iv. protein structure prediction and determination methods of protein structure determination
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IV. Protein Structure Prediction and Determination Methods of protein structure determination Critical assessment of structure prediction Homology modelling Threading Prediction of novel folds Protein design. Methods to determine protein structure. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
IV. Protein Structure Prediction and Determination
• Methods of protein structure determination
• Critical assessment of structure prediction
• Homology modelling
• Threading
• Prediction of novel folds
• Protein design
Methods to determine protein structure
• X-Ray and NMR methods allow to determine the structure of proteins and protein complexes
• These methods are expensive and difficult– Could take several work months to process one
proteins
• A centralized database (PDB) contains all solved protein structures– XYZ coordinate of atoms within specified precision– ~19,000 solved structures
X-ray crystallography and NMR are the two major techniques for determining protein structures
Protein isolation
Protein Purification
Protein Crystallisation
X-ray crystallography:
Crystal
X-ray
Phases of diffracted rays
Electron density
Protein model
Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze the crystal which allows for increased reliability of information gathered from testing. The area detector, which collects the diffracted x-rays once they pass through the crystal, is the black plate located behind the nitrogen stream, (right) sample x-ray diffraction pattern.
X-ray crystallography
The phase problem:
Isomorphous Replacement: combination of diffraction data from the native crystal with data from other crystals containing the same protein packed in the same way but adding a heavy atom
Molecular Replacement: placement of a known relative structure in different positions and orientations, providing approximate phases
Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion: Measurements of the variation of the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern over a range of wavelengths
Direct Methods: Knowledge of electron density distributions in crystals permits calculation of phases directly from experimental data
Phase determined
Model built over itExperimental data:
Three dimentional coordinatesRelative mobility of atoms
Refinement of the model comparing with empirical data
Optimised protein structure
Limitations
• An extremely pure protein sample is needed.
• The protein sample must form crystals that are relatively large without flaws. Generally the biggest problem.
• Many proteins aren’t amenable to crystallization at all (i.e., proteins that do their work inside of a cell membrane).
X-ray crystallography
Measures of structural quality
R-factor is a measure of how well the model reproduces the experimental intensity data, the lower this factor the better the structure.
R = 0% There is no experimental error (ideal)
R = 60% Atoms placed randomly in the crystal
R 20 Good structure prediction
The free R-factor is an unbiased measure of the agreement between the model and a subset of experimental data withheld during the refinement process
Good protein structures:
1. Are compact as measured by their surface area and packing density
2. Have hydrogen bonds with a reasonable geometry, and with all the hydrogen bonds determined
3. Their backbone conformation angles are confined to the allowed areas of the Sasikharan-Ramakrishnan-Ramachandran diagram
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra measure the energy level of the magnetic nuclei in atoms
This energy depends on the effect transmitted between atoms affecting the precise frequency of the signal from an atom (chemical shift). This chemical shift can define secondary structures
NMR can determine the value of conformational angles
Interactions between spatially proximal atoms (< 5Å) can be used by NMR to determine the closeness of atoms in the structure (Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)
Peaks correspond to the interaction of pairs of atoms
The spectroscopists has first to correlate peaks with amino acids in the sequence (Assign the spectrum)
The data generated provide a set of distance constraints and determine the secondary structure and some indications of the tertiary interactions
• Solving an NMR structure means producing a model or set of models that manage to satisfy all known NMR distance constraints (generated by the experiment).
• NMR models are often released in groups of 20-40 models because the solution to NMR structure determination is much more ambiguous than x-ray.
• NMR is limited to small, soluble proteins only.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Sample
RMN spectra
Spectra procession
Sequential assignation
Conformational restrictions
3D structure calculation
Refinment
Analysis
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
NMR models An X-Ray liquid crystal
NMR vs. X-ray crystallography
Protein Structures
• in theory, a protein structure can solved computationally
• a protein folds into a 3D structure to minimizes its potential energy
• the problem can be formulated as a search problem for minimum energy– the search space is defined by psi/phi angles of backbone and side-chain
rotamers– the search space is enormous even for small proteins!– the number of local minima increases exponentially of the number of residues
Protein Structure Prediction
• ab initio folding methods– use first principles to computationally fold proteins– not practical (yet) due to its high computational complexity
• Comparative modeling– Protein threading – make structure prediction through
identification of “good” sequence-structure fit
– Homology modeling – identification of homologous proteins through sequence alignment; structure prediction through placing residues into “corresponding” positions of homologous structure models
Protein Threading
• the basic idea
– placing a protein sequence onto a structural template “optimally”
– assessing how good the structure is energetically
• key components:
– a structural template database
– an “energy” function for measuring quality of a placement (alignment)
– an algorithm for finding an optimal placement
– a capability for assessing the reliability of prediction
query sequenceMTYKLILNGKTKGETTTEAVDAATAEKVFQYANDNGVDGEWTYTE
template set
PROSPECT Predictions
actual predicted actual
actual actual
predicted
predicted predicted
t49
t68
t57
t70
How and Why Threading?
The idea of threading came from the observation that most of the proteins adopt one of a limited number of folds:
Just 10 folds account for the 50% of similarities between protein superfamilies
Rather than trying to predict the correct structure from the unlimited number of possible structures, the protein structure might have been surely determined before for other proteins
In case that our protein shares obvious similarity with other protein with a known 3D structure the folding problem is trivial
It is desired, however, that threading might be able to detect structural similarities that are not accompanied by any detectable similarity
1. Library of protein structures (fold library)all known structuresrepresentative subset (seq. similarity filters) structural cores with loops removed
2. Binary alignment algorithm with Scoring functioncontact potentialenvironmentsInstead of aligning a sequence to a sequence, align strings of descriptors that represent 3D structual features.Usual Dynamic Programming: score matrix relates two amino acidsThreading Dynamic Programming: relates amino acids to environments in 3D structure
3. Method for generating models via alignments
Algoritmos de threading. General.
ALMVWTGH.........
................
Threading AlgorithmsPuntuation function
ALMVWTGH.........
................
-Amino acids are in similar environments to those where known structures are found
- Solvatation potentials
-Contact potentials
-Coincidence of predicted and real secondary structures and calculation of accessibilities
-Homology matrices obtained from alignment of structures
- HMMs
Count pairs of each residue type at different separations
Threading algorithmsContact potential
Energy of interaction = -KT ln (frequency of interactions) Boltzmann principle
d
Eco
unts
d
Jones, 1992; Sippl, 1995
Threading algorithmsSequence profiles + secundary structure
Kelley et al., 2000http://www.bmm.icnet.uk/~3dpssm
threading. Examples
threading. Examples
threadingPost-processing of the results
Combining with additional information
De Juan et al., 2001
threadingPost-processing of the results
Filtering models
threadingEvaluation of methods
I) CASP 94, 96, 98, 00, 02
DatabasesAlgorithm
Computer evaluation
MA
KE
FG
IPA
AV
AG
TV
LN
VV
EA
GG
WV
TT
IVS
ILT
AV
GS
GG
LS
LL
AA
AG
RE
SIK
AY
LK
KE
I K
KG
KR
AV
IAW
1/3 correct fold (ali?)
MODEL(S)
EVALUATION
http://PredictionCenter.llnl.gov/casp4/
PROSPECT Predictions
actual predicted actual
actual actual
predicted
predicted predicted
t49
t68
t57
t70
Why engineer proteins?
• 1) Engineered macromolecules could have experimental use as experimental tools, or for development and production of therapeutics
• 2) During the process of said engineering, new techniques are developed which expand options available to research community as whole
• 3) By approaching macromolecule as engineer, better understanding of how native molecules function
(Doyle, Chem & Bio, 1998)
Ligand Binding – protein flexibility“In this study, we set out to elucidate the cause for the discrepancy in affinity of a range of serine proteinase inhibitors for trypsin variants designed to be structurally equivalent to factor Xa.”(Rauh, J. Mol. Biol., 2004)
Def: Ligand
Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule; proteins embedded in the membrane exposed to extracellular fluid.