itec 1000 introduction to information technologies 1 itec 1000 introduction to information...

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information

Technologies

Fall 2014


Textbook

The Architectureof

Computer Hardwareand

Systems SoftwareAn Information Technology Approach

5th Edition, 2000

Irv EnglanderJohn Wiley & Sons


Time 11:30 PM – 2:30 PMRoom TEL 0006

Mid-term Exam TBAFinal Exam TBA


Scoring

Assignments 10 points (2)

Mid-term exam 40 points

Final exam 50 points


Assignments PolicyDue dates To be specified• Late Assignments Late assignments will face a 15%

penalty for each day after due day. Hence, one day later means 85% is your maximum, 2 days means 70% is your maximum and so on. Saturday and Sunday count also.

• Assignments are optional. If you decide not to do them, the weight of the first one will be transferred to the midterm and the second one to the final exam.


Directions

email [email protected]

office TEL Building 3053

http://www.yorku.ca/cysneiro/courses.html

TA: TBA


1. What is a Computer?

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 1-8

Modern Computer Development• 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).

– First electronic computer using relays• 1939: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is built

– First fully electronic digital computer; used vacuum tubes• 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of

Pennsylvania). – First general purpose digital computer

• 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed – Still the standard for present day computers

• 1947: Creation of the transistor – (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs)

• 1951-2: EDVAC and IAS


1943 - 1946 … The ENIAC


Vacuum tubes


History of computing

• ENIAC– $3,000,000 cost; 18000 vacuum tubes; 15 000 square

foot; 30 tons

• Generations– Vacuum tubes – Basic idea Presence or absence of

energy– Transistors– Integrated circuits, OS– Ultra Large Scale Integrations– Future


Computer System Components• Hardware

– Processes data by executing instructions– Provides input and output– Control input, output, and storage components

• Software– Applications and system software– Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in

what order

• Data– Fundamental representation of facts and observations

• Communications– Sharing data and processing among different systems


Computer Systems

All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:

• At least one CPU

• Memory to hold programs and data

• I/O devices

• Long-term storage

Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies 14

A typical computer system


CRT Display

Keyboard

Mouse

“The Box”CD-ROM Drive

FloppyDiskDrive

Computing Devices – Old and New

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1-16

Computing Devices – Old and New

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies

Operating System Development

• 1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs

– Included many modern OS features

• 1964: OS/360 by IBM

– Included batch processing of programs

• 1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS

– Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services)

Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-17


System Software History• Early computers had no operating systems and were single

user systems– Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by plugging

wires into a panel

• 1953-54: First operating system was built by General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer

• Other early systems– FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)

– IBSYS

– Share Operating System (SOS)

1-18


UNIX• After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken

Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language

• Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level language

• UNIX introduced– A hierarchical file system– The shell concept– Document production and formatting– Tools for networked and distributed processing

1-19


Graphical User Interfaces

• 1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute)– Invented windows and a mouse interface

• 1970s: Xerox PARC– Creates a practical windowing system for the

Dynabook project

• 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)– Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh

1-20


IBM PC• 1982: Stand-alone, single user computer• PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system)• Later versions of DOS added

– Hierarchical directory file storage

– File redirection

– Better memory management

• Windowing systems– Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95

– Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista

– Windows 7 and 8

1-21


Communications• 1960s and 1970s: users communicated on multiterminal

computer systems using talk and email facilities

• 1971: Ray Tomlinson creates the standard username@hostname email standard

• Modems permitted users to login to office systems, electronic bulletin board systems, Compuserve, AOL, and Prodigy

• 1969: ARPANET begun

• 1985: First TCP/IP wide area network

• 1991: Tim Berners Lee develops the concepts that become the World Wide Web

• 1993: Max Andreessen develops Mosaic, the first graphical browser

1-22


What is a system?

• What do the following systems have in common?1. Plumbing system

2. Solar system

3. Home network system

4. Inventory control system



Plumbing System



Solar System



Home Network System



Inventory Control System



Definition of a System• “A system is a collection of components

linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognizable as a single unit.”

• Linked components of a system also define a boundary for the system

• The environment is anything outside of the system



General Representation of a System



System Decomposition

• Components– May be irreducible or– May be subsystems

• Decomposition– The division of a system into its components

and linkages– Hierarchical



System Architecture

“The fundamental properties, and the patterns of relationships, connections, constraints, and linkages among the components and between the system and its environment are known collectively as the architecture of the system”



Why Computers?


Autonomous Cab

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Kyk1VLTSH_U

33


Disney’s New ‘MyMagic’ Wristbands to Turn Big Data Into Big Profits

http://skift.com/2013/10/06/disneys-new-mymagic-wristbands-to-turn-big-data-into-big-profits/#3

34


Why Study Computer System Architecture?

• User– Understand system capabilities, strengths, and limitations

– Make better informed decisions

– Improve communications with information technology professionals

• Programmer– Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

• Systems Architect or Systems Analyst– Specify computer systems and architecture to meet application

requirements

– Make intelligent decisions about system strategy


Web Browser Application Use

1-36

ITEC 1000 Introduction to Information Technologies1-37

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner

• Processing: CPU executes the computer program

• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine

• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape


Simplified IT Computer System Layout

1-38


Bits, data and operations

• Computer operation = Data processing– Read / write– Arithmetic operations– Comparisons / evaluations of expressions


Number systems• Importance

– Humans use them to count

– Computers use them to represent data

• Basics– Base: number of different digits used in the number system

– Weight / position: rightmost position is that of B0

Positional: Value depends on position:

e.g: Decimal system:

54 = 5 x 10 + 4 x 1


DEFINITION• The BASE of a number system is how many

digits are used in that system.

Base 2: 0, 1

Base 5: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Base 8: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Base 10: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Base 16: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F KC


• Most common ones– Binary system: based on 1s and 0s (base 2).

Bit = Binary Digit– Decimal system: based on 10 digits including 0

(base 10)– Hexadecimal system: based on 16 digits

including 0 (base 16)


Counting in different basesBase 10 Base 2 Base 16

0 0 0

1 1 1

2 10 2

3 11 3

4 100 4

5 101 5

6 110 6

7 111 7

8 1000 8

9 1001 9

10 1010 A

11 1011 B

12 1100 C

13 1101 D

14 1110 E

15 1111 F

16 10000 10


Base conversions….• Possible conversions:

– From decimal to binary or the opposite– From decimal to hexadecimal or the opposite– From binary to hexadecimal or the opposite– From octal to hexadecimal or the opposite

• Quick example: 2510 = 110012 = 318 =1916


Before conversions Review the positional decimal system The number 125 means:

1 group of 100 (100 = 102)

2 groups of 10 (10 = 101)

5 groups of 1 (1 = 100)

KC


In our usual positional number system, the meaning of a digit depends on where it is located in the number

3 groups of 1000

7 groups of 100

3 groups of 10

2 groups of 1

Example: 3 7 3 2

/KC

Place values


12510 => 5 x 100 = 52 x 101 = 201 x 102 = 100

125

Base

Weight

Base and Weight


…any base to decimal• The steps

– From right to left, the powers of the base are B0, B1, B2, .., Bn – Multiply each digit by the corresponding power of the base– Add up the result

• Decimal values of numbers in base B:– 16510 = 5*1 + 6*10 +, 1*100 with 100 = 102, 10 = 101 and 1 = 100 5 + 60 + 100 =165– 1012 = 1*20 + 0*21 + 1*22 1 + 0 + 4 = 5– 1A16 = 10*160 + 1*161 10 + 16 = 26

• Got it? What is the decimal value of ABC16 ?


• ABC = C*160 + B*161 + A*162

= 12*160 + 11*161 + 10*162

= 12*1 + 11*16 + 10*256

= 12 + 176 + 2560

= 2748


Other conversions

• Decimal to binary– Divide by 2 repeatedly and keep track of the

remainder– 1st remainder is digit corresponding to 20 (LSB, least-

significant bit)– 2nd remainder is digit corresponding to 21 – 3rd remainder is digit corresponding to 22, etc.


Example

12510 = ?22 125 62 12 31 02 15 12 7 12 3 12 1 12 0 1

12510 = 11111012


• Decimal to hexadecimal– Divide by 16 repeatedly and keep track of the

remainder– Then same as above, 1st remainder = LSB and

last one = MSB


Example123410 = ?16

123410 = 4D216

16 1234 77 216 4 13 = D16 0 4


• Binary to hexadecimal– Group bits in fours, starting on right

– Convert each group to an hexadecimal digit


Example10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16


• Hexadecimal to binary– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit

equivalent binary representation


Example10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112


Exercise – Convert ...

Don’t use a calculator!

Decimal Binary Octal

Hexa-decimal

33

1110101

703

1AF


Why Binary?

• Early computer design was decimal– Mark I and ENIAC

• John von Neumann proposed binary data processing (1945)– Simplified computer design

– Used for both instructions and data

• Natural relationship betweenon/off switches and calculations using Boolean logic

On Off

True False

Yes No

1 0

3-59


Binary system in computing

• Common powers of 2– 210 = K = 1024– 220 = M =1024 K– 230 = G = 1024 M

• Measuring the capacity memory in computing – Size of data: bit versus byte– How many bytes can you store on a 1.44 Megabyte floppy?

• Information in computers is stored as 0’s and 1’s – How come? Keys on keyboard are not just 0s and 1s! Monitors and

printers do not show just 0s and 1s – Answer: Next slide

26 210 = 216 = 65,536

or…

26 210 = 64 210 = 64k


Addition

• Base 10 – 8 + 1 = 9– 8 + 2 = ?

• Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!– So 8 + 1 =9

– 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1

» 10

61


Addition• Base 10

– 8 + 3 ?– 8 + 1 = 9

• 9 +1 = ?– Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!

» So 8 + 1 =9» 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1» 10» Only added 2 units up to now still have to add one more unit» 10 +» 1» ----» 11

62


Addition• Base 10

– 11 + 9 ? – Goes Digit by Digit from right to Left– 9 +1 = ?

• Ooops. Base 10 goes from 0 to 9 !!– 9 + 1 = Exceed the base. Goes back to 0 an carry 1

• Next Digit is 1 + the carry = 2 hence– 20

• The same applies to all Bases

63


Binary Addition (1 of 2)

• Two 1-bit valuesA B A + B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 10“two”

Hint: Learn This Table !!Text : pp 37-40


Binary Addition (2 of 2)

• Two n-bit values– Add individual bits– Propagate carries– E.g.,

10101 21+ 11001 + 25 101110 46

11


Octal Addition• 432 + 233 -------- 655 1 1

• 536 + 425--------

1163

66


Hexadecimal Addition• 43A + 7B3 -------- BED 1 1

• 5B6 + D2F--------

12E5

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Translation & reverse translation

• Translation to binary during input

• Reverse translation during display– Problem: A same pattern of bits can represent a character, a

color, a sound, etc.– Solution: Data formats (i.e. detailed description of the data and

their representation) help interpret the reverse translation

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