itto project pd. 179/91 lesser-used timber … · i i i ] itto project pd. 179/91 industrial...
TRANSCRIPT
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ITTO PROJECT PD. 179/91
INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION AND IMPROVED MARKETING OF SOME GHANAIAN
LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES FROM SUSTAINABLY MANAGED FORESTS
COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
By
Ayarkwa, ,].
Agbozo, J.
Mohammed, A.I.
Ampong, F,F.K.
Forestry Research Institute of Ghana
Kumas i, Ghana
JULY, 199.3
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Thi~:: comprC,hc.'ilf:,::i,Ve' li ll,'i.f:: llC)OIl C;,'fIT"ied (Jut ,'i.I:,: [li:UI uf I he l'rrO PD 1'71)/91, "lndtu:;tx:i.al Ut:i.1 :i'z::.:d~jon clnd Iwpruved IVjdyketinQ Of ::~(JjjJe
']'j,mbet' jt,;;,,: FtYllH :3U'3t.~I,j,lklJJly IVIanLlCjE'd I"o(t'!:::I~:3" \'Jllictl ic:: at U 1<3 Fur<3str y I\'(:);=:;edJc:jl In3Utute of C:;h,:lllC! U;i)J~IC). Th,:?
pt'(.lkx:t Ild:~; ,'(:::> :i.I::: ultj.JlIai.e goal th.~-c H!dxk(d~:jn~J of prclduci:::::h:",!(\ Je:'::::;:n:'u:',('Oci ;"'1)(:'(; j t:':::: (Ll J;";) to fl!(:I('>L tl le dl::ev<;:; 1 E{»)[jl;:;nt nE:'E!ck; ()f Ghc'J.na i an :30e j whi 1 (:' . .'\ 1 f::';CJ
':IU:.'Jinjrl~J I:}''J(" i"l)Yf:lf3t env:irornTll3ntal neeckc: (:'JlIbocLied in ITTO'e t.',y ;;~OOO. Till! I;:::; gel\l::,n~d JV<2::::: ,~\r{~' the:, ;::;()CC<,,;3:3ful pr<')iIlULic'[j wlCl lW'lrketjJIQ of
lllgher \/i:I[UI3'i'\cldIX] t,linbet'· pnxlucL:::; vvhen·, the Iv(}(:iil ;)OUlce~=)
Pt:: onc[ tlF':! lkll"ve:3t uf t.he b'ees hw:::: d IJo:3jtive <)n v/ :su;3i~ di nei], I y m,':U1i:lQ{::d :i c,'?:::: ,
'The ::::elecjjon of' the of the JdLest
f3PE)C:i ef3 f()y'
Ghan,:'\ F'oyest tilt'.' dh:IVI?
InVt-Tltoxy pru jnc I: \vd<3 ('k)lJe Itrll:!:,:lr Ux'
ReLIC!Y t und h'l;'.:UCl. on 'cl 1':"
fol }cJlvi.llQ ('011::3
Cl) r.hc'ti~ t.he cU:3t::cLbut:iI,)1l <:tt IJ)e spe<:::il,)f3 (l('CIIY:::: in Uu) Pl.o(luci.jun \'Iorldng C)iC 1 (~ i {;;~. fY'oln (~u~ t~:(:l2) vlh{.:\r(~~ ()n(=-~ of Lhe rnClna~Jel!J.ellL l j ve;":~ J.~:3
:::ll~;IDin::d.ll I~ ilOJxll pt'ciCllJ.cL:ion:
(:2) (JC'C:Ul Y<:!rJce :i lJ fUli:O,;c::i: ;:;hCl\l1 db,'! (';C1LW I to (11 llf(11 e Ll Jelll :J() ty(~e:3 {II;;II'
;';qLkln) kj lomut('c'),
<:;0:;3 W!Kli':::e 1ft,~clVI n i Ci:'ll j {":": :ifKh C.~d L<:I :~:()ml.':' H[)f)ci r i C' f?l1<l w::\~
:ii~th3 widell cCluld 1l1Cl){':,: Lh'c~ln :3ub::::t:i tutcibl':e for (~eJt,=t:i.ll dwincl1inI,J :3pec.loc:: dlli! I'll! idl ,'lye lik<:; ty to
\\101'1 Cl lildl'h""l' ..
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TIi.(:' lil(')ratw'(' ,'ljVl(?V{ c\)\/<'::'n:(l 'i.lll:hc: 14 vlh:ich had been fx:,leci:ed .lur the TJ)(c: l<.::view Wd:"'; ulIdm'i:,Lclken on the cli c::ty:i but ion, phy:':::ic'=J], tn,·::dklllic,'tl ('[(xl WO((t"'i('rkin<.,r Pt' :ie.f3, IlI:jl:l:;~dti{)tl {)tc, etc,. to t.Lnd out, the VI'] tUlle e,f :infonncd~:iun aVD.:i l.eib}!? un the propt:wl: j'('cr?: i:l.ncl the exl,ent (1:[:
uli 1 i Lion '.If the :3(:dected ,c:pec:ic:::::,
It. If:; ()lj ] (Jconi, th<=(i: UlKI of 1:1'1<:" j.lnpoyi:,omt J:,:1Ctc'l::: Y02;LljclJng the of lUlfLLet' arK] wc)Oll .prc.,duct:3 in 01111'1]').=1 to C) rel':ltj,lfoly lilnil:;'9cl 11Ilrnh,t of <:,,:;:::tDhl:i;'=:)(::d :3pecief:: j;3 th<i') lCl(~k of Y'f'Jt:iclily b\J,':dlable m,"jrk<,3t
on te,chntc"il ini'OrIn,"lt j".I!1 IKJ tlv' Pl'I.lf)f?l'U.eu dIid clI)pr()pt'i ,:(tt" Lmd-u:::::c,:c; hit'
rn'I;:';! (!t 1:)1':" 1(':':3SI31"~'U:'k'd ;:;[JeC:Hc:;:3. Th,C:J L 'I"vel (If utj J izatj(:>n of thu :,::pccle~:, 'rli 11 not. onll:3eI'v'~: {'lE:: ~Jujde (llJx~in9 the lct (k,ve'j nf
but w:ill dJuo ;:::1'1(l\,,' v})l:ich CIf t.ho :;3(':llected j 1 ['z;ed bol:h 1.11(:'1.11)1 ,'tnd abn)(I(i,
lnforn"'l.i:icJn ()hl~a,inecl from the rev:i HVl J Ibb hoon ]JY e::c:eJ JI,,:!cj :lll in]
i'OYWdt USHICI the :::::i:1iClG (lYe/re!:t" (If 0/ ::::[11::',::[<:::::: <)~3 UI th,) ducument.
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('I'd Y 1 or, J, C)60). D:,)(' j !lunul::: i (l leX::HIl i (Irvine, J9Cl; CniT, UIICkd<c;d).
:::;t~n,::)gFll tol,i::\ ,)l1clBr:it:i,}',il Con~Jo(Tlv:il1<cl, 'ICJ6l: CTT'T, unclaif-ed),
Throu<jll(Jut Soui:JxWl\ Ghclrtd: Common ,\r()und Kt Ulid':::; i dnil
in ,:IY'?clS of NorUlorn ll::::hunt.:i "'IlK] T(91)ldnd. Ffl:o;te!TI
: I~ fAJe} lE II ('l'i:ty l ni, '1'=)60; hvl rl'~, 19(1),
Grclws tCI ':1 height uf771l1 (120 Lt) 0): !flOl'E' , ('[jc1In(:e/(:'1
,~tI, l)ced:::![ It<::~l9Id ahuut l.Om n 1'1), 'djU, i,l, cle,'lI, ::;t:n'I(91)i hu 1 (') nf 1 elf Cllxllrl: 9 12m (30AO Et),
(Taylc1l, 19CiO: J(vine, J 961; Felt !l1(')(, J 97'2) ,
Vdciflble from iflld, "hy \)Wl1 (() delL k y udbrol'[]L 'trir h i:HJ eft Lrdcti. ve '~J,ppeul':iJ1C(:), neD(;!llLLIl eE; UI\O
('TayJoy, .1 ()hO: Tyvinl', '[961: ParTn(,;,l··, 19'72; J.\rkldO 1\.1eni::'~IJ] et ,):1, lCJ13CJ; CT'FT, undated),
lh;;::t j ne r-. J:rcliTl lKJrJxi: IrJc)\>(I, ViJ 1 (, )I':'! 1 J OH or ,,:f,ldV/'"'
cc!] oUI(C;cl ,::Jl:iCIUt ~jOllLll! (2 :[n) wid,", (IyvhJE', 196J; FiUmc'y·, 1 C)'7~~ ') ,
F>'Jppl(" m"lyk~:.' ,)re pr(Jl!!ineni:, Int(:~rl(A,kecl cl.nd :30J.l[o(:j,mef:; VClrldbleill djY'c:H:ti()n ,'11 U! (::O,CU:Si' i:()yi:,lIYH
(Tclylu), 1960; I:rv:ine, 1961; I"ctY1Ilt31, 1972; CJTT., unckt [,'"d) ,
hUlil 5fiO lCI 1'(20 J<q/)(I:J (':;(,-,";"1
1 (~.''"') I :) - )... ') :l ,c1VE>lD9E' d :KIUI / UU \:9, ill cb/d,), L'!<.':d::':1.. I)l\':!C
(T,ctylor, l')6Ci; Tlv:inE', 19(jl.: F'arrney. 197;'":. l\dd,l,e I~(::·:n2:cdl et cd. 19(39),
bf::,·icM). Gnnet.:tl1y H(1Ine1flh,'}i: l"tldtx i ldn
b, .. e(',ch, buL Vc\l'ieb with elt'It:;} (F'(!1'l1}(~'r.
19Z:J,) , Bendi.llQ ength 1.1.1:2 N/Hlll? .: Muclu.Ju:.: Cl!: Eli3.2;U.cHy 1J. :577 N/rnm'2; :ive ")9 N/lfLln2 (Add,clE"."Men:=:,:cdl et ,c, I, 19B9),
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N/umr Ibf/id
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Morlu J Uc::: ()f
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1972) .
. 1972).
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64,7 9.JOO
lJioi::::ture cont.ent III 9Cn:, l(::'}a.tivf} humjd:it)l 16';::;
tDll~f<,"rrt la] j(KNe;]fJlc?nt 1. 2~!; (9
(f,'IYCnet. 1()7:2).
Llwi 1:('?cl 1 i Ltl e
tC;:3!::C;: inc1·ico.i:,c) th"lt ji ,Jl·:ie:·c: \,6UI . J)Ul very ::=;}ow}yin thick E;j:;:;e.s:.
:L 972; CTF1'. uncJ;:\ i: If I )
:=;o:n .'\llcl eas 51 y 'dor 1< I'xl.. ('en le; H1 rnachlni.ng el1ding to interlocked ,'lnil :irx('~Jul(u'
1. F:i ne d.Uf3t metj CdU:='E' ir.r:.i tot j or I of tll(::' n051" CT'dyl.or,. 1960; Feu/nel'. 197~~; Ac1cli')e Men:c:ah et cd, 1989).
BlunLinq et c:d .. 19;::9: CTFT. uli(:1att"(1).
Ri P 'f::i:lld:i n~J·:3D.W t Frr~:'i{:+ . Eo:::d I y ~kl.'rin (Fdl f(K~J: , 1~)'7;7,; CTFT. urlda.ied).
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y. but d j t 1)1 )l:(~CJk i tKJ (JU L vlh"'li l1klC'} 1 i nE:d ,~!C'Y(J:";f:; the gXCi.:i n, <3.:::; j n 1'<,3(:<3,3:',:i rtlj
d! III 011 '=ll'l: i. ::K;;':; .E'd:~:i. 1 >' pet~ 1 cd ,Ct! \'::/ li Co 'I\.
lUl, 1960; Jrvin,c;, 1961: F(Jxm(:!l, 1972; (TVI'. uncklLed) .
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19'72; CTFT, U.l vJdlHd) . ;3D. Lt ;::t\,<::I:, .).1')" 'I'fli,,:n pre 'bot'cd j 97',7, ; Addi~k,-IVjen:~ah, 19;:l9; CTfT, urlCJ,:ried),
:=:iit ()kldoeM,c'n:::C:lh. Ijt rll ,1C)Pq:
C11"T, undated),
(J(Jo(i, ;:311oltId hE' :';<:11](1';'11 Cdl'efulJy ]:('01 fjn'd: CId::::::': fin:i::3h. ;~:ea,l,lng c,or:d I::!S:3EH1Licd ])UICol<3
\knni:'::hi.nq (.It pdint . :t .':11, J SK.l9; CIT'T,
Cc'n:,,:-icj,·:,nlbln \lD.l tclLir)(1 j n }:K?ncl:i llCJ PI:'ClprJlt io::=; j:::; pP.<b2lble. 1972).
H01KLi j 11] C'] J 97;':,,) .
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fof' :0,) li.d hl?llci:3
: 40 (F'oy file:!
Limit."'II l,:iCl.iuF3 [(rj' :3, :::IftW :in) IdminiC«';
(un:,;LCCllflHd): J7flJlllll (7j)l) (F,=n~W"!l. 1972),
HedJfWU.)d :n."'pC!l Led tu lk' )]1<)h1y .tl~!:::: l,,-,
t':'l1l!li,':'c:,in Vh'rit Ajr!Cd. O]ctlO[Aon et ill 1(J(;6: F[tl·UHjl. 19'72). Highly 18S}:3tcUli: b) m,':!J :ine h:'l'(ln:: (]:\::3h i ,"IJ:;OJ: .:t 9(7) .
Hr'dILwr. IfAJ r,'t! 1~J<.~:~: from veri dun:l)]I? i:(r !lltylen')'i:<? I y dtl)-,~tblf' (TtIY] 1:11'. 191:>0; I1v:ine. 19f:!1;Fi:'11JflH:t, :lCr7:;~;
;LVkldc-\Vle tit-id 1) ,_:d ,:1 1. 19iJCl),
~Exl:n,:!me! ] Y le! I Lt]
l C)89) .
\Jet y
Fr)), (J(:;'ll,::':n:tl eXLCr,l('Y dllCl jui:.<'C'j':ior cUld l:icrld. OXI:c.: L I JC I j r I1 i Idl)'rk; '!Jl)nd ll!r'.'(J .l.IU!! ],.j (~rlll: dJl.d f 'i.d 1d: g'~)[x1 ut:ili t.:inJ:.kn; jo:irH?l Y dlJ(I genera] C"Xl)(ml ry; CilY \/ i IlU;C;, hql' bui, Cdl)r_IH~:: 1 j Le ;:)(V<:'1::;, p] [.:lI. ell Id (:(J; e:,:, Hmdh.lr'J.ni.
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1);j(:;;3
:ic"-:;
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}'iU met, 19'7:;; ,: Ackk, 1,-; L fJ,], 9D7: 01'(1)
(~,t .:tl: l\c1cl,)e-Mi?In:':nh, lC)fIIJ; l\bbi w, 1 C)CjCi) ,
APROKUMA
No j n f 0) ine, ti on r)}:.ki:li .lK'd ,
COlYUflOlll n Irvins', 1961) ,
c:.lu:~,:(.!iJ F1fW"e:'I:,:i jl)),.
nay'{~\, j n cl u::::ed f (,)'1.:');"11-
C\')J01W)n (cll()oCJ ::k'i:ll: p; new' :I or, J ge,cl) ,
1'160: (ly,1960)
ne,clch{j~3 I) It,:, of Icj:°!lll
jn <'JiJUI, cTOvll1
(1 ::>() It) ,'Jnd ,~!ll] (9Ft , t)(', 1 e L't! i :": t (3(1 I ](0iJJ:'
top (hvin(:c'. 196J), :3tJ cy 1 :ir ldri ci~ll bn'l rInd nu
er vljUJ
but Lr\)~':IICC:AH (Tay I ClI, :l ':](iO)
The 111')?:utVtc)od i;'3 Yic'h, ,n?~c1ch,'!h bt<)'I'ID
Tl j(:; yK,(>d :3:i nk::,: V\') Jell h (lIe;}) (Irv i 1 lE:' , 19(11) ,
It iu i.Joft, . It:] c'.>lour '1;c';1 yrd lovtl:~,:h \vhjLe (Tdyll)l',
1960: :Cyvi ne, J.96:1).
Nuil !fnYlncli::i on nbLa j ned .
Not dUID,blf', f;LLil.dbJ\~::it Imp)~t(ol)' ~lfJ[.IY<:;qlliltHd.
(T':l),)!)), 1960; F'.JI'w(:'[ ,1 1(/2) ,
F\:/!" ut i 1 :i fUJT1} t UJ le! d,Li:,'] 11 'I ()l,J<f:,
I,~I:JJ~ V [11:,1:':1 <') rti 1 t '1<',I.llili 1.')"1 f 1.:,,:. q,'? I II'clt 'd 'I
ckcc,)y cd 'i \le \lI;o,neer dnd V:I pClri. :i C' 1,~,Lr:'(I.r'd i:I.l !<l ::31. \ C U)I).:\ rei. puJ
5
(OII,'c.:rll.!J:~tj('ll
lIeU' Cl)I('dl cl. , <."'11) i(lt':: L
I ! I
E'OTANICl\L NAM1~:
Di::,;i] lbut:iull
!).Lr,=Jbi.1 i clnd Pl:v::::\::,x V,] t'l ,)tl
W(JO!Jwoy)d llq
pr IljY::Y I:. j
r it.l. J J If]F: dnd p,'}n<o,] 1 i lJ~l. (I1Vi ne, J 9(j1: ()j'<~)]i itJKl . :L ()i3'7: l\ckk) ,.'d. '1.1, In KI,ti;.=,rI :
Ab11[\'I. 'lC)l)()), Ullc;ujYoJ:d 1(," c,c,m':)jlt 11())j(led
'tf(,oclV<i(illl bu:i.ldinl] ]iJ ([\8hj'~lb"l. 19'7:3).
BOMBAX
19(.1) .
A1:;d 1 c1ec:iclll')IJS t n:.'C" U[' to ~i![lf! (160ft) Or i(tOle Bul:ilH:::;'3 ,:::mdl1 '11 i.d)r:0'nt 101, 1960; hvine, 19(1).
The h'D.:trl"'fC,(xl i:-;:: c1clt'kbY("dll ut Yi::ddi:3h. l:oUC::lll d11C1 j'l\)IUU:==:(ltvillU. 19(1). YGlluv/i;3b but dtul<,=m:=-' 1,(1 1 jIJht.·l)}(lwf I 1 ()f,U)
:rt wlli I('! ,=,nd YdtJJ(":}" so:U lc)r. 196CJ: Ilvine, 19Ci1) , Ne) intclJHllrljon oht:(l.:lned.
1. 01, 1 9()O) ,
Tout.cJh (j.llli f:ilJYC,lt:). llt.il li.IJ\11 drd ,::,,1:::[ Y il'/()I'k,;d.
(IJl/irk"lq61). ~31.i 5.d 1".~) h(J\/f~ E:;>.:tY'~·lc:Li\!{::,\ \rri th e f fee i. (In (JYPSUfli ~3et t:i n~J dnd ~C,: L (f<'l~;i In \ "I. :lc)f39)"
6
n:::i,::ly{li 11(:1
J. n ('f.llliprc:::::,:!:1 \1(:
~;T7\Nnl\rm
BOTANIChL N711\1E
I i
It :i:3 J j ,c,nc1 eU,;:;:i 1 y wod:.cd ,,,uJ(1 u:::~e(l fCll Cdt loe::.::. fk,x,::;:':: d l)(J Cl·,ed ;':':::. p 1. CUt: t:?~'31~()c:k ( AtV)!I.
19~:):2; ]960; II:-v:inIC'. JC)61; O;:c,r:[ ,:llJCl Add(il\::Ij()lJ~{.
CANARIUM
Ik::(J:i VlonuCi (Gllbl1d.): a,be; 1 (Camen:'clj j).: et:i (cc) 1 e (Fle\J ICt:
dtKl Iwxy ('U"l:";:!:.); I"" ]I?tni (Ni~,I()li;I): Mild.fl!. ).
I nc<::~n::3e tIe,:, (l\~bhj 1:1. 1(90).
10r. 1::1(0). (Ji~t.~'n iOIJnrJ (Ji'1
F'ref,,'T:'; i'i'::;!) 1 ch,'J,illic:c1 ::'Clj.l:3
1 ,)[!t":': ("I'll Y 1 O!. J. 9(0) .
EaB ler 1); l<vwh::lJ; W(;Fd'2Jll: Axi m. rJ[lj::;: LC,:.I; A:':lwllt i : (If vin", . J961 )
D:i::;I:l:LJ-}ui:(',eJ i.l (:Cl J l\fr j CD ill lb 11)
f()1:<'::3t ,,:i!1I1 SFIJl,:,'l'Y fn:tHuf: up tc' JOOOw. i'111':[i'urlt,' ()\non. El'79). Distyibutc;cl from 1 tCI
J,.t. ::;1 id'lfl ,md E:'u':j Ahj riD. (hvi IK'. 19(1) .
l~\'::;cH'ljr"E: d h(~ It \"j' 3711l (J::W fl). ;::)l:l','j:i~jld,.
cylinrLtlf!c:tJ Lule. ler ;;7m (90 n) Cll,;tlHr::ilt,t
,~Jh'1XI: J. :?ru (4 f t). \h,n)! :::::!:; 9hi ,bu t tye:=:;,~3eE; )fi,)) 'ICJ(;O: Jlvine. '1 (:)(S1 : F'cwmt'y. lqT~).
P,dc' Vi r!l<if':ll" btlj\'/n er,:,!! J01 .. Fonnel. J 972; Wag,c;nfU11Y. 1 ,j1. 19f:l9).
J9(jO: Ltvinl:'. J~J6J:
; Ackl<::)o'!Vl('3ll:'X'lh IcA
W] Lt te (Il' :::( Y Cl w~-c(d (lUX (;:;'cl. upb;) J OOrHfll ( l) :i lJ) VI j cl<:, (Tdylc,r. Fi(iO; Lt '/ i1\(', 19t>1; F,'tt'(fI()I:.. 'J (J,/:?;
1.ln. 1(79).
Llt! ,:It t y "':1. ct j Vr::~ :-:~lt Y
qUill lel' ,'l'r:,:,iuye ('OiIUot3 Yed ~rr,till
19GO; Ilvlm, .. li)Cl. FcJl:Il!f':), 1972).
7
cut. 0)) UJ(;
lIlT
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MO!f3ture ('otlt<",!)j'
1:::.0.:;
N/mnl
11 "
"
f30fl ,'I.lid CibnXlf3 (T,Jylc)t, 19(:;(1: 19'79) l~h)ui ::i30 hg/nJ" ('{] ) ,';1
12,;; mo-i~:::t1.u-e C:C)nte,n,i ('1.',:lylr)l. 1960.: {(Vi,IV""
19(;1; FiH1Wc'Y, 19'72; 7\cJdde]\1en:c:,)il et cd. 1:)i;39).
(~3()e t<:1b J e hs 1 Ud). J1JYIl.xl 1 Id:l f --VIi'lY h'o,tw('j<'jrJ ciLnd 1<:::'
i:Hld Etrn ),PI'cH1 h C)(},( 'h (!], 'I 9W)) .
Ibf/ir1
'5. 90Cl
10,100
11
Muclu 1 Uf::: 0 f KltJ"l} c]
~!/nlJn 2 Ib
6. :!OO
n.100
11
l 9T';: ii(k'kl'~ "t
lCICl lYtrdllel
Ibf/.i,)?
l~\O
(;,160
11
11 1.0::); ('/l(, in ft) (Fct:tmer, 19'72) .
.rh yj\i'd Dt:i,I~'H lCtLh(c)1 l.Cllt11y (llid t~",ixly 'del J .
Cro!::::::-:'3eCl i or Id, 1 ell ::: i:,()j-t j on a,nd co II ,::'11):':',(3 lIi':l)l J)H
i-,c) \~rid-:':::p li, i Li) 10 dtlcl 1',)1:
(Il':i ~I j 1 la:l end (Iyvi ne, :1 CJ(,j.: Ft i1lilUJ' .
19'72), l(i)n Hd)/xluh) H (F',:HTOE;<r l~)'7~2).
;=;l1ri (3Y(;<'::jj h~1 12';:; llllyi:c::i:Ul c(,rJi_ent i i:J 1 ,:ilx)ut A, ( ') 1 n f 1. )
ndcl i.,~\l dblut . :';;1~ C" /)(, :i (, r i), '['!iF) \'j().c1i:: Li,'lbh, to ;::I.dini,lIIJ (h-yine, lC)(;l),
C~{'l J(:r d.l J j", h=':c:)! Le, \~'." J.. J or, 1 (Je,l"!) , TIII:r",ylockc0rl SjTilin [I{h=;'ct:::: m'I('Jlillln~J [I)'i
(In1j ne, 1961; l''':Hlllel, 19'72),
8
i !
I ' i : I 1
I i
! li
Blunt
jVjCi. ch ~t lJ:i r 1:'01
UJUilllJ
DUldb:i J:i. a.nd Ion:
::3"vc?tO. dllC h) pr,-':':<.c:ncr: e,f ::31i(I,'1. (TII/inc,.!C)6J: F'aJ~m()l. 1 (172; (C,1 }. J 91~9) .
Pi p' <,'xnri ) "'J : rune>
I m/iO ,))' Te for 11)119
(\"'(Jf:':f:: ~-~_~:;:t vri. I!q : 2 Incl;-=:~t :~';d.I' 'l Wicl<' "kJ.l.i::::f{tCI~o}'y;~' :~:;'t'VI /\ (t:ivped tncUI)
1(72)
PI ,I.n i n~j ::;:xl: A 1 (::,c1.uci::i (In j 11 (Iut Li I 1S;1
dng l!j 1:(, lJ 1 ve,') 'j mjJICl\ll'rJ f i tli;:,h ()rt i nt<::'J'l oc:J(.(:il
f':lce~:, prc,vicled tht':, cutters ::::hi) I 1). d \'1(1)11)1 I:ifli:.:h :i:::: obtdin,:,d ('l:1\/i,III:I,.
1961; l",:lnnel. :1 c:rn) .
l~rn) .
DJ :I 1 r;en(:-il' Cl. 1 Hi ljJ l ;=i'l.!:;(? 1 ell 1:.(.(':.'1 ,:\1' 1=)
;'::k:tti.;:').r.o:I.C :if S;llblP bul.blurti: rluU.Jlllj
g:i vc::' .'1 WC)U 1 Y t i 1I:i. :,-,:h j)J(:rt, 19'?:~).
C')1)(1 (Irvi I'll.::) .1 96"; FiU IfluJ
cl. Cl. 1. 19(39).
Un:cc:d.Li :'C: EdC' .r:f)Y' c:!',(),'lil1 h(~'ndj llcr . ::,\C~vl:~r(>
buck J ",.od iLl] e r (,('curlY]!':",) j the h/e'l'l'] ,l::': 'h.",llt (::>licn b:, .':1. ],'1,] Cl\"> rucU Ij:-':: of cUlv,',Lu
Lim:itjl!~J ldcllu:: fUl ].2!ll1ll (l,lrl :in) lClllijni:I.'"
( u.n:=::L (-'!o.mec1): H:l Do iIll (? "/5 :i l!) .
::3ta:ininCi DTlrJ p(d.if;IJin~j ::;<Jti~;rolt()lY. VllJ(!ll ;:::(:')inccl ui::~;(:d d:, :3ub,:\I::iLul,:> .c1)Y M,:tll('~Jo.n)l (Jrv:il 1961: F'iJJJL\()l' , 19'72).
l I.. 1 I.:::; .
19Ci'7) .i:::; lJul) dtnd.b:l (l\V'l.lldan F(Jrl.c~::11
I. 9']0; VYill}CnfuJn' J 9'7C). [rift J !I'. 19(;1: Fdlllll:'l ( 1 ~)7;;) ; ) '::' j d J ClH() .
9
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rij)l)t:,i ell I
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. 197:::1).
(i:::3('j;, IJf IJIF: j' i Lo11er ,:lYE: 1:,:,:=d,:J :icb'ili I::: H(lViC'i,
ll]\IJltilJ~l efhocL on cutl,j,ilg ~3Iiji;d)) fur Lh'J (.',)1'<::,:; ,)C pI. . :::lic(,c1 ven::leJ' h')l:
cl IJ '(JOl'Jl j vc;, IY'ilK3 1 1 i1lg, fUJTlil:Ule: lIlCik
],:d)Ol:,:J,i,:,,)ty ,(nd ':'[c'I::l.t'iC'il ritljn~JJc) fl.e'l)I: Ci:\J'j()e:c:, cUl"!::;l:xuci,:i(11J \\'(,'l)'~::, d';'CI'1 i;J,1::I\I':' (J(IC>Y;::;,
,'C: i,,;r.:i, I: )del)l3 ,'.\illl 1 (;Cd 11 Y .E,)}, 11\(." tat:::, :1::;, ,J11e'1
C1',;)tC';3 II,J)JdJ.JuD,rd, i J e lxJcJ.nJ ,'n]cl ::x!fi, lXJ,:nd, jntc'y:int' rot 11 'dork. panF) 11 :i.ng. alld n(NdLi . (Tayl()l, 1960,; llvj)j(;;l, 1961; FcIlHlIJJ,.
1 ryn; Cl 1(1/ i dt)(I Ml( lo-l\~:hur tU, 19H'7; () t d 1. 19139; Adck, 7\shong 'e' t ,'cd. 1 md,yi:<:)c\: ALibi v? l()~)O). ;-3ujLdbJ<') for cuwent b:.n([ 1i¥'OJ"d'd<XI] bu:ilcl:inCJ
;:,: ] ab ( A=::ll j ,:-lhul', 1
(Itvi (1.(';'. 19(1).
('ElBA
C'hj,e,f ly 1ll '[('11;';';::t " llC.l: :'3(1 (X'llIWUll :i_rJ [0'(>1".':,;[: . Nul. nef in ~';\'ldIllPf:hul
.tlc,'w:Li 1)1 ()]j uld Ch:dJ NuL wowing ,i.n f ;=!"'lv,-'lnlv'lh f(.t'<3:;,;i: bill (1nl Y Ut or l\{':'UY VI J ] d<J':'f: wh.,?n fl ()Ill C] li; inl-', 1<.:)6:l) .
1ln 19()1) ,
(lhdlVJ I:'::.::pcc j d,I "J Y l\::::)ldJ!i::i ( h v 5 i H-::.
J960;
(lr :i Y T1 ('cd Ilmul j Cd. Y IJ<JII(,J;;e.. l)ut Il<jd c():::m()I}I)),:itdn Jr')
1:1' C:'! i):-:i ;:J ('lllLiv,,,li('d 1l8e,. crCI1,::},:tl JYI·Jjld ill VI,";:,: I l\[[j'>l (IIl/ip<', 196:1).
TI)" Ln:"~: in O!lW1Cl in hejljht '::I.l!d S:)icIJ.!. 1(, COm (~~no rt) hie:rh. It/i!_h <.I ::lut _. c:ylindtie.:,I,1 b(l} (" 1 ;2.,-:l':l]jl ) 1 ('Jig and ;),)11 ((d'l (11 I!lO}I:') J iJ
c'ii,'ll!lc;i(,'i-. ! 1<:1:-: ,I i-',t (ye bu i tn<::ue;-: Vlil'i(:i1 Ill"!}' !,:,;if.'m(l ~:ifll (::~,,:)i t) u.p i 1 )Ie J.),\ 1",\ "1, 1\)(')(1: F,_j)jwC'J 1 <.JSC : 1\11bj'r.J.19ClCl).
10
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1/,(( i I' liIl [klJ i'" I 1, A) i~,;hbr nWil t.Cl nk j :,:ll -1,( or,m .
llUt .i;": very 1ic!1r1c lc) 1 di:=:c:ulolOLiolJ Jur
1960; Fmm(:';J". .\ 9'72) .
Ne.!: cl{?<cJYly Cj(:'lili:ITco.-ied II(liil b?d]-i-\'/II«(j ('I'D/le!},
J9(,1): F"jl if\C'C, ') CO?) .
ejlliJ ,CI(Ill!",1 iw(:;;,: in i.:JJ in d:irect
h U , TJ!lc, v/U(;'c] I (\I :I<:c: 1\11" h j i]11.
llcltllj<Jl ]1l;';:l.re ,2uxl ;c;JilOCI!.l1 t'?E}:I uf :;10111<=' (dJ
j(Jhl- 'tlo()cl:::::, ::,ltch d::: ()t)('cdll:' dlylr1cll.:c :i'l
, 1960; Fell fnCl, ,) .
r I.J\1Ii n Lilili 1(,1:1 cId) •. 1
'»)1
;.......;c--7C~O"-O.. ____ -'-
ch:: t.he I j ClI~lll J
) ( FijYJlK,y, 19T2) l~klr:luJus (IC
62>i30 N/llllfl;); COHlpJ (3::::;::::i ve ;c: l'!~:l ;,~; L:t
J d::::i:. i c,j :J!:.iN/ (rH [) ;] (i~d(l.:I(:' -TV!/,n,c;<lll I.! 1. ,:1.1 (llY)) ,
:1':1 c'm <:tl,,:,uL ::~~~o
J ")()(l; E,\:;trnul:",
ill
(::0 ) ,
n~r Dtil)'.:: 1)1 Vii I-houl lil<':ukccl cLi:=:i:o,-i: 1(11 d kli~,
19C1); Fc;llfl('l, 197;'2), Kjl11 ,cx:hf::dule ,J l()C(Ai!HlUlli~k=;d,
(Fax J{W'\' , '1(72),
::~,u](,,)1 hI Y be(Xiu:=;C
1972) .
. ,~ ( )L
:::1,:,,\1'1' ,_' h;dll )' rtnd t j. ni~311
it:; I J.ght v/lxlght fFcllllJt:'l
DluniJOij
muJ .' bu.1. ;:::~,Cl'dn
Vhclc.: bc,\r\elst'tvli n9 ~~!,l\>j tjfllfC' )\ (F'ifnlw:t
JVlensi:1h (Cd (I], 1909),
iJI"IclYp c:uJ=.t c] eCIY} Y . J\ li.::cluced «rH]]
Lo 1)[:,:, "Iuc,l I}' , ; lVI(jell"
i'i.bY!' J.;": .,n
I"I(:'!.VcU C,\ . .\t'y! 'i [\(:I'(k'<:l in L'~ILing, (-:'liC] ~rYd
\"tt_.,y k j mj ,~~JlCl t UJTl j n9 . :1(72),
~~~:(~I.L -j :~_;r{:tc!-\)r-'y tll,JI'.
pt ('f)i~:J L j e::: 1(139) ,
11
t \i~.i. 1. H hc1V':C P(.HII h,d cl
, 1972; J\ddlll'-- ~1!(c:m;ijJ!
I.J.] , :J IY:',Q) ,
iJ 1,
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I ,
I I I
I
I1 1.1
I I
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Pl 1Il •. I11IIJil('hli:
;3ldinj 1 HJ clnd rAI 1 ~i :::h 'i, (!IJ
I)Ul" aJJ:i 1 j t:ifJCI J?rd;~{Ur\/,:tt -(()ll
t t.·cd,LmenL
U:::e::::
F\~(~) f: \ (-,! fJ"j rJ \Ji::"-(H~\(:<t
Lt e::::jl and h <:'H from .i n::':ec:i ftdt 'I '''<j:e: cU('
I "J.cl\. , :l97:~ :
~:;''l.I:i:3!''1('I~ot (F'i'lliflFe, l()Z~: i\dckl(:" +k:nr:;dh HI dl, qi'D) .
:::n:il:i!l!:; vnty f"I~.:t by fl 1 ~i,"1)\i ill
La.ck by heel:l(c':::i. J~{':j)cllted LCI }x' )1(<11-
r8:C:; It: tu t{cYmit'c';C::l,n Ei'1:=,t ,')ud Vlnf'il A[1'I(','1
1 (Jl. 1960; F,Jrm<;"r, 1 972: ) . . H<:),IY l'I'I«x1 ~::() id LiJ be Pmi;<:lklbl 01. 1')(;0; f\Jll1leo].:I ; ]\(1 cj,j le:' I. 1.1.1. J 9E\9) .
F\'lill\":dble 19Ei9) ,
'I] .
[f:'c""'11 Hkl:inl)l 1'(:<t' Dl,x:kLr,h'U,c1c:: dI COt e (d: pI ]\:1 :":c) l):=:f::'d :1ll 1'/(:;=::1. A'[r:iciJ, flA fi)(~d u.t I;'::] Le:
b,'~ld,ngil!::;:ulitt i(l\( PIU,I.I(YC:u;':, h ;'. ,:md CT,c"t",::=:. F(,y \1','1), 1 j ~JJ rt, VI(~' ) i onrJ
(If CI.lJuj tLlt(:'. C'.:::tnC)c::;, (,,;,:U:V( l1iJ::; aud ljdlidjclutt:~:, :~:[.l()yI5 (T'i:iylol'. J()('O; }'o.ni)('l
19'?:,~; flfo:c:i, and. ,7\lkk:> -)\:::::ll'lllq. 1 Cl13?; ,:11. 19139; l~J)bivJ, 19c)O). It i::, ::::a.irJ Lo J)(.'
Ull:::::U:l Llb] I,: (.7\::::1 I j ctJxJY ,
i"or ce@:'nt h,)ildt,d lr/oc,(I,\'}ouJ :::I"h err;). Ho}",:: SY H.,cl h'Ji t j n£j i.Jl jrJ 1!])1 .i) ,~!
.1'),7:5). 1'1(' U.::ic'i( incy;:~(·(c.::jnul>1 r'.'r' (lIiJUl 1::,:1:<1 U~IC' (1(01).
NAJViE: CELTIS
!i:U .la ) ,: 1 t d, Cl] ! :i d " \ J cl. J ,
j\:=::c:(,c'j d b:yJ vI i I h lilli i I:: i') flSJe i. :c: lie) I qui I,,:,
.i:;i.1! 'tile )II:iddl(~ b,s'lt (If HJUiH[ c)l;:;wi'dH.':idu(lU::::
12
I
it
{)i,:~:il jblt'iiuC\ III l\ft jet:)
CuTe/Ice
i ,j :·1
J l:l.l'<9<:'! f:J,rea:::; ,"):f VI{'"II!)l lldtL::: und.di{:cd) .
j.pluch i A~;;::;c,c. C\)fIIIlI(Wl O'!(iX
D,,!c:iCluc'U2: F\,)u:i1, jn l()(;(l; [xvine J%J; CTFT ..
j\cCU1C]-i li~rlcl To.}' 1 OJ (1960). T.ti3e ] lie;:; (;nW h' ,cUll! <J ictll C:tlYNe buU I'I"i2:;C:: 1.111 tt) '3m. .su 'I<~, loncr. t:lerilt:'l, qJ} Ccd CJ.ncl ::::1:1"):[ Buti:re::::::; )ml.Y 1x:' 9 rl hi~Jh. lter:H:heH iJ hei.0ht (,f ~:7:3i)lfl (90 J ;,,;0 fi) .
C'j Jolu,diitii1er(!)O.H1.1m(21 :3 1 Ct), \\' J. t h 1 ullc,r hU.I: tr"H;oe::3 (11 1,1:i lid. '] 9C J; T:'CJJmel'. 19T'.; CTFT'. ImclC:I.i:(3d).
U \"J'/(H,:d l'llKl l)ryl f,'d~:;.1 1 y di. I:': i i. ",;hn h l vll.l:it .. :i,:ll "! cl ye11</vl whc;) I Ci.I':;::]!]Y 11\11,
t)(jGom'inq Cite)! i:3h'whi le 1.ln "''':q.I(':311(<'. ,11,:/ dj: ;c') lOUT/cid ])y 1 1.0 j 11 J (If. J 96U: F,')rH!I~q'.
IC),?',?; Irlfi.rH::'. 19()'1; Aclclc)(",f'k:n:c;dh i ,cd, 1~)f\q; eT'F'T .. und,:) Led) .
'11 IC) Cj.I: ain ,jolftei iIW'H ;':i' li: bit I rte:qu.l:~111 1y la.]
CI'dY 1")[ T(,:<.<i~urE;. fi'J. 'ix] y r j lie dll<l u,ni. J:ClllfJ
IC)6Ci; :rrvin(~, 1.9C;1: FiltHier, 1':)'7;2: (:'.lTl'. Ul
D':c'll:::-;{), i:JV',,:J':IDI:~ '<til:.: li 700 k9/W:1 ::::em:;onr,:'d . L lA". ',I 9()n ;F"·Lt·lIl'~[' , et ;:J.1, 'IQn9.: CClTr. undated).
!JJ/f Iq?:? :
:3( ,me\",; 1<) I. It ]):.,)'1..\'/<:::<:'11 !lI1:!di Ull!
!uykd.iKl) .
1: lklll r:1.li:UpHiJ n "LH'<c'ch. f kt 1 iv; 1)/
and h j 9h (F'ciJ ]11<':'1'. J ()';'::?: CTFT,
IV!,:::d j urn CFaJrfll:,'J J 9'72: 1\ddcl e·i1k:::ll:J,'31 J ,L ,J 1. 1 'Xli).: ("ITT. Iltld"lted).
DJ r'll3 I y t 11)1 \·ri ill It Lt le ;'11 encl-':3pl j i t jrj~l ,:Hld d1::;1: OyU on lU,))! (,eCl n . ('["'1)/1, 'IC)('CJ; F,nnll-:]' 19'7::~ CfFr. llnCkti (-,d). Ki.In :~~cJ JI:e!du 1 <:: J I r <::(:Ul!W!E'j Kl<::,d filt'l.. E)'T~~),
\I(JiUllK"iy:ic :::ht :ink.:l(:jc ("3 fli,:di.Ulfl t,) r::(ln::j(k'lclbl(:
(CTFT, UJ!cI,.\ I: cd) .
13
BII.lnt 11 19
:G':i n:i:d IlllU
Duxo.liJ 1 j Ly F',e:':!') Vi.'I,!: 1011
(1<:1,;; !"I llloder(\l:e ]):lun1 il1lj (c,Creei: ()I! clll.ri.nu . J 97;:;; l\ddh,C-lifJen::;u)1 ,.;;1 (i I. 1 9i39) .
Cl-'n: ~:i/10,n-Lhl C' .c,:::i ,,·:L'UIC(') t<:, ! ]i:\nd fcced i ficr :i. n r ond 11~.J. Il) crUH.'c3cutt inO hi Il1g
out ()(',::urc: r;J i' lyd: tr)!il ,:tlll!. brJ.d< ,A cut. 51)! ;"aWlJ H.:i.nc:,c; H:ilic,", c:uIltdnL nl~\Jl .ibl,c'. E>J:3i1), 1'.:: 1 j c,,:,rj ,\nc1 1 (·d. (Fen we-' t l ()7:~~; i\rkb.e,·lVhnc:i)ll <;cL ,1 J. J 91:39; CTFT.
In phmjng .,1 rHlllcUon (,i (:ul,Ljll~1 19l ,A ET):,: nl:C'(>:'U~;i':;Lr)1 to pIOV(~nt t:e,:lting (,f '[lli:zwlnck,,:cl .:(tld
i.r ]("'~PJ I o.r <;)1 'Cli n . 197~;) .
[lenlli lKJ pt
PCJ(Jl, prC" ))r,ll':i n9 nEJCI"'i:::;c:i:tl)l (l\dc1a<c'·-IVJeJ i:c:,cih et ",1, 19H9; CT[,'T'. IIJldDl:<";([)
~:~l:ft j":=;fl_tct.()t y (j\(ldi)(~-~"Jvff~:n:~.:;!~JJJ
(TF'T. unrl,'tl:<"d).
c,:c,t),l (~IFI'. Ul\( l,cl t: 1)11) .
\/r"J Y {OC~d;3UJ:"t.:r3 ttr (:1 \" dk(:~l) . K)J il
rt , 1 ,',Id t' 1(, ,cd I ,se), ])y
'i Hh'l I",) C' ,cirri] !Tl'fl,=;t'dl' '1 y Y'<::;E:j.:3LaJ rL L u IJf (::;:::)(?1 v('3t ~l \It:, I~ ~n"1(3
r)(~'l mei::dJ 1".' (Far HK".t '. 1 9T2) . cl :::ii:ticl tu he i::u.cc(c::3;:::ful ill
C:O(X;' f I, \'~~FJi::nt,:::: ;
L [rclix'!!'; pI f Cl C(::~;:::;
(I! '''''l::::: il<Jt i I1 I: I tl',J.1
dnrl C()l"):::;: fUllliLlU a.lilJ
J\lI.-!
(!,-'I[)i.rl(-:<i:. VlLJI'I'. dnd (w.:,1or v<:'iJ.'i.cl'" bcc!dl."(:et:c :, f':'l1(:{c'I;':. [J.'lil!!I,;::,: Ej,',j. L alld t;hj p bU.i 1 d:i n~;!.: IlC,\rdJ:if.Jan:l, pdt 1: :i (.] li(,axd ,.Hld ::,oft t:,y'llcl .. n:liJ~vd)l s:]I;.'('[k)1F:. i:nn) [).'(j\dh~;c::,
nnCi n(lVE! It j \.~!;3 (Of Cll' ~l dllCl , :1 C))::;7 .: 1\(1,(1,'1.'::'-(vk)mc!,:l!1 I;» id. 1~IE.\9: CTTT, un!.litL,'?d: I\bl}:!w .. L)()(l). F\Jl
d/lC:J u:;,:(::d a:: FuCu le:::: ,')11C1 j.r! the rlcJlWdWOY)<, uf L!II <d 11('U;:3<c;":) (It. 1 'X; 0 ) .
,:::tni.ci.uJ;d 1 J,'IP:; ) pu l in (HS:'l[XJ( :cd l"~'I!<j ih ) .i nie)
UVl L Vi(:)::,:i' 'A 1: ri Cd]'] l'iCJnlw(~",d;=.; ") . -"
1' .. .:1 J.n J3kll 1 1);:' (Jl ')1 0\ tll<ll ,I CJ'?"; 1 .
}\,j) (,~;,« few h::'!nrJ:ilJ~f): lllnpJ [lU1j1::'3) (llvine, 1(61).
14
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:3Tl\ND]:\r~J)/IRl\J)E N.AME:
, N7\lJIJo.:
Dii:::tribution
Worki.l!g
AKASA
(lYV'ilk'.19Cil) IkluLelc:n tcc('n:l',xl bunl U)(;: ::kJulll~vkJ:::t
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N.P. (1980) - An invent.ory (..,f the fOl'et3t l"eSO\lycEtS of tl'l(':\ Boa Pl.:liru3, c.::'lIueroon. Rep.:)l't pl"Elpal'ed [('1' th,,:. c.::UW:!l'O(ln Deve 1 oPlIJent C'(IJ'pur"It..i()II, L~:iI't(1. Re::Y.'II,ll ('e:" rOl."v, C't;·nt.Ul', UDA. VIe, Vf~
47pp.
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