11 C hapte rs- Introduc t IOn to photography m loca l hl ~tar y the tll gt t onc Iilnds(iptgt record ang buddmgs peop le for posteri ty cOPYing documen rs photographs amp pain t ings c lose ups iJlustratmg books a rt ic les amp lectures the cam (gt ra a s a visuiJ l gUide ileriiJl photogra phy photogra phy in industr ial archaeology ba~lc il rchaeolog lca l photagraph~ Wllh bibl iography com pre henSive glos5dry and Two aplXndKes on fl l ter ~ and tainTgt

NEWHAVE N amp SEAFOR D WA TER COMPA NY P LANS

1 hav e recently received the above plans ~llIlwlng delals of some pumping 5tiltiam and wale r supplies In tha t area As they a re too bulky to store in Hov Library the Archivl~t Intends 10 keep tlwm lit home untIl a ~ullable storage can be arranged Any member who mIght iHld them of anterest ~hou l d cont ac l Mr Peter HOllharn on Brighton 413790

MEMBE RSHIP C HANGES

New Members

Mr A Vine 90 Percival Road HaiTlpden Park Edstbourne BNn ltJ) (0323) 50482l Mr s J Po llard 9 Beechwood Close Preston Bflghton BNI 8EP (0273) 509J2~ Mr OB Stutlard 14 Regelcy Clo~l Chigwcll Esscx IG7 5NI JMr B] WoUord 10 Hartield ROCld Blxhill-on-Sea (04243) 4339

Amendments Amendment s

Or S Berry (previous ly FarrantJ 14 H1trtington Villas liove BN3 6HF (0273) 20)18 ~

Mr J F SUlTImersell 3 Bankfields Headcorn Ashford Kent TN27 JOY (0622) 891393

OFF ICERS

PresIden t AJ Hase lfoo t Chalrman Air Marshal Sir Fredcrick Sowre t-Iome ICarn Herons Chyli Uckhcld Vice Chairman JSF Blackwcll 21 Hylhfc Road Brigh1l1r fiN I 6JI~ (0273) )57674 General Secretary R G 1artin Jj2 Fa Imer Avenue Salldean Bragliton LN2 SFG

[Oll lc-e (0273) 28479 HClrnlt (0273) BSO] Treasurer amp MCfIlber shy JMH Bevan 12 Charmandl an Road Worthing BNII ILB

ship Secretary (090) 351121 EditOr B Austen I Mercede Cotage St Johns Road Hay ard~ Ilclllh

RHIpound 4EH (04411) 141384) Programme Secretary DH Cox 3 Middle Road Partridge Green Horsham RH I) 8JA

(0403) 7111)7 Archivist PJ Holrhafl l 12 St Hcln ~ Crescent Hove BN) 8EP (0273)4 13790 Publrcny (E F Mead 17 Holllngbury Park Avcnue Bllghlon BNI 7JG

(027) 50159 Area Secretaries Ea5ttrn Area Western Area RM Pa lmer 1I Arllngton Clo~e ~orang-by-Sell Worthing BNI2 4ST

(0903) )0gt626 ICentral Area JS F Blackwell 21 Hythe I~oad Brighton BNI 6JR (0273) 5576714 Nonhern Area E W Henbery 10 Mole Clo~e Lllngley Green era Icy (0293) 23481

COMMITTEE MEMBERS

B Austen Brig AE Baxter DH (ox I Dcan FUmiddot Gregor) EW Henbery PJ Hollham GEF Mead IlM Palrnlr GG Thom(rson MF Ttglte

Copy for the N~wslettcr tohould be ~ent to

GG Thomerson 12 Gander Hi ll Haywards Heath Wlgt Slls~ex lH16 11~l) (04411) 450722

PLEASE NOTE Latest acceptance dilte [or copy for the July Newsletttr

is 101h JUNE 1~88

it~ SUSSEX INDUSTRIAL

~ ~~IS~~~~~~ SOCIETY

NEWSLETTER No5~ ISSN 0263 5 16X

Pflre lJp to non-m~mber APRIL 1988

C HIEF CON TEN TS

Area 5ecretdne~ Reports Telephone Kiosks Industry in Sussex 1947 Amber ley C la a lk PitS Musewln MedlEva I 1lllsteads Polegd to IThe Purnphouse Luxfords Farm Eil~ 1 ltrm~ted ChlrhEster Canal ioqety Metal HCildtones 111 Sussex SER lAC 1988

DIA R Y DATES

Wednesddy20lh April 7 pTT Tlle1or1 of two ICrll1lnall Cruydol1 j92~ and GatwJrk Norlh lermanal 1988 ipeak rs Dougla~ (Iuen Chair mall of (rcydl1 AIrport Send) and Dvid H Wllrams LJf British Alrport~ AIthlr ty Venut ~uss x Room till main t tfmmal buddmg n Galwlck Airport 51 AS n)embers wlleorne

Saturday 2151 May IA in the ~ljdhur1 area Vic Mitch(1I will takc us around plales of ill1erest1eet an the Nl)rlh SHEet CH Prk t 200 pm MR IJ ampampamp218 Slill come lJ wet as Vw could pOSSIbly be persuaded to show somE fl l m~ COnlltllI J Illac kwe lJ 0273 567

W~middotdncsd y 151lt Jun 230 prn Vi~ i t to ShorehdfTl Cement arks VIsi t lim i ted to Jgt people so plea~e book iJ plolce With ~on ~Iartlll or 0273 )3805 111 at OldJn entrance

SallJrduv lllh June IGmiddotl 01 FedcratlM of SISSeX Loc ill H i ~tory SOCietIes ut a~hlngton Village Ha II [ollocd by 1fC1ur( and t OLlr of Clidrctonbury Rang by TallY Jellner

Fridd~ 1 2~th lunL lerllben EVEfllng 700 prn ill MJCt1llham PrlCr~ Friln~ Gregurj Will gIve un illustrated lalk on thl watermllls of SU5~ex

aturday Ifth July JOJU prn All day VIsit 0 ~ten ing led by J Sleigh t falk on history of Ihe rea Walk Jrotlnd the lowr and visil tcJ the water mIll Br ing packed lunch or sampl lh 10Gl1 PlJb~ which do good food lonldCt D Cm 0403 71 137 Snd oAf for Fabull t~hlet

SalurdilY 241h September 10 30 am VIs it to 1 sites 10 the Surrey arfil (mainly in the Guildlord vidnJly) Detgt i ls In rh next newslet1er

Saturday 191h Noverllber 230 plI Anllual GeIltgtal Meeting Held at the frrerd lentre FrJar5 Walk Lecs

PIt-as note that Don l~OX has assumtgtd t he ro lp 01 co-ordinator of vl~l1s and 110 longer arrJngcs then (ba r one) rlease contuc t thtmiddot person nullled ltlgJlnst dch vi~il for further Jtlalls dlld lel him know belorehmd If you Will b dtlendlng

AI~E Sh RETARIES REPOIHS

NORHfCRN RCA

11Ield Mill

During the winter a Frenrh Burr mJlI~lOne Wi) rlc-oYered tram the Hagtlwrck Mill School wh(re th( caretaker h d kindlv 5tored It Two stont5 were discovered la t veltir bUried dose to the site of the old null ijnd Ihe~ ha d iwEn carE fully renoved 10 Ihe

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adjacent sc hool One will remain on si te as a reminder of its assoc iations with the mill site and the other one will rest at lfield Mill where it is undergoing re- se tting All the pieces ha ve been c leaned and will be re- cas t in pla ster of Paris after which a new me tal band will be fitted This stone together with a large hand grindstone appear to be the only artefact s remaining of Hazelwick Mill

Hield Mill will be open from 230-50 pm on 1st May 1988 (Nationa l Mills Open Day)

Lowfield Heath Windmill

The vo lunteers ar e cont inuing their effor t s on the iron work et c and the c ontrac t or s ar e due t o commence work on the r estoration of t he main timber s he ld In storage During the next iew months work is due to start on t he f oundltlt ions and erec t ion of the Round I louse at the Char lwood Aviary amp Zoo site

The AGM of the Lowfle ld Hea t h WlIldm tl l Trust wi ll be h( ld on 21st April 88 a t 80 pm at t he Charlwood Village Ha ll when t he progr ess and ongo ing aCliv it i e ~ f or 19889 wi ll be discussed and illustra ted Member ~ and guests are cordia ll y invi ted to t his meet ing

In addi t ion ther e wi ll be n oppportumty to view the ~t or cd sec tions and componen t parts 01 t he windmi ll on 1st May (Sunday ) between ) 0 s m-12 noon a t Edo l ph~ Wood whicl i s about I mi le f rom Char lwood village - see Stanlords Surrey Street A tlas page 127 - ie about 200 yards out of the village on t he Norwood Hili Road turn ~ at srn 1I junctIOn ~ i gnposted Newdigat e The Wood is a t the top oJ the hdl on the righ t hand ~ i de Work on the timber s has commenced and mor e money is needed to ensur e tha t the mi ll Cd n be r e-erect ed th is year as plClnned Jf in doubt please r ing Pe ter James Cr awley 5f0705

TED HENBERY

WESTERN AREA

Coultershaw Pump

Only the most urgent maintenance jobs have been carried out during t he wimer these were the r eplacement of a number 01 r otten struts on the wheel and scrapmg down all t he roof ti mber s pr eparator y to woodworm t rea tment

Many other jobs need doi ng inc lud lllg r epairs to the hand-pumps and t o the deep wel pump but t here simply has no t been enough labour we shall have to r esort to t he pr essshygang Ser iously t hough any he lp on open days (f i rs t and thi rd Sundays in the mont h) will be most we lcome either to do the odd jobs or to act as st ewar dS and 0 re lieve t he r egu lar gang f or ma intenance work

IA I~ ecordi ng

The Wor thi ng group has virt ua ll y f inish(d recording rhe st r ee t fur niture

Attention is now being given t o other fea t ures mdny o f which are ready n record i n Worthing r~eference L ibrary bu t requir e cr oss-ref er encing on TO SIAS record shee ts

MIC H AEL PAL MER

TELEPHONE KIOSK S

The fam i liar te lephone c) llbox which can be found 11 1 over the country fr om London to t he smallest vdlage i s soon to dJsappear to be r ep laced by the new Brttish Telecom version with plas tic pane ls in a Cilm5Y looking me ta l frame which 11 i s hoped will be subjec t to less vandalism In som~ counT l e ~ such as Durham the replacement IS a lmost complete

In 1912 when t he Post Otfl ee took over the t e lephont sys tem the coil boxes varied gr eat ly in size and shape and were usually mdde of wood However a standard des ign was introduced m 1921 so wherever you were in Bntam you could easi ly recognize ] te lephone callbox This was Kiosk No l Clnd was a concret e box with a r ed wooden door w indows on t hree sides and an ornate Iron struc ture on the roof cul mtnatmg In a spear-like finia l These are now very r ar t and two arc known in t he Sout h one at Bembridge on the Isle o f Wight and the o ther at Tyneham III Dorset In Br is t ol Br it l~h Tc lecom hay( reassembled

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a K I box outsi de their Pegional headquarters but t his is not at Its onginal site

Three yea rs later i ll 1924 the Post Of rice were look ing for an improved version and a number 01 leading architects wer e requested t o pu t for ward designs Si r Giles Gi lbert Scott W)S the winner with his cas t-iron cJlJbox pa in ted red a ll over wit h 18 ~ma ll square w indows on t lVO sides and the door way Th is Wd~ Kiosk No2 which was insta lled from 19 27 onwar ds ma inly in the London ar ea where a fEW may sti ll be f ound He a lso designed in 1929 the K3 a concr ete version which had red pain t only round the windows bu t thEse were ea~ il y damaged and d id not stand up t o rhe Brit ish weather

Be tween 1930 and 193 5 an unusual version was Installed which Incorpor ated a le tter box and stamp mach ine on the back panel o f the phone box and was manu factured by the Ciirr on Iron Company in Scot land who were well known for the manufac t ure of cannon fo r the Nav y and the Ca r r onade 111 the 18t h dnd 19th centur y However only 50 01

these wer e made as t hey were not popu ldr With the pub lic because of tht nOise from the ~tamp machine when ca lls were be ing made and the ract that the stamps became damp and st uck t ogether They were known as K lIs and onl f our now remalll in use bu t a fel st i ll exi st in Museums one is at Dav id ihephcr d s East S()merset Railway

Kiosk No5 was onl y an experi ment al one wh ich did not enrer r egular public use none remai ns and not even a pic ture of one exis ts

In the Sil ver Jubtlee )ldf 01 K ing George V a new design was pr oduced by Sir Gjles Gi lbert Seot wh ich became even more fdll10U$ than hIS deSigns or L iverpoo l Cathedra l rhls WltJS K iosk No6 and was to be found all over Brrtaln lrom ci t y cent re to remote country sites where phone boxes had never existed before They were very simjlar to the K 2 but t he number of g lazmg bar s was reduced so that the centre glass Window was quite wide and much easier to look tl1rough These were t he [Ir st to be installed wlli a com box With tile but ton B I hJ(h enab led you t o get your money back If your number was unobtainable About 50000 of t hese jubilee kiosks were installed in Britain but BrJtish Te lecom is to r (t al n only 1000 of them wh ich are in good condition and on attractive si tes Origi na ll y they were to ret ain on ly 500 but the publiC demand for the letenllon of these fdm l liar Briti sh 11Ildmarks has made them change the i r mind The ones which have been removed are ~ell i ng for severa l hundred pounds each and there IS a two year waiting l ist for t hem The merlcans are keen purchasers and it is known that many are being converted into shower cabinets

K iosk No 7 was a lso an exper unenlal O[le deSigned by architect Nevllle Cor der but on ly a dozen were made and these were Insta lled In London m 1962 In an attelnpl to gN away f r om the heay) cast-Iron some of these boxes were made 01 aJulninlUllgt but again the Br it i sh weat her proved too much for them and Ihey were easily vandallzed

In 1968 in an dtternpl to beat the vandals the K8 k l O~k was Introduced and by 1983 about 11 000 had been Jn~lalled This IS t he iam i llar type of red box stjil made 01 cast-Ir on but with large t oughened g l a~s windows examples of which can be seen In rnost l owns

Con tmu lng the theme of f nJ~trall ng the viJl1ddls t he deSIgn of payphones as they are Inow cillled c ont inues t o Chill1gC and t he ca JJbox IS now often replaced by a boo th Another example of booths r eplacmg phone-boxes can be seen be~ide most roads WhNC th farn il lar AA and RAC boxes have now almost dlsappcared

It is hoped t ha t thi s Wi ll make travc lltng around even mor e in terest ing because even the ord inary te lephone box hus ancestors and a hist or y

Any Infor mat ion about early phoneboxes wou ld be ver y we lcome

A quick check for the Kj o~ k model K I Concre te WJlh 1 wmdows in the door K2 Cas t-iron With I f( w indow~

K 3 Concrete ith 18 w mdows K4 Cdst-JrOn With lenerbox and ~tamp mach ine K5 K6 Ca~t- I ron wlll i 24 w indows 1lt 7 Ca~t-Iron or A lummlum With 2 windows

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K8 Cast-iron with one window

(I would like to compiling this article)

acknowledge gratefully the assistance of British

TONY

Telecom

YOWA

in

RD

INDUSTRY IN SUSSEX - 1947

Browsing through a Brighton antiquarian bookshop recently I came upon a slim volume bearing the above title published by the Sussex Engineers and Manufacturers A~~ocition Ltd At 5- it must have been a costly purchase in austerity hit Sussex at L2 furty yltClrs later it was a collectors item I collected it Being a lover of period adverts I was delighted to find 32 pages of ads in a book of 83 pages including covers these adverts were for firms locations and products now part of the industrial history of the county (oh for a sniff of Ronuk polish l) The text of the booklet is a collection of short articles on the county r eplete with messages from mayors MPs and Lords Lieutenant of the county needless to say the adverts make more interesting readingl

Taking this booklet as an historical document it i 5 possible to trace the changes tha t have taken place in the last 40 years just using industrial location as an example it ca bt seen how redevelopment schemes have removed firms from town centre sites to blea ( ldtes miles from the old industrial locations Edward Street Brighton used to run through an industriI one dating from about 1810 this is represented here by three firms _ HP Jacobs electro-platers and manufacturers of general non-ferrous goods Henry Stre ct BrJghton Cabinets Mighell Street London Name Plat e Manufacturing Marine Vicw These sites -lre now respectively - Brighton County Court merican Express and blocks 01 unci I I uu-ps industry giving way to multinational fInance hOLlses government adminitr tion and locdl authority r edeve lopment

The i Irrns in this document fa ll roughly into three c mps those that represent the historid indu~ try o i Sussex those that disa ppeared with technological Change and those thiJ t hdvlt survived the P q four decadEmiddotS The first part is seen in a couple of ads for the L uv BC yacht builders Sourhwick and Charles Morris marine craft Rock Channel Shipyard Rye The s(c und makes sadder rea ding for who now has any knowledge of County Washing Wringers Crowborough or in an age of solar-power calculator s LJ amp N Potter slide rule makers Old London Road Brighton Names we still associate with industry are more plentiful Longford Engineering Co (LEC) was selling r efrigeration equipment to such ge ographic memories as Persia and Palestine and more impressively to Iceland l

The future is glimpsed in adverts for firms in the year-old Crawley New Town Bell Precis ion Engineering tlt Ifphone Crawley 757 and in a photo of un excavation machine 01 S M Tidy diggIng the fuundations for the new industrial estate at Hollingbury then being buIlt on the northern edge of Br ighton This was to be the home uf another c on tr ibutor in a few year s time Ta lbot Tool s then located in Roedde Road Bnghton 1I0W Toomeys Refriger ation

L inking with an article I wrote for SIAS Newsletter 56 [ no t iced t ha t there wer three f irms from Ki ng Street whi ch was ad jacent to the street I r eported on Por t land S 1his was located next to Bri ght on s prin c ipal ret ai l dJ ea ye t contained In 1947 a leather manufac tur ers a shoe fdctory and Of for d St amped Me w l Part s In 1987 it is a multishystorey car park

ThiS mo ve a way f rom genuine industria l product ion IS the ghost that hilunts this book le t a l rhough fac10ries and industriltll planrs wOLlld r ise in the post-war booln years of the Macrn rl lan er they all l OO r ap id l y dlsdppedr ed in the co ld light of the economic worl d we have tody The InCan t Indu~rri a l est ateS at Ho ll ingbury ar e now ei ther echoing fac tori es or r eta i l superstores The old areas bordermg our mner c i t ies that hous(d a multitude of fir ms have been Clear ed o f pr oduc lJ ve prem ises and the l[ worklorces pr oduc ing a bleak aspect o f car parks and shopping pr ecincts Lit~ hN e fur industrial arc haeo logbt s of the f LltLlr e [0 enthuse (w ltr

Perhaps it 15 fortunate tha t our rI1dnu l acturer s did not heed the words of the MP for Eas t Gr instead Co l Clarke There is room for grea tly increased output of

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fencing hurdles hoops for barrels charcoal and other similar products Does anyone have any spare trees this month

GEF MEAD

AMBERLEY CHALK PITS MUSEUM

During winter the emphasis changes from attempting to cope with the hoards of v isitors to work of a more practical nature Staff and volunteers take on team and individual tasks to improve and complete displays and buildings and to display exhibits The programme this winter Included

Kiln One amp Grinding Mill Completion of the roof mill reframing and stabilisation of the kiln wall

Pepper buildings The re-ere c tion of the Pig Sty demolished in 1978 to be used as a lunch ar ea for school parties

Vill age Gar age amp Cycle Repai r Shop MSC team wor king on the erection o[ t he building wi th MSC and vo lunteer s work ing on the conservation of the exhibits for display

Rail way Erec tion of fencing to screen the compound of unrestored items Restoration 0f sever a l i tems continuing 2 x Groudle Glen Coaches I am munition wagon 2 x Hudson Hunslet diese l locumoti ves plus new tube plate needed for Po lar Bear The area around the Exhibition Building i bemg paved to comple te t he Guinness scene

Much work is being done generally around the Museum to improve paths fences and the si t e services In the background the di ff ic ult task of f und raising Llnd promot ion continue WJth t he need to spr ead the word and bui ld our vis itor numbers being of paramount impor tance 1987 saw a 10 increase to 63 500 visitors

JAN [)EA N

MEDIEV AL M ILLSTE ADS POL EG TE EAST SU SSE X

Polegate Wwdmlll milling museum has rece ived the unique donati on of a port ion o f the P05t of what is a lm051 certa i n ly a medieva l postmill The gift spo t ted on a bui lding SJt e in Sc hool Lane Pol egate has been gi ven to the mi ll by t he deve loper Mr AJ Hasse ll who ver y k indl y transported the 10 c wt ba lk of timber t o t he mIll pl ait The post whic h measures 2 feet square by 6 f eet wa s in ver y good condi tion due to t he far t t hat Jl had been submer ged in wet c lay and was in a water logged state Car pe t soaked in water was wrapped ar ound t he tImber 50 tha t it shou ld not be allowed to dry oul and the whole was cover ed in po l yt hene sheet Ing awaJt i ng removal to t he museum r oom

A pr efabrtcdled p las ti c Imed wooden tank was made from the wood of discar ded pa lle ts In the museum to house the timber in water It wi ll then be soaked for severa I months In a po lyet hy lene glyco l solu t i on In the for m 01 a 505 0 mixt ure of PEG 300 and PEG 1500 which w il l conser ve the outer por tion o[ det~ r i or ated wood the heart 01 i t be ing considered to be in a slab le sta te Fina l ly t he so lu tIOn wil l be applied ho t by br ush and c onclude t he Conser va ti on pr ocess

The tJm ber wh iCh is the lo wer portion of the post stdl has intact f our horns and the four mortices [or t he quartNbars A f ter conser va t i on t he post wd l go on VJe w in the museum probably dur ing the 1989 season

Archaeological exam inatIOn of the site revealed eVidence of a second postmll l trestle 50 we have here a long st anding mill site In Polega te a lthough mor e cor rectly Hailsha m for th(~ si t e would have been In Hailsham parish In t he med ieva l per iod

The mi ll lunds are stre tched due to the current mill restor ation pr ogramme and if members would li ke t o subscribe to war ds t he conser vation of t hi s pos t the Hon Treasurer of the POlega te Windm ill Management Comm Jttte Mrs G Huggett 23 Rot unda Road Eas tbourne Eas t Sussex would be hdpPY to hear fr om you

LA WR ENCE ST EVENS

POL EGA T WINDMILL RESTORATION

Polega te Wi ndm ill mir acu lously escaped damage during the hurri cane of Ortober 1987 la rgely because on ly a fe w days pr eviously t he cap had been replaced subsequent to its repair but because the wind was too strong no sweeps cou ld be replaced Although

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tempts were made to ref l x a pa ir of sweeps the st rong w inds rTlade the task i mpossible

md durillg the anEmpt minor ddmage to one of rhe sweeps occurred

Rest orat ion wor k crried OUT dur ing the ~llmme r involved the remova l of the cap the renewal 01 the ianstage by the mlilwr ights Iessrs Thom pon lIld Son and t he r eplacemen t o f the me tal trad and ootlcn curb by volunteers This las t i nvo lved the r eplaci ng of the rOi ten wooden c urb Ith a two parr Idmmatpo curb of Iroko and a new amp section ir on cur b cast by Rye Jr on Foundry

It is hoped to reflx one pair 01 sweeps soon and these w ill be fo l lowed by a new paIr being constructed by Thompsons Volunteer~ hope to have the mIl l turning agam during the ye r

The committee thnnk all tho~e members who oupported the sponsored cycle ride which raIsed 11 24745 for the restoration fund

L AWRENCE STEVENS

THE PUMPHOUSE L LXFORDS FARM EAST GRINST EAD

The fo llowing article IS reprinted w i th the kind pe-mission of the author Miss I~ M Willalls and the East Grinstead Society Cram the East Gnnsread BulleLln who hold t he copyright

Lux fords Farm i ~ onc of sever al sec luded in wooded pasture in Ens l Grm stead pdrish It IS Just over a rrile f r om the High Streel and lies be low the high sandstone I idge wh ich cdrr ies the L ewes Road I t faces OUI over rhe Weald ro b(yond WE-ir Wood ReservoIr The 16rh 17th centur y farmhouse is se t I WO f ields bdck from Luxlord~ L ane In f r ont of II and belol It is a ma n-made emba[1ked pond A longside the pond is a dell for med by a spring whose water seeps mlO 11 lIere (NGR TQ 408367) approprtately partlv hidden by oaJ trees is the pr(tt~ octagonal pumphollsP bu ilt JrI the mid- 19th century to protect the hor se-driven pump whith raised waler for the fdrm above I t i~ a rarl ~lIr vlvd l In southern Englalld of a wheelhouse bUJlt Ior a horse-powered (ngine

Although the Romans had used dnlmetls for turning wheelS In Br itain it was [1ot until the 16th century that an ima l rotar y power appeared There were wveral t ypes lar ge drUIIIS for rope winding whee ls rolled round a trough (or nushlng (both wor ked by horses) the vertica l t r eadwheel worked by dogs or donkeys nnd most frequent The geared cog wh(e This consisted of a large raised horizontal wheel with cogs attached to ~earings to driv machl11ery The wheel on a vertial shaft a turned at approx imately three reolutions per minute by horse~ walki ng a c lrntiar path around It a t 2-2 mph They ere hilrnessed to a beam extndd rom the wheel or Its shaft The horse CIrcle hdd a dIame ter of 18 feet but mIght be up to 23 leet I Iwe ls ere deSIgned for up to six horses and drove machinery lor tl1resil i l1g chopping ~traw ~li Clng turn ips work lllg cl

l ir- Jlar ~aw and raismg water GenNdlly such Irlachtnery wa In a barn and was ( onrlecled to the wheel outside by drive belts and gth fts The wheel or hor~e-glrl was protected by d ~quar~ Llrcular or polygondl buddmg or clOIster known as a gin-gang These horse engine ~heds re a charaCleri~tic of north east England and Scotland but except for the soulh wet were rarfly found else here In soulherr Cngland wheel~ wer e outSide and placed on the ground rhe hor~e ~tpplng lwer t he drive machlnl~m5

The period lor constr ucllrIg horse-gin wheelhouses was barely half a century The horse-powered threshrng machin was first produced il 1789 by Andrcw Melk les 01 [)unbar but it WilS not unl il the early 19Til cen tury That It beram popular with [armN~ (though di strusted by labourels) jar ~uch a mahtne rould thresh up 10 Ten Ums llter and With less watage than a man nh a Clad By tht 18~Os gttt~am power WiJ~ being app lied to lJfm mdchi ncry so e)ecept lor sma ll and remote farms the hor~e-glJ1 grildually became redufldarll n o~e that survived were 01 ten (onverted to d(Ud Horse-gins for raisllIg

atN lasted longer InlO thigt er1 l)ry They were rnorr Cllnvenlent thHl steam beIng only needcd for an hour or rwo dally To ralst am for ~lch a short time was unctonomic As the work of pumping water wa~ I on(Ogtroll~ than threshing only 0111 horse wa requited In an hour 11 cou ld ra lst I 000 gbllon~ Ilr~t Irorn Iht ground and lI1ell 10 st Ot age tanks In the far m house and buildings

Th Luxfor ds pumphousc stands on it- own well ilwuy from the farm bui ldings la

bull e~ as at East GrJngtwad Pottery El)

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which i t pumped wat er It is some 25 feet across (an average siz e) and ha s a t a ll e ight shysided roo f surmounted by a wooden louvr ed lantern (sides 1ampj x 24 high) The roof is much steeper t han genera l with such hor se-g in houses It is tiled wuh sem i- glazed machme-made pur ple r ed 11 le~ The ri dge t i les are specially shaped f or the necessary 135deg of the octagonal ri dges The low wa lls o f browny -pi nk br icks ar e 7 2 high in terna lly and each side is some 9 6 wide and whlte ashed Apart from the centra l lantern t he house 15

li t by rhrle small windows and the w i de door way Outside between the pum phouse and the pond is a low covered c i ter n (br ick wu h conc ret e r endering) Pumphouse and cis tern are together encJo~ed by a contem por ar y post and ra i l fan fence

No working exam p les of horse whee ls remain outside museums and the ir d i sti ncti ve round houses are fa~ t cii appean ng TheI r origina l pur pose long since supe rseded most are noli used Cor storage Or afC dere lict The Lmfords pum phouse t hough long disused a grade 2 II~td buildi ng since February 1979 is now being restored by its owners who have already rest ored the centra l lantern The structure is sound and com plete but noth tng remallls of the horse-driven wheel and gearing i l was replaced by diese l pumps which ar e now derel ict It may be seen from Luxfords L ane a publ iC footpath Eat Grlllstead i s for tuna te not on ly in having such a pr etty examp le of t he house tntact but a l so tilat it owners M r and M rs Lloyd - Eley are wi lling to res tore it to good structura l (ono l t l on ACknow ledgements are also due t o them I or a l lowing the author access

1 MET A L HEADSTONES IN SUSSEX

It was not unt i I t he 18th centur y rhd I headstones d S wc known t hem began to be liSId antj then onl) tCI r(ord the gentry or ri c h mer chants

he tones were usual ly Inscribed WIth the name ol the person his age and date o f death and olten included wlle or child of By the mid 17005 the headstones becam e rnore elaboraTe some times wuh d k u l l and c r oss- bones above the m~criptl on Th is Id ter gav( ay ro cherubs iJnd symbols o f t i me passi ng such as hourg lasses and scythes musica l instruments and trade tools were also represented

~y Ihe start 01 the 19th centur y i t was rom rnon for the middle c lasses t o mark the ir graves ltJnd in the VictOrian (r a the heddstones becam e mos t elaborate in keep 1l1g w i th the ~ty l e of the limes The noT so rtch who could no t afford the cost of such carv ing ~rected much sma ller stone bearmg just mlllals and the year enough for the gr ave t o be identified and often t o prevent its u~e f or the econd ri me

During Ihe latter half o[ the 19th cenlury a number o f smal l foundries who had been produc ing dgrlcultural irnp l tm~ fl ts and thei r spa re part s and whic h were o f ten assoc iated With an ir onmonger s business looked [or other out le t s f or the ir skill s dnd they bega n to produce jireback~ dra incovers and other Items which were sa leable From ther f It was but ~ stCp to a~t- i r on ilead lOnC These r ange from a Imple cross to quite elabora te ones With the name oC th(gt deceawd their date of death and age cast i nto it Chedper stock item were ava ilable (ither complete ly plall1 or With RIP or IHS lr some other messasge ca gtt iIltO them Ihe narne and details cou ld Ihen be painted on a~ r eq uired This enab led them to be pr oduced qui te cheap ly and these arc often found many miles I rom theIr f ou ndr y o [ origi n

We have tound meta l headstones which wer e ma de in Somer set a t Ba llachulish on the eSI (oast of Scotland over 500 m i les away

[late 011 tle metal hedd~ tones r ange from t he 18gtOs to as late as the 1940s in East Ang lta and the Wet Country where sma ll loundri es kept work ing much later than those tn o ther par ts

Tt would lt(m that the mall reasons f or the use 01 me tal headstones were

I The ro~t was low Perhaps a tent h of an engraved masonr y one ThIS is why the y ilre o[tell in memory of the ver y young or very old or women who have died at c hild-bedring age at cl lime when rnoney wou ld be in short ~upply

2 Detd lh could be added qUick ly m d a t very litt le expense enabling them to be ilvatlable short ly aft er buria l

- 7 shy

K8 Cast-iron with one window

(I would like to compiling this article)

acknowledge gratefully the assistance of British

TONY

Telecom

YOWA

in

RD

INDUSTRY IN SUSSEX - 1947

Browsing through a Brighton antiquarian bookshop recently I came upon a slim volume bearing the above title published by the Sussex Engineers and Manufacturers A~~ocition Ltd At 5- it must have been a costly purchase in austerity hit Sussex at L2 furty yltClrs later it was a collectors item I collected it Being a lover of period adverts I was delighted to find 32 pages of ads in a book of 83 pages including covers these adverts were for firms locations and products now part of the industrial history of the county (oh for a sniff of Ronuk polish l) The text of the booklet is a collection of short articles on the county r eplete with messages from mayors MPs and Lords Lieutenant of the county needless to say the adverts make more interesting readingl

Taking this booklet as an historical document it i 5 possible to trace the changes tha t have taken place in the last 40 years just using industrial location as an example it ca bt seen how redevelopment schemes have removed firms from town centre sites to blea ( ldtes miles from the old industrial locations Edward Street Brighton used to run through an industriI one dating from about 1810 this is represented here by three firms _ HP Jacobs electro-platers and manufacturers of general non-ferrous goods Henry Stre ct BrJghton Cabinets Mighell Street London Name Plat e Manufacturing Marine Vicw These sites -lre now respectively - Brighton County Court merican Express and blocks 01 unci I I uu-ps industry giving way to multinational fInance hOLlses government adminitr tion and locdl authority r edeve lopment

The i Irrns in this document fa ll roughly into three c mps those that represent the historid indu~ try o i Sussex those that disa ppeared with technological Change and those thiJ t hdvlt survived the P q four decadEmiddotS The first part is seen in a couple of ads for the L uv BC yacht builders Sourhwick and Charles Morris marine craft Rock Channel Shipyard Rye The s(c und makes sadder rea ding for who now has any knowledge of County Washing Wringers Crowborough or in an age of solar-power calculator s LJ amp N Potter slide rule makers Old London Road Brighton Names we still associate with industry are more plentiful Longford Engineering Co (LEC) was selling r efrigeration equipment to such ge ographic memories as Persia and Palestine and more impressively to Iceland l

The future is glimpsed in adverts for firms in the year-old Crawley New Town Bell Precis ion Engineering tlt Ifphone Crawley 757 and in a photo of un excavation machine 01 S M Tidy diggIng the fuundations for the new industrial estate at Hollingbury then being buIlt on the northern edge of Br ighton This was to be the home uf another c on tr ibutor in a few year s time Ta lbot Tool s then located in Roedde Road Bnghton 1I0W Toomeys Refriger ation

L inking with an article I wrote for SIAS Newsletter 56 [ no t iced t ha t there wer three f irms from Ki ng Street whi ch was ad jacent to the street I r eported on Por t land S 1his was located next to Bri ght on s prin c ipal ret ai l dJ ea ye t contained In 1947 a leather manufac tur ers a shoe fdctory and Of for d St amped Me w l Part s In 1987 it is a multishystorey car park

ThiS mo ve a way f rom genuine industria l product ion IS the ghost that hilunts this book le t a l rhough fac10ries and industriltll planrs wOLlld r ise in the post-war booln years of the Macrn rl lan er they all l OO r ap id l y dlsdppedr ed in the co ld light of the economic worl d we have tody The InCan t Indu~rri a l est ateS at Ho ll ingbury ar e now ei ther echoing fac tori es or r eta i l superstores The old areas bordermg our mner c i t ies that hous(d a multitude of fir ms have been Clear ed o f pr oduc lJ ve prem ises and the l[ worklorces pr oduc ing a bleak aspect o f car parks and shopping pr ecincts Lit~ hN e fur industrial arc haeo logbt s of the f LltLlr e [0 enthuse (w ltr

Perhaps it 15 fortunate tha t our rI1dnu l acturer s did not heed the words of the MP for Eas t Gr instead Co l Clarke There is room for grea tly increased output of

- 4 shy

fencing hurdles hoops for barrels charcoal and other similar products Does anyone have any spare trees this month

GEF MEAD

AMBERLEY CHALK PITS MUSEUM

During winter the emphasis changes from attempting to cope with the hoards of v isitors to work of a more practical nature Staff and volunteers take on team and individual tasks to improve and complete displays and buildings and to display exhibits The programme this winter Included

Kiln One amp Grinding Mill Completion of the roof mill reframing and stabilisation of the kiln wall

Pepper buildings The re-ere c tion of the Pig Sty demolished in 1978 to be used as a lunch ar ea for school parties

Vill age Gar age amp Cycle Repai r Shop MSC team wor king on the erection o[ t he building wi th MSC and vo lunteer s work ing on the conservation of the exhibits for display

Rail way Erec tion of fencing to screen the compound of unrestored items Restoration 0f sever a l i tems continuing 2 x Groudle Glen Coaches I am munition wagon 2 x Hudson Hunslet diese l locumoti ves plus new tube plate needed for Po lar Bear The area around the Exhibition Building i bemg paved to comple te t he Guinness scene

Much work is being done generally around the Museum to improve paths fences and the si t e services In the background the di ff ic ult task of f und raising Llnd promot ion continue WJth t he need to spr ead the word and bui ld our vis itor numbers being of paramount impor tance 1987 saw a 10 increase to 63 500 visitors

JAN [)EA N

MEDIEV AL M ILLSTE ADS POL EG TE EAST SU SSE X

Polegate Wwdmlll milling museum has rece ived the unique donati on of a port ion o f the P05t of what is a lm051 certa i n ly a medieva l postmill The gift spo t ted on a bui lding SJt e in Sc hool Lane Pol egate has been gi ven to the mi ll by t he deve loper Mr AJ Hasse ll who ver y k indl y transported the 10 c wt ba lk of timber t o t he mIll pl ait The post whic h measures 2 feet square by 6 f eet wa s in ver y good condi tion due to t he far t t hat Jl had been submer ged in wet c lay and was in a water logged state Car pe t soaked in water was wrapped ar ound t he tImber 50 tha t it shou ld not be allowed to dry oul and the whole was cover ed in po l yt hene sheet Ing awaJt i ng removal to t he museum r oom

A pr efabrtcdled p las ti c Imed wooden tank was made from the wood of discar ded pa lle ts In the museum to house the timber in water It wi ll then be soaked for severa I months In a po lyet hy lene glyco l solu t i on In the for m 01 a 505 0 mixt ure of PEG 300 and PEG 1500 which w il l conser ve the outer por tion o[ det~ r i or ated wood the heart 01 i t be ing considered to be in a slab le sta te Fina l ly t he so lu tIOn wil l be applied ho t by br ush and c onclude t he Conser va ti on pr ocess

The tJm ber wh iCh is the lo wer portion of the post stdl has intact f our horns and the four mortices [or t he quartNbars A f ter conser va t i on t he post wd l go on VJe w in the museum probably dur ing the 1989 season

Archaeological exam inatIOn of the site revealed eVidence of a second postmll l trestle 50 we have here a long st anding mill site In Polega te a lthough mor e cor rectly Hailsha m for th(~ si t e would have been In Hailsham parish In t he med ieva l per iod

The mi ll lunds are stre tched due to the current mill restor ation pr ogramme and if members would li ke t o subscribe to war ds t he conser vation of t hi s pos t the Hon Treasurer of the POlega te Windm ill Management Comm Jttte Mrs G Huggett 23 Rot unda Road Eas tbourne Eas t Sussex would be hdpPY to hear fr om you

LA WR ENCE ST EVENS

POL EGA T WINDMILL RESTORATION

Polega te Wi ndm ill mir acu lously escaped damage during the hurri cane of Ortober 1987 la rgely because on ly a fe w days pr eviously t he cap had been replaced subsequent to its repair but because the wind was too strong no sweeps cou ld be replaced Although

- 5 shy

tempts were made to ref l x a pa ir of sweeps the st rong w inds rTlade the task i mpossible

md durillg the anEmpt minor ddmage to one of rhe sweeps occurred

Rest orat ion wor k crried OUT dur ing the ~llmme r involved the remova l of the cap the renewal 01 the ianstage by the mlilwr ights Iessrs Thom pon lIld Son and t he r eplacemen t o f the me tal trad and ootlcn curb by volunteers This las t i nvo lved the r eplaci ng of the rOi ten wooden c urb Ith a two parr Idmmatpo curb of Iroko and a new amp section ir on cur b cast by Rye Jr on Foundry

It is hoped to reflx one pair 01 sweeps soon and these w ill be fo l lowed by a new paIr being constructed by Thompsons Volunteer~ hope to have the mIl l turning agam during the ye r

The committee thnnk all tho~e members who oupported the sponsored cycle ride which raIsed 11 24745 for the restoration fund

L AWRENCE STEVENS

THE PUMPHOUSE L LXFORDS FARM EAST GRINST EAD

The fo llowing article IS reprinted w i th the kind pe-mission of the author Miss I~ M Willalls and the East Grinstead Society Cram the East Gnnsread BulleLln who hold t he copyright

Lux fords Farm i ~ onc of sever al sec luded in wooded pasture in Ens l Grm stead pdrish It IS Just over a rrile f r om the High Streel and lies be low the high sandstone I idge wh ich cdrr ies the L ewes Road I t faces OUI over rhe Weald ro b(yond WE-ir Wood ReservoIr The 16rh 17th centur y farmhouse is se t I WO f ields bdck from Luxlord~ L ane In f r ont of II and belol It is a ma n-made emba[1ked pond A longside the pond is a dell for med by a spring whose water seeps mlO 11 lIere (NGR TQ 408367) approprtately partlv hidden by oaJ trees is the pr(tt~ octagonal pumphollsP bu ilt JrI the mid- 19th century to protect the hor se-driven pump whith raised waler for the fdrm above I t i~ a rarl ~lIr vlvd l In southern Englalld of a wheelhouse bUJlt Ior a horse-powered (ngine

Although the Romans had used dnlmetls for turning wheelS In Br itain it was [1ot until the 16th century that an ima l rotar y power appeared There were wveral t ypes lar ge drUIIIS for rope winding whee ls rolled round a trough (or nushlng (both wor ked by horses) the vertica l t r eadwheel worked by dogs or donkeys nnd most frequent The geared cog wh(e This consisted of a large raised horizontal wheel with cogs attached to ~earings to driv machl11ery The wheel on a vertial shaft a turned at approx imately three reolutions per minute by horse~ walki ng a c lrntiar path around It a t 2-2 mph They ere hilrnessed to a beam extndd rom the wheel or Its shaft The horse CIrcle hdd a dIame ter of 18 feet but mIght be up to 23 leet I Iwe ls ere deSIgned for up to six horses and drove machinery lor tl1resil i l1g chopping ~traw ~li Clng turn ips work lllg cl

l ir- Jlar ~aw and raismg water GenNdlly such Irlachtnery wa In a barn and was ( onrlecled to the wheel outside by drive belts and gth fts The wheel or hor~e-glrl was protected by d ~quar~ Llrcular or polygondl buddmg or clOIster known as a gin-gang These horse engine ~heds re a charaCleri~tic of north east England and Scotland but except for the soulh wet were rarfly found else here In soulherr Cngland wheel~ wer e outSide and placed on the ground rhe hor~e ~tpplng lwer t he drive machlnl~m5

The period lor constr ucllrIg horse-gin wheelhouses was barely half a century The horse-powered threshrng machin was first produced il 1789 by Andrcw Melk les 01 [)unbar but it WilS not unl il the early 19Til cen tury That It beram popular with [armN~ (though di strusted by labourels) jar ~uch a mahtne rould thresh up 10 Ten Ums llter and With less watage than a man nh a Clad By tht 18~Os gttt~am power WiJ~ being app lied to lJfm mdchi ncry so e)ecept lor sma ll and remote farms the hor~e-glJ1 grildually became redufldarll n o~e that survived were 01 ten (onverted to d(Ud Horse-gins for raisllIg

atN lasted longer InlO thigt er1 l)ry They were rnorr Cllnvenlent thHl steam beIng only needcd for an hour or rwo dally To ralst am for ~lch a short time was unctonomic As the work of pumping water wa~ I on(Ogtroll~ than threshing only 0111 horse wa requited In an hour 11 cou ld ra lst I 000 gbllon~ Ilr~t Irorn Iht ground and lI1ell 10 st Ot age tanks In the far m house and buildings

Th Luxfor ds pumphousc stands on it- own well ilwuy from the farm bui ldings la

bull e~ as at East GrJngtwad Pottery El)

- 6 shy

which i t pumped wat er It is some 25 feet across (an average siz e) and ha s a t a ll e ight shysided roo f surmounted by a wooden louvr ed lantern (sides 1ampj x 24 high) The roof is much steeper t han genera l with such hor se-g in houses It is tiled wuh sem i- glazed machme-made pur ple r ed 11 le~ The ri dge t i les are specially shaped f or the necessary 135deg of the octagonal ri dges The low wa lls o f browny -pi nk br icks ar e 7 2 high in terna lly and each side is some 9 6 wide and whlte ashed Apart from the centra l lantern t he house 15

li t by rhrle small windows and the w i de door way Outside between the pum phouse and the pond is a low covered c i ter n (br ick wu h conc ret e r endering) Pumphouse and cis tern are together encJo~ed by a contem por ar y post and ra i l fan fence

No working exam p les of horse whee ls remain outside museums and the ir d i sti ncti ve round houses are fa~ t cii appean ng TheI r origina l pur pose long since supe rseded most are noli used Cor storage Or afC dere lict The Lmfords pum phouse t hough long disused a grade 2 II~td buildi ng since February 1979 is now being restored by its owners who have already rest ored the centra l lantern The structure is sound and com plete but noth tng remallls of the horse-driven wheel and gearing i l was replaced by diese l pumps which ar e now derel ict It may be seen from Luxfords L ane a publ iC footpath Eat Grlllstead i s for tuna te not on ly in having such a pr etty examp le of t he house tntact but a l so tilat it owners M r and M rs Lloyd - Eley are wi lling to res tore it to good structura l (ono l t l on ACknow ledgements are also due t o them I or a l lowing the author access

1 MET A L HEADSTONES IN SUSSEX

It was not unt i I t he 18th centur y rhd I headstones d S wc known t hem began to be liSId antj then onl) tCI r(ord the gentry or ri c h mer chants

he tones were usual ly Inscribed WIth the name ol the person his age and date o f death and olten included wlle or child of By the mid 17005 the headstones becam e rnore elaboraTe some times wuh d k u l l and c r oss- bones above the m~criptl on Th is Id ter gav( ay ro cherubs iJnd symbols o f t i me passi ng such as hourg lasses and scythes musica l instruments and trade tools were also represented

~y Ihe start 01 the 19th centur y i t was rom rnon for the middle c lasses t o mark the ir graves ltJnd in the VictOrian (r a the heddstones becam e mos t elaborate in keep 1l1g w i th the ~ty l e of the limes The noT so rtch who could no t afford the cost of such carv ing ~rected much sma ller stone bearmg just mlllals and the year enough for the gr ave t o be identified and often t o prevent its u~e f or the econd ri me

During Ihe latter half o[ the 19th cenlury a number o f smal l foundries who had been produc ing dgrlcultural irnp l tm~ fl ts and thei r spa re part s and whic h were o f ten assoc iated With an ir onmonger s business looked [or other out le t s f or the ir skill s dnd they bega n to produce jireback~ dra incovers and other Items which were sa leable From ther f It was but ~ stCp to a~t- i r on ilead lOnC These r ange from a Imple cross to quite elabora te ones With the name oC th(gt deceawd their date of death and age cast i nto it Chedper stock item were ava ilable (ither complete ly plall1 or With RIP or IHS lr some other messasge ca gtt iIltO them Ihe narne and details cou ld Ihen be painted on a~ r eq uired This enab led them to be pr oduced qui te cheap ly and these arc often found many miles I rom theIr f ou ndr y o [ origi n

We have tound meta l headstones which wer e ma de in Somer set a t Ba llachulish on the eSI (oast of Scotland over 500 m i les away

[late 011 tle metal hedd~ tones r ange from t he 18gtOs to as late as the 1940s in East Ang lta and the Wet Country where sma ll loundri es kept work ing much later than those tn o ther par ts

Tt would lt(m that the mall reasons f or the use 01 me tal headstones were

I The ro~t was low Perhaps a tent h of an engraved masonr y one ThIS is why the y ilre o[tell in memory of the ver y young or very old or women who have died at c hild-bedring age at cl lime when rnoney wou ld be in short ~upply

2 Detd lh could be added qUick ly m d a t very litt le expense enabling them to be ilvatlable short ly aft er buria l

- 7 shy

tempts were made to ref l x a pa ir of sweeps the st rong w inds rTlade the task i mpossible

md durillg the anEmpt minor ddmage to one of rhe sweeps occurred

Rest orat ion wor k crried OUT dur ing the ~llmme r involved the remova l of the cap the renewal 01 the ianstage by the mlilwr ights Iessrs Thom pon lIld Son and t he r eplacemen t o f the me tal trad and ootlcn curb by volunteers This las t i nvo lved the r eplaci ng of the rOi ten wooden c urb Ith a two parr Idmmatpo curb of Iroko and a new amp section ir on cur b cast by Rye Jr on Foundry

It is hoped to reflx one pair 01 sweeps soon and these w ill be fo l lowed by a new paIr being constructed by Thompsons Volunteer~ hope to have the mIl l turning agam during the ye r

The committee thnnk all tho~e members who oupported the sponsored cycle ride which raIsed 11 24745 for the restoration fund

L AWRENCE STEVENS

THE PUMPHOUSE L LXFORDS FARM EAST GRINST EAD

The fo llowing article IS reprinted w i th the kind pe-mission of the author Miss I~ M Willalls and the East Grinstead Society Cram the East Gnnsread BulleLln who hold t he copyright

Lux fords Farm i ~ onc of sever al sec luded in wooded pasture in Ens l Grm stead pdrish It IS Just over a rrile f r om the High Streel and lies be low the high sandstone I idge wh ich cdrr ies the L ewes Road I t faces OUI over rhe Weald ro b(yond WE-ir Wood ReservoIr The 16rh 17th centur y farmhouse is se t I WO f ields bdck from Luxlord~ L ane In f r ont of II and belol It is a ma n-made emba[1ked pond A longside the pond is a dell for med by a spring whose water seeps mlO 11 lIere (NGR TQ 408367) approprtately partlv hidden by oaJ trees is the pr(tt~ octagonal pumphollsP bu ilt JrI the mid- 19th century to protect the hor se-driven pump whith raised waler for the fdrm above I t i~ a rarl ~lIr vlvd l In southern Englalld of a wheelhouse bUJlt Ior a horse-powered (ngine

Although the Romans had used dnlmetls for turning wheelS In Br itain it was [1ot until the 16th century that an ima l rotar y power appeared There were wveral t ypes lar ge drUIIIS for rope winding whee ls rolled round a trough (or nushlng (both wor ked by horses) the vertica l t r eadwheel worked by dogs or donkeys nnd most frequent The geared cog wh(e This consisted of a large raised horizontal wheel with cogs attached to ~earings to driv machl11ery The wheel on a vertial shaft a turned at approx imately three reolutions per minute by horse~ walki ng a c lrntiar path around It a t 2-2 mph They ere hilrnessed to a beam extndd rom the wheel or Its shaft The horse CIrcle hdd a dIame ter of 18 feet but mIght be up to 23 leet I Iwe ls ere deSIgned for up to six horses and drove machinery lor tl1resil i l1g chopping ~traw ~li Clng turn ips work lllg cl

l ir- Jlar ~aw and raismg water GenNdlly such Irlachtnery wa In a barn and was ( onrlecled to the wheel outside by drive belts and gth fts The wheel or hor~e-glrl was protected by d ~quar~ Llrcular or polygondl buddmg or clOIster known as a gin-gang These horse engine ~heds re a charaCleri~tic of north east England and Scotland but except for the soulh wet were rarfly found else here In soulherr Cngland wheel~ wer e outSide and placed on the ground rhe hor~e ~tpplng lwer t he drive machlnl~m5

The period lor constr ucllrIg horse-gin wheelhouses was barely half a century The horse-powered threshrng machin was first produced il 1789 by Andrcw Melk les 01 [)unbar but it WilS not unl il the early 19Til cen tury That It beram popular with [armN~ (though di strusted by labourels) jar ~uch a mahtne rould thresh up 10 Ten Ums llter and With less watage than a man nh a Clad By tht 18~Os gttt~am power WiJ~ being app lied to lJfm mdchi ncry so e)ecept lor sma ll and remote farms the hor~e-glJ1 grildually became redufldarll n o~e that survived were 01 ten (onverted to d(Ud Horse-gins for raisllIg

atN lasted longer InlO thigt er1 l)ry They were rnorr Cllnvenlent thHl steam beIng only needcd for an hour or rwo dally To ralst am for ~lch a short time was unctonomic As the work of pumping water wa~ I on(Ogtroll~ than threshing only 0111 horse wa requited In an hour 11 cou ld ra lst I 000 gbllon~ Ilr~t Irorn Iht ground and lI1ell 10 st Ot age tanks In the far m house and buildings

Th Luxfor ds pumphousc stands on it- own well ilwuy from the farm bui ldings la

bull e~ as at East GrJngtwad Pottery El)

- 6 shy

which i t pumped wat er It is some 25 feet across (an average siz e) and ha s a t a ll e ight shysided roo f surmounted by a wooden louvr ed lantern (sides 1ampj x 24 high) The roof is much steeper t han genera l with such hor se-g in houses It is tiled wuh sem i- glazed machme-made pur ple r ed 11 le~ The ri dge t i les are specially shaped f or the necessary 135deg of the octagonal ri dges The low wa lls o f browny -pi nk br icks ar e 7 2 high in terna lly and each side is some 9 6 wide and whlte ashed Apart from the centra l lantern t he house 15

li t by rhrle small windows and the w i de door way Outside between the pum phouse and the pond is a low covered c i ter n (br ick wu h conc ret e r endering) Pumphouse and cis tern are together encJo~ed by a contem por ar y post and ra i l fan fence

No working exam p les of horse whee ls remain outside museums and the ir d i sti ncti ve round houses are fa~ t cii appean ng TheI r origina l pur pose long since supe rseded most are noli used Cor storage Or afC dere lict The Lmfords pum phouse t hough long disused a grade 2 II~td buildi ng since February 1979 is now being restored by its owners who have already rest ored the centra l lantern The structure is sound and com plete but noth tng remallls of the horse-driven wheel and gearing i l was replaced by diese l pumps which ar e now derel ict It may be seen from Luxfords L ane a publ iC footpath Eat Grlllstead i s for tuna te not on ly in having such a pr etty examp le of t he house tntact but a l so tilat it owners M r and M rs Lloyd - Eley are wi lling to res tore it to good structura l (ono l t l on ACknow ledgements are also due t o them I or a l lowing the author access

1 MET A L HEADSTONES IN SUSSEX

It was not unt i I t he 18th centur y rhd I headstones d S wc known t hem began to be liSId antj then onl) tCI r(ord the gentry or ri c h mer chants

he tones were usual ly Inscribed WIth the name ol the person his age and date o f death and olten included wlle or child of By the mid 17005 the headstones becam e rnore elaboraTe some times wuh d k u l l and c r oss- bones above the m~criptl on Th is Id ter gav( ay ro cherubs iJnd symbols o f t i me passi ng such as hourg lasses and scythes musica l instruments and trade tools were also represented

~y Ihe start 01 the 19th centur y i t was rom rnon for the middle c lasses t o mark the ir graves ltJnd in the VictOrian (r a the heddstones becam e mos t elaborate in keep 1l1g w i th the ~ty l e of the limes The noT so rtch who could no t afford the cost of such carv ing ~rected much sma ller stone bearmg just mlllals and the year enough for the gr ave t o be identified and often t o prevent its u~e f or the econd ri me

During Ihe latter half o[ the 19th cenlury a number o f smal l foundries who had been produc ing dgrlcultural irnp l tm~ fl ts and thei r spa re part s and whic h were o f ten assoc iated With an ir onmonger s business looked [or other out le t s f or the ir skill s dnd they bega n to produce jireback~ dra incovers and other Items which were sa leable From ther f It was but ~ stCp to a~t- i r on ilead lOnC These r ange from a Imple cross to quite elabora te ones With the name oC th(gt deceawd their date of death and age cast i nto it Chedper stock item were ava ilable (ither complete ly plall1 or With RIP or IHS lr some other messasge ca gtt iIltO them Ihe narne and details cou ld Ihen be painted on a~ r eq uired This enab led them to be pr oduced qui te cheap ly and these arc often found many miles I rom theIr f ou ndr y o [ origi n

We have tound meta l headstones which wer e ma de in Somer set a t Ba llachulish on the eSI (oast of Scotland over 500 m i les away

[late 011 tle metal hedd~ tones r ange from t he 18gtOs to as late as the 1940s in East Ang lta and the Wet Country where sma ll loundri es kept work ing much later than those tn o ther par ts

Tt would lt(m that the mall reasons f or the use 01 me tal headstones were

I The ro~t was low Perhaps a tent h of an engraved masonr y one ThIS is why the y ilre o[tell in memory of the ver y young or very old or women who have died at c hild-bedring age at cl lime when rnoney wou ld be in short ~upply

2 Detd lh could be added qUick ly m d a t very litt le expense enabling them to be ilvatlable short ly aft er buria l

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3 It was normal in Victorian times to mark the grave in some way It also prevented ov er bur i a Is

if The foundri es were lookin g for ne w types of work in order to expand and to replace t rade lost clue to t he depression in agriculture in the 1870s

5 The rai lways were able to t ransport them to any part of Britain quickly and cheaply 6 Cl t al ogues wer e printed and wi del y distr ibuted by post 7 I t was f ashionab le t o hav cast-iron gra estones in some areas for a limited time

flmost 200 cast - ir on gravestones have been recorded in Sussex so far and the maker of I if6 of them is kno wn

The most popular are those ma de by Filmer and Mason at Guild f ord and these accoum [or over 40 o f [hose found to da te in the the County The next most popular ar e the Et na ones f rorn GIsgow then Sis te Via tor f rom Manchester and Johnsons of L ei ces t er

Fil nlPr and Mason were Ironmongers in Guildfor d and their foundry was where the Yvonne Arnaud Th ta t re now stands Eigh t m ode ls by t his a nuf ac tur er have been seen in Su r rey Hamp~hir e Hen fordshir e Some r se t and Susse x In Cocking church yard there ar e m or e thJn l wenty and th r ee examples are on vi e w in the ArnberJ ey Cha lkpits Museum w here one has been used to mark the gr ave of [ he museu rt ca t The y a lso pr oduced aJir ic ul tural and dornest i c pr oduc ts m ileposb and cltls tings for the Por t smouth r ailway

The products of the ETN A ioundry of Glasgow can be found al l over the country and to da te wc hav e found 1S different mode ls made by th is fi r m ThiS was a large f oundry in 1 Gli5go w pr oducing Items r angmg fr om Stoves and watN pipes to suga r coo ler s and o ther p l itl1tlt3 t i on cast ings bu l ll on afe~ il nd lam pposb Th ei r de signs were al so made by othe r loundrl es m varIOus pa rts of the count r y presumably under licence

The Siste Viator memorlals were manufact ured by JM 8 ennett amp Sons o f Manche~le r who were iron ounders and registered t heir deSigns at the London Pat en t OffiCI In the 1880s whllh gave them fiv~ years pr otection

wr Johnsor) 5 of Leicester were also Ironmongers who sold c ast- iron gr aves tones ami their produCts ca n be seen In rnany hurchYdr ds In the South The ir pr oduc t s olten hve W F Johnson Lester cast IntO tht front at ground leve l ~ a It is dl ways wonh haV ing a Ill tle dIg

A note from Ka le CO~WilY al SI AS led us lO a marv~ ll aus f i nd We were t old then~ wJre rI-lron rnernonals In Wi~borough Green Chur chyar d and aIter record ing t he VISible ones dS usual we looked ar ollnd the edges and r ubbish dump Just over the fenr e bllrted beneOlth severa l ~tone memor ia ls we dLlg liP w i th the Vicar s per m i ss lor) rh irteen rast-Iron gra~estones In exrel l(nt cond l tion among them fi ve di fierent Etna nlodels and tOLl[ Filrner and Mason These ar e aglIns t th( fenre and il IS hoped tha t they cou ld be Installed omlwhere safe as they are sul l very much a t r l~k

The Rector of Elsted and Treiorrl FA Vi ncent who WTOle a g lowing test imonlill to I iltldens at Warmmster about 1860 said bull It Sir bull

In 5end lng your chequJ for memor id I No 17 recent ly put up here to comrnem ora te the services or an o ld and esteemed par ish ioner ltlllow me to add that i t has been ver y much admired by aJ I her Cr i ends md neighbours J have already been asked its price etc i

by many ladles anrl gentlemen and J have no doubt that it w il l cause man y more to be erected in rh is vic inlt as your memorlab ar e an immense Impr oveme nt upon t he old CLlmbrous and unSightly headstones of the pas t generauor) They ar e not onl y arti stic elCgant and everlasting but withal econom ical ecc les iastica l and very ea sJi y kept i n th(gt ir place wi thout adtlltlona l e~pen st I can only hope their in1roduc tion Wi l l speed i Iy lead to the diSilppearance of the hldeougt e~creen(e~ of whlr-h the C ler gy have had ~o long but tOO J u~ t Cltl u~e to compln Will you be kind enough to send me fe w more sheets 01 diagrams prices etc

The on l y problem is that thltgt memorial he refer~ to at Elqed ha s gone bUT t wo large (a51-lf0I1 c rosses remam one to hl~ Widow Ann Ester who dled aged 38 ypa rs and the other to hiS second daughter Mary Ann who was 54 These memor ia ls are four and a halI feet tall and weigh 350 pounds each were made bv Haldens of War rll i nstCr ilnd wou ld have

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cost 1410Od plus two pence for each letter cast into them

Hadens were ironmongers in Warminster and their memorials can be found all over the South and as far north as Lincoln Ron Martin found one by this manufacturer at Wigmore in Shropshire The firm was taken over by Cordens in 1893 and the ironmongers shop still exists under that name but no grave memorials are now offered for sale

The Medhurst family graves twelve in number are marked by cast-iron deadboards at St nnes Church in Lewes It is most unusual to find deadboards in iron as they normally are made of wood and are often called bedboards because of their shape with a post at each end and a flat board between with the details of the person It would be interesting to know at which foundry these were cast

Quite deliberately we have not mentioned the grave slabs of the Wealden Iron industry as these are mainly the pre-lndustrial Revolution period

To date we have found over 20 foundries which produced meta I headstones and almost 200 different models and have photographed and drawn most of these

Although we have recorded over 1500 cast-iron headstones in more than a thousand burial grounds in the last four y(~rs we have really only touched the tip of the iceblrg and as there are thousands of grdveyards or cemeteries in this country we are gOing to be very busy for many years in order to record the foundries memorials their distribution and the social history associated with them

It would be greatly appreciated if anyone finding a know and perhaps record the place and rn~p reference deceased and any other detai Is such as the maker

In Sussex cast-iron gravestones have been found at

Angmering Ardingly Bepton Burwash Cocking Cowfold East Lavant Edburton Elsted Fittleworth Graffham Hartfield Haywards Heath Itchingfield Kirdford Littlehampton Loxwood Lyminster Petworth RudgwJCk Stedham

metal headstone could let us the name age and date of the

Billingshurst Didling Fernhurst Heyshott Lewes Milland Steyning

Storrington Treyford West Chiltington Westmeston Westham West Thorney Wisborough Green Withyham

TONY amp MARY YOWARD

SERIAC 1988

This years South iastern Industrial Archaeology Conference was hosted by Surrey Industrial History Group clt the University of Surrey Guilciford on 13th March The theme was Extractive Industries

Following Chairman Ken Grivetts opening remarks Peter Brandon set the scene with an illustrated talk on The Gcology and Mineral Resources of South East England Jeremy Hodgkmson then gave a live ly talk on Wealden Iron and surprised cl number of his listeners by saying that the Wea lden iron workings could be tr aced back t o the Romans The last lecture before lunch was by Richard WJiliams on Li me Kilns

In the afternoon Rod Le Gear entertained us with a faSCinating talk on Chalk and Sand Mines Little do the residents of Bromley and Chislehurst know what lie below their corn l ortable homes l Som e have already found out when gaping holes appea r where the path to their front door should be as he illustr Cl t cd with slides Elizabeth Eames whose career was spent In the British Museum then spoke with duthori t y on T iles and Til e lTIak ing particularly Medieval Decorated Tiles She also provided Iides of this art

t [ ter t ea Paul Sowan took us underground with his slides to stone quarries both In

South East Eng land and in France For Paul a quarry is a site where large sections of stone are cut from the rock and extracted not just any hole in the ground

This was a very interesting and informative day attended by a number of SltS members Our thanks go to Surrey Industrial History Group and to the speakers

GORDON THOMERSON - 9 shy

CHICHESTER CtNA L SOCIET Y

On Februar y 12 the Chichester Cana l Society he ld a ceremony at the cana l bas in to launch thf Issue of i mitation shares as a Wdgt of r aisi ng funds toward~ c omp le tion of t heir r estora ti ofl of the Birdham to Chichester length of the canal It was attended by the Maygt of Chichester and Chairmen of Parish Co uncJis en rou te

Alter an i ntroductor) speech by the Society Chair man John Cooper an en larged facs imile share was launched 1Il the basin A lan A llnutt represented Sl AS

The imnatJOn shar es ltI r e l5 wi th the purchaser name added in su n abl e SCript Apply t o the Treasurer Mrs LM Wilklnson 7 Iltedmoor Estate Main Road Birdharn ChIChester P020 7H S ISee reduced reproduc tion below

Funds are needed 10 carr y on the drtdglng pr oJect to preserve and mainta in the Canal and i ts ~urrounding~ to provide amenllles for the publ iC

I ha t has been achi (gtved so far J983 lhe ollg ll1al Poyntz Brldge has been replaced with d new structure J984 angling potentia l unproved 19856 rhe towpath c lear ed and strengthened 1985 I wo new purposebui It pontoons Inst a lled at the Canal BaSin 1985 SIX row ing ski Is purchased for hire 198 5 rhree n(w Seat~ ins talled for use by the pub lic 19867 thousands of daffodils planted around th Canal BaSin 1987 dredging plant worth lJ2OOO purchased and operatin~ 1987 canoeing activ i tie5 inliated J988 rhpound old POYfltz Br idge SIpd a1 South Bank is under rstorat ion by rhe

Sussex Industfl1 Archaeology Society

SH4Rpound l _ ~ =~-~-J

(~l6~~ duL _____

atal t

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~ lOoTlwo- 0 INit M) dw CW rampIV 1

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~~~_--__ ~~h 4~ - __- _ ___ ~ -

BOOK REVIEW S

~

Ed i t ed by SIAS me mber TP Hudson this volume descr ibes the north-eas t part 0 1 Br amber r apt including Cr dw ley New Town and e leven rur par ishes The area stretches fr om the chalk downland In Lpper Beedlng and Edburloll over the sandst ones and clays of the Wea ld to t ile Sur rey border at Rusper and Hle ld f Ie ld IS t hc anCient parl ~h in whICh li es the western part of Cramiddotley New Town An account of the new town ince it s foundation in 1947 i s i ncludfd Tile r urul pari~hes l end ro be large wJth sca ttered settlement as in Lower Beedlng and Nuthurst Tile onl y substant ial v ilJiJges are Hen f le ld and Cowfo ld In the 19th cen tury the north part much of whICh was former Iy woodland 11ea th and parkland Cilme to be dominated by mansIOns i t h extensive garden Rur 1 industr ies have In(luded Ironworkmg sallmakmg and cement manufacture and mar kltt gar den ing and frull anmd flo wer growmg have al~o been carrtd on

Li lllan Candlin Memor ies of Old Sussex 96 pp l3~O Count r yside Books Newbury 1987

Books with ti t les such as t ilis gener a llv send me r unnin~ pa~t the Local Int(re~t ~eCLlon In bookshops and members may thinllt there wou ld be l i t tIe 01 interest to them In such a vol ume How wr ong fOf lh author IS a pa~l-prpsldent of rile Rllghtorl and I lov Archaeo logica l Soc ie t y and has contribU Ted to t he history of thE county III her enthu~IaSllc and pr ofessJOna l manner

Of pdrtlcular lnteresl to ~IAS IS chilpter 15 Brighton~ Ilr~t motor tr ials as this event took place In I 905 M I ~~ Cdnd lm must be on of the jell people ho werfgt actually at ther e She comb ines her fam il y knowledge With a genlllne Itnk to aT) histonc evenT her f ather was a t Jarnes ~treel greengrocer who having seen lhe rnotor$ emrgmg from the nearby stab les hdd had r emarked to hIm ThiS IS going to spoil your carrot trade

A litl lt known chnge to Brighton s archi tect ural herllage wa~ brought dboU l by th motor car to En largE Ihe Old Ship Hotel stables Into giJrdges a carv(d bearlt was removed from the entrance This was believed to have been from the )oar wh ich took Charles 11 to Fr ance the ci1pt aln laler owning t he Old StllP lIln History taughl In the closf ly obsErveJ st y lE of L lllian Candlm comes to l ife and reads a ll rhe better tor it

LEor r 1I1[AO

Stewart Ul l yo t Brlghron Rocks Booths Mu~(urTI 01 Natural Hlstor 1986 pp 40 lJ85

ThiS book let produ(ed as part of d MSC Communl ty Programme proJect look~ at the buJit envir onment of Br ighton in a prevlouslv overlooked fashion the buildmg stones and facmg surfaces 01 the banks and shops of central Brighton It comb inES a geology guide with an architeclurHI summa r y combining both elmenr~ In a couple 01 Town Tra ils based on North Street and ChurchJi I Square

It IS oblously ij i rned at t hat vast captiE~ audience - those caught m one Ot Brighton s tratfic snar l-upsl At drtver s eye level the Alliance and Leicester Building Society in North St reet I~ adorned with Rusrellbur) Gabbro from the Transvaa l Shoppers entering Brit ish Homc Store are no w aware that they arc pa~~ I ng Emerald Pear l Larvlklte fr om Norway and Nat West cashpOin t customer s face a sllb of Andes Black Granne (if not a black account )

This is a de lightful book to take out on iI Sunday st ro ll past stlent banks and empty ~hOp5 The i llus t rations are parti cularly fme being well rproduced engravings and photos f rom t he early part of thE cen t ury Members who are not geologists will jind the wr iring style and glossary easy to follow

GEOFF M[Al)

Recordmg lhe Past A Photographer HaNdbook by Eric Houlder L RIS Pub l ished by Local History In aSSOC larlOn wi t h K AF Brewin Books AIgt siz laminated cover 56 pages Frice l495 plus 50p postage Nottmgham bull lG7 205

obt ainab le Irom Local History 3 Oevonstlire Promenade

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