iv. a struggle for mastery

IV. A Struggle for Mastery

The High Renaissance Court:

Wednesday, October 16, 2013



- the center of princely power & the mechanisms of state-building





- comprised of the ruler’s household, servants, attendants councilors, officials, artists, & soldiers






- Castiglione - Book of the Courtier - defined the culture &etiquette of the Renaissance Man & proper court behavior:







RM = a synthesis of military, artistic, literary, & civic virtues







RM = a synthesis of military, artistic, literary, & civic virtues

- Michelangelo - a court artist - sculpted David statue for court princes, painted Sistine Chapel for the pope


MACHIAVELLI


MACHIAVELLI

- He admired the political strength & unity of France & England


MACHIAVELLI


- Feared that Italian in-fighting would doom it to foreign invasion


THE PRINCE - 1513

MACHIAVELLI




THE PRINCE - 1513

- Most well-known work of the Renaissance

MACHIAVELLI




THE PRINCE - 1513


- Freed politics from moral and religious philosophy

MACHIAVELLI




THE PRINCE - 1513


- Freed politics from moral and religious philosophy

- Explained that successful politicians are often immoral and opportunistic - did not CONDONE the behavior - was misunderstood for his views, punished for his works

MACHIAVELLI




Dynastic Wars

Habsburgs vs. Valois:


Dynastic Wars


-Habsburg - ruling family of Spain & HRE


Dynastic Wars



-Valois - ruling family of France


Dynastic Wars



-Valois - ruling family of France-1494 - 1559 - fought for control of Europe


Dynastic Wars



-Valois - ruling family of France-1494 - 1559 - fought for control of Europe- both Catholic, involved most Christian monarchs & Ottomans


Dynastic Wars



-Valois - ruling family of France-1494 - 1559 - fought for control of Europe- both Catholic, involved most Christian monarchs & Ottomans - much of the fighting was over Italy & the Low Countries


Dynastic Wars



-Valois - ruling family of France-1494 - 1559 - fought for control of Europe- both Catholic, involved most Christian monarchs & Ottomans - much of the fighting was over Italy & the Low Countries- 1527 - Rome sacked & burned by HRE b/c pope aligned w/ France


Dynastic Wars




- French aligned w/ Turks to match superior HRE - showed that religion was not always most important issue


Dynastic Wars




- French aligned w/ Turks to match superior HRE - showed that religion was not always most important issue

- The wars drained the treasuries of each nation


Financing War


Financing War

- Costly new weapons outpaced revenue, caused inflation


Financing War


- HRE ran up huge debts to lead bankers


Financing War



- Fuggers - leading international bankers of the16th century


Financing War




- arranged for Charles V’s succession as HRE


Financing War




- bankrolled the HRE during the Italian Wars (1494-1559)



Financing War





- HRE constantly in danger of defaulting on Fugger debts



Financing War




- Unmanageable debt forced Habsburgs & Valois to sign Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 - ended 60 years of war - French also agreed to give up Italian claims


- HRE constantly in danger of defaulting on Fugger debts



Habsburg - Valois - Ottoman Wars, 1494-1559


Divided RealmsFrance :



- Many powerful nobles converted to Calvinism




- Balance of power between Catholics & Protestants was maintained by kings Francis I & Henry II during wars w/ Charles V & HRE




- Balance of power between Catholics & Protestants was maintained by kings Francis I & Henry II during wars w/ Charles V & HRE

- 1560 -Henry II’s death led to decades of brutal religious civil wars


England & Scotland:


England & Scotland:

- Edward VI - succeeded HVIII, welcomed Protestant refugees of Eur


England & Scotland:


- Calvinist refugees wanted to transform England


England & Scotland:



- Mary Tudor (1553-1558) - succeeded EVI - Catholic who brutally cracked down on & executed hundreds of Protestants


England & Scotland:




- Elizabeth (1558-1603) - returned England to Anglicanism, tolerated Catholics ruled over era of internal peace in England


England & Scotland:




- Elizabeth (1558-1603) - returned England to Anglicanism, tolerated Catholics ruled over era of internal peace in England

- John Knox - Calvinist preacher who converted much of Scotland - set up future rel. conflict w/ England


The German States


The German States

- Schmalkaldic League, 1531 - alliance of Prot. princes & imperial cities of HRE aligned against the emperor


The German States


- Schmalkaldic Wars - internal religious civil war in the HRE:


The German States



- involved Spaniards, French stayed neutral


The German States




- early victories by emperor & occupation of Italian lands convinced pope & many former allies to turn against Charles V, fearing an all-powerful European Emperor


The German States





- Peace of Augsburg, 1555:


The German States





- Peace of Augsburg, 1555:- Charles forced to terms - Lutheranism off. accepted, Calvinism not, ecclesiastical territories permanently res’vd for Catholics - leader of territory chose the faith


The German States





- Peace of Augsburg, 1555:- Charles forced to terms - Lutheranism off. accepted, Calvinism not, ecclesiastical territories permanently res’vd for Catholics - leader of territory chose the faith

- Exhausted Charles V resigned as HRE


iv. a struggle for mastery

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