoughts as they arose. An
example of one of his thoughts is detailed
below...
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Situation
Where you were
and what you
were doing
Feeling
Emotion
experienced
and rating of
how bad it
was (0-100%)
Thought
Words that went
through your
mind and rating
of how much you
believe this
thought (0-100%)
Revised Thought
Words of new
thought and rating
of how much you
believe this
thought (0-100%)
Feeling
Emotion
experienced
and rating of
how strong it
is (0-100%)
Thought diary worksheet
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Noting down evidence for and against
Next you examine your thoughts in an objective way. We do this
by collecting evidence for and against a particular thought to see
whether it is accurate or not.
Choose a frequent thought from the ones you have noted on your diary
sheet. Write the thought down in the top left corner of the Evidence Table
sheet and note the percentage belief rating in the top right box.
Then, imagine that you are the judge in a court where the evidence for and
against the truth of your thought is being examined. Write down the arguments for each side in the
table. Remember that the evidence should be factual and that you need to present the full picture so
that a fair decision can be made. To do this, it is easiest to start with the ‘Evidence For’ as people
usually find it easier to think of things to write in this column. Generating the ‘Evidence Against’ can be
more difficult. Some questions to help you to do this are given on the next page.
Thought % Belief
“If I don’t check this essay through again,
I’ll miss something important and will
receive a bad mark.”
80%
Evidence For Evidence Against
I found a couple of errors to correct the last
time I read the essay through
I received a low mark on an essay in the
first year
I have generally been getting high 2:1s
and 1sts for my work so far
I’ve only received one low mark since
being at university
I’ve checked it through a couple of times
and I tried to be thorough so it’s
unlikely I’ve missed anything major
I have already used the spelling and
grammar check function
Next Yoshiro considered the questions on
page 23 to help him generate evidence for
and against one of his thoughts...
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Generating evidence against your thoughts
What alternative views are there?
If you rate the belief in your thought as 75%, what makes up the remaining 25%?
How would a friend or someone who cares about you view this situation?
How would I have viewed this situation before I felt anxious?
How would I view someone else in my situation?
What action could I take?
Am I assuming I can do nothing to change my situation?
Am I overlooking solutions to problems on the as-
sumption they won’t work?
Coming up with evidence against negative thoughts can be very difficult if you
are not familiar with doing it. Below are a list of questions that you can ask
yourself to help with generating evidence against negative thoughts.
Does this thought fit with any of the thinking styles on the previous page?
If it does then this means you are only looking at this from one perspective, what is the other perspective?
E.g. if you notice the thought fits into a ‘self blaming’ style of thinking then write
down all of the other external factors which might have been involved in this.
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Thought % Belief
Evidence For Evidence Against
Evidence table worksheet
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Finally, you reconsider the original thought taking all the evidence into consideration to
put it into perspective. Try to come up with a revised thought based on both sides of the
argument.
Write down the new thought in the fourth column of the Thought Diary and rate how much you
believe it.
In the final column re-rate your feeling using the same 0-100% scale. Notice if your mood has changed
as a result of changing your thought.
Remember, unhelpful thinking takes time to change; it may often be necessary to challenge your
thoughts several times before you notice a difference in how you feel. As you become more expert in
this approach you will start to find that the process becomes more automatic and you are able to catch
the thoughts and judge them as they actually happen.
Revising initial thoughts
Revised Thought
Words of new thought and rating of how much
you believe this thought (0-100%)
Feeling
Emotion experienced and rating of
how strong it is (0-100%)
“I’ve proof-read it several times already and
it’s unlikely I’ve missed anything
important.” 50%
Anxious 40%
Finally Yoshiro looked back at his initial
thought and, considering all the evidence
he had noted both for and against the
thought, came up with the following
alternative thought...
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Over-evaluation of achievement
Most people evaluate their self-worth based on a variety of
things e.g. personal qualities, relationships, skills.
Perfectionists tend to judge their self-worth based almost
entirely on achieving their extremely high standards.
Achieving and achievement become overvalued.
Perfectionists may have other interests but over time these
seem to take a lesser place in their lives.
When people base much of their self-worth on only one thing in their lives they are
putting a huge amount of pressure on themselves to make sure it is successful. This can
lead to difficulties such as stress, anxiety and low mood. When a goal is achieved they
may feel relieved but they don’t tend to feel happy for very long. In fact perfectionists
tend to dismiss their success or conclude that the standard set was too low and reset
the standard higher for next time.
The impact of over-reliance on achievement
Identify the other areas of your life that may have
once been important to your self-worth but have
now taken a lesser place. Choose one area you
would like to start with and then think of some
activities you could engage in to help you do that.
You may find it helpful to think about the amount of importance you place on each of
the areas of your life that contribute to your self-worth. If you find that your self-
esteem overly relies on your ability to achieve, you may want to consider broadening
your interests to develop other ways of feeling good about yourself.
Tackling the over-evaluation of achievement
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Making progress
Coping tips
Practice not being perfect!
Give yourself permission to make mistakes – we all do it and some of our
most valuable learning comes from taking a non-judgemental look at
mistakes.
Remind yourself of the unhelpful consequences of your perfectionism.
Reward yourself often when you’ve accomplished something outside
your comfort zone.
Potential obstacles to overcoming perfectionism
Minimising the extent to which perfectionism is a problem.
Fear of change.
Extreme self-criticism.
Life circumstances.
Consider whether any of these potential
obstacles are likely to pose difficulties for
you and, if so, think about how you might
overcome them.
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Well done for reaching the end of I’ve Got to be Perfect!
It is worth keeping an eye on your perfectionism. It is very normal to want to do your
best but if you find that perfectionism is impacting on your wellbeing then it’s important
to take action to try to improve the situation. You have learnt some skills from this
booklet that you can use to manage perfectionism, both now and in the future.
It can be helpful to schedule in a day each
month for focusing on YOU! At this time
you could go back through this booklet to
remind yourself of the different techniques
you have learnt and to do activities that
are enjoyable and don’t involve any stress.
If you schedule it in you’ll be more likely to
do it; these things can easily get lost or
forgotten about otherwise.
You might feel that you’re still not quite where you want to be in terms of
managing your perfectionism. This is completely normal; it can take time for
these techniques to reverse the vicious cycle of thoughts, feelings and
behaviours. It is encouraging if they have made any difference at all for you,
even if it’s small. Just keep up the good work and, with time, you’re likely to
notice additional improvements. Further Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
might also be helpful if you start to find it difficult to manage your
perfectionism again at any time in the future.
References
Page 4: Speech bubble quote - Centre for Clinical Interventions, http://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/docs/1%20What%20is%
20%20Perfectionism.pdf
Page 17: Roll of dice - Centre for Clinical Interventions, http://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/docs/5%20Reducing%20my%
20Perfectionist%20Behaviour.pdf
Sarah Lane and Josie Bannon
(Psychological Wellbeing
Practitioners), Wellbeing Centre
University of Exeter
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