isu physics colloquium 2011

Applications for Ancient and Historic Metalwork

by David Peterson, Anthropology Department and CAMAS

Early Bronze Age Metalwork from Velikent, Daghestan, ca. 2850 BC

Caucasus Mountains RegionCaucasus Mountains Region

View of Mount Ararat from Yerevan, Armenia

Syunik Mine, Southern Armenia July 2010South Caucasus Archaeometallurgy Project, Idaho State University andArmenian National Academy of Sciences

PI: D. Peterson

Bronze and Iron Age MetalworkSardarapat and Koghb Museums, Armenia (2009 and 2010)

Sardarapat Koghb

Anthropology Department, University of Chicago

Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory

Making of Ancient Eurasia (MAE), 2005-2008Argonne Board of Governors Strategic Collaboration Initiative Grant

PIs: Dr. Adam Smith (University of Chicago), Dr. Bill Ellingson (Argonne)

A. Greene, C. Hartley, D. Peterson, A. T. Smith, L. Khatchadourian, C. Deemer, W. Ellingson and D. Cookson (2007) The Making of Ancient Eurasia: Preliminary Notes on Incorporating Archaeometry and Anthropology in the Integrated Study of Ceramic and Metal Technologies. International Symposium on Archaeometry, Quebec.

US Cellular Field

APS Systems Mapwww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/map.html

1. Linear Acceleratorwww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/linac.html

2. Booster Synchrotronwww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/linac.html

3. Storage Ringwww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/storage_ring.html

4. Insertion Deviceswww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/insertion_devices.html

5. Experiment Hallwww.aps.anl.gov/About/APS_Overview/experiment_hall.html

As

Fe

Mn

Kurgan 2, Burial 5, Skeleton 5a (A1018)[male 15-17 years]

• 100 μm laser spot size• 250 μm spacing between spots• 3 x 15 spot pattern• Spots sampled from cortical surface

inwardElement distribution over sampling sites, in parts per million (ppm)

1 mm

LA-ICP-MS of Archaeological TeethDr. John Dudgeon, ISU Physics Colloquium, Fall 2010Kamennyi Ambar 5 cemetery (W Siberia), ca. 2000 BC

Incan Mummy’s Tooth, Tucume, PeruMicro-Synchrotron Radiation-Induced X-ray Fluourescence (SRXRF)

Zn XRF intensity map

Pb XRF intensity map

Royal Pyramid, Tucume Section through ToothAnalysis area in box

Beamline 20-ID:Trace element sensitivityto ppb

Location of VelikentLocation of Velikent

Velikent Site Planby Rabadan Magomedov

Mound 3

Velikent Settlement Mound 2Daghestan-American Velikent Expedition, 1997 Season

Class Type Number

Tools and

weapons

Shaft hole axe 3

Knife 6

Chisel 3

Adze 4

Awl 4

Rings and

Bracelets

Bracelet 30

Hair Ring 30

Ornaments

Dress pin 46

Medallion 10

Breast cup 1

Cap 1

Tube 37

Spiral 7

Anchor pendant 13

Total 195

Objects Analyzed by Gadzhiev & Korenevskii(1984, Optical Emission Spectroscopy)

Objects Analyzed by Gadzhiev & Korenevskii(1984, Optical Emission Spectroscopy)

Metal Groups by ObjectVelikent Mound 3, Tomb 1 (total N=195)

D. Peterson (2003) Ancient Metallurgy in the Mountain Kingdom: The Technology and Value of Early Bronze Age Metalwork from Velikent, Dagestan. In Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, edited by Karen S. Rubinson and Adam T. Smith Los Angeles, UCLA, pp. 22-37.

Early copper and bronze producers utilized additions of tin and arsenic to harden the metal, improvecasting and working, and enhance color

• Copper with tin or arsenic greater than ~1% by volume is termed “tin bronze” or “arsenic bronze” respectively

• Molten bronze is less gaseous than molten copper, and therefore produces better casts

• Bronze is more ductile than copper, and therefore has greater propensity for work hardening

• Copper is ruddy, addition of tin gives it a golden color and addition of arsenic gives it a silver hue

• Bronze can be made by direct alloying or co-smelting; tin ores are rare and may have been imported from as far as Afghanistan in the Bronze Age

Ore name chemical formula

Arsenopyrite FeAsS

Enargite Cu3AsS4

Olivenite Cu2(AsO4)OH

Tennantite Cu12As4S13

Malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3

Azurite Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2

Copper containing ores

Experiment at the APS 1-ID-C beamline

1-ID-C beamline Inside 1-ID-C Outside 1-ID-C

Schematic of experimental set up

sample

Bronze Ring DP102

Cu-As, recrystallized twinned grains x750 XRD: smooth rings

Cold worked and annealed

Bronze Ring DP101

Cold worked, annealed, mild rework

Cu-Sn, deformed, twinned grains, x300 XRD: grainy, spotted rings

Copper Ring DP106

Annealed and cold worked

Cu, flattened grains, x300 XRD: bumpy, coarse ringsSymmetry - grains become directional as function of working

Copper Ring DP103

Cast – little evidence of cold work

Cu, x300 XRD: broken, spotted ringslarge grains, overexposed spots

Mineral Phase ID from Debye-Scherrer Diffraction Ringswith Jade (DP 101)

Synchrotron Radiation X-rays Transmission High Spatial Resolution Fast data collection Non-destructive

Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Detected: Cu,Sn, Pb, Ag, As Resolved: As and Pb Problems

Not comprehensive, semi-quantitative Needs multiple incident energy levels

Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction Phases

Cu, Cu + Sn, Pb, Cu + AsIn tin bronze, predominantly Cu13.7Sn from the bulkPb over .07 wt%

Interpretive use of results: Bronze Bangles from Tell en-Nasbeh, Israel (Dr. Elizabeth Friedman, IIT)

Cold worked ?

bumpy, coarse rings, large grainsBangle M2224a

62 g, 7.5 mm dia

Interpretive use of results: Bronze Bangles from Tell en-Nasbeh, Israel (Dr. Elizabeth Friedman, IIT)

Cold worked and annealed?

smooth, fine rings, small grains Bangle M2216b

129 g, 10 mm dia

Summary

• Correlation between diffraction patterns, micrographs, and compositional data

• Extrapolate microstructure from diffraction patterns

• No need to “sample” the artifacts for analysis

Conclusions

• Synchrotron X-rays provide means to analyze metal artifacts that cannot be cut, chopped, scraped, drilled or in any other way damaged for the purpose of sampling

• Identification of composition, phase, and microstructure inform us about ore exploitation, manufacturing technologies, and trade patterns

Funding Agencies and Research Centers:

Argonne National Laboratory

Wenner-Gren Foundation

National Endowment for the Humanities

Office of Research, Idaho State University

Nation Science Foundation

Illinois Institute of Technology

Northwestern University

Northern Illinois University

Students and Colleagues from:

University of Chicago

Wellesley College

Daghestan Scientific Center

Acknowledgments

Publications/presentations cited

• D. Peterson, P. Northover, J. Dudgeon, C. Salter, B. Maldonado, M. Tromp (forthcoming) Early Metal Technology and Related Practices in the Caspian Coastal Plain: Copper, Bronze, and Silver Metalwork from the Velikent Cemetery. In the Velikent monograph, edited by P. Kohl and R. Magomedov.

• M.L. Young, F. Casadio, S. Schnepp, J. Almer, D.R. Haeffner, D.C. Dunand (2006) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and imaging of ancient Chinese bronzes. Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Processing 83 (2): 163-168.

• E. S. Friedman, A. Brody, M. L. Young, J. D. Almer, C. U. Segre, and S. M. Mini (2008) Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-ray Analysis of Bronze Artifacts from an Iron Age Site in the Judean Hills. Journal of Archaeological Science 35/7:1951-1960.

• J. Almer,D. Cookson, E. Friedman, A. Greene, C. Hartley, L. Khatchadourian, S. Mini, D. Peterson, C. Segre, A. T. Smith and M. Young (2007) The Making of Ancient Eurasia: Nondestructive Characterization of Ancient Metalworking and Ceramic Technology by Synchrotron XRD and XRF. Advanced Photon Source Users Meeting, Argonne National Laboratory, IL.

isu physics colloquium 2011

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