ISSUES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

AGENDA FOR CHANGE

A K Maitra, Professor Consultant

Former Director, SPA, New Delhi

INTRODUCTION

THE JNNURM SCHEME

63 cities across India have been identified for funding to encourage

sustainable development.

Sustainability in terms of both environment and as an instrument for

reforming the civic administration

The cities are selected only on the basis of Population and are

categorized as A, B and C

Development which sacrifices the environment of living is not

development but degradation

INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED UNDER

THE SCHEYME

The selection criteria should take into consideration Location

Existing status of environment

State of health and health care

Level of Infrastructure both physical and social

Access to infrastructure facilities

Quality of living environment

Public participation in decision making

They should be grouped according to ecological sensitivity as 1) Coastal cities 2) Hill cities 3) Lake cities

4) Heritage cities 5) Religious cities

INTRODUCTION

Delineation of the catchments area and ensuring control over the

exploitation of environmental endowments

Creation of data base for the environmental endowment in the

catchments on the concerned city

Studying the cities’ morphology of development before plan

formulation

Re-examining the present set of development guidelines for their

adequacy to achieve the objective of sustainable urban renewal.

HILL CITIES

CHARACTERISTIC OF HILL TOWNS

Rugged topography

High susceptible to seismic activity

Prone to land slide

Extensive forest cover

Natural springs

Cold damp and windy climate

Attractive tourist destination

All these factors should be taken into consideration while

preparing the CDP

DARJEELING

Darjeeling is popularly known as the "Queen of the Hills" and

produces the famous Darjeeling Tea, one of the world's finest teas. It is

also home to the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a World Heritage Site.

GEOGRAPHY

Darjeeling lies in the Shiwalik Hills

Darjeeling is located at an average elevation of 2,134 m or 6,982 ft

Steep slopes loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides during the

monsoons

Town falls under seismic zone-IV

DARJEELING

CLIMATE

Summers (lasting from May to June) are mild, with maximum

temperatures rarely crossing 25 °C

In winter temperature averages 5–7 °C

The average annual precipitation is 281.8 cm

POPULATION

As per the 2001 census, the Darjeeling the municipal area has a

population of 107,530 with a density of 8548/sq Km

DARJEELING

ISSUES IN DARJEELING

Excessive construction irrespective of the slope

Building Bylaws and development control guidelines are absent

Deforestation leading to increased landslides

Sewage is disposed off in the natural streams

Streams are blocked due to unplanned development affecting the water bodies in the plains

1961 DARJEELING

2005 DARJEELING

DARJEELING

Mountain slops are used as dumping grounds for solid waste

Poor quality of infrastructure

Inadequate infrastructure for

residents as well as tourists

Acute water shortage

Poor visual quality

Sold Waste disposed along

slopes

Waste water flowing through natural

streams

Poor visual quality The Mall 2005 The Mall 1961

RELIGIOUS CITIES

CHARACTERISTIC OF RELIGIOUS TOWNS

Famous pilgrim centers

Visited by large no of tourists in a very short time

Tourist are mostly of lower income group

UJJAIN

Ujjain is a half a million City in Central India

Every 12 Year, a few million congregate here to take bath in River

Shipra and Pray Collectively.

The Ujjain district lies on the Malwa Plateau at a general level of

500m above mean sea level.

Its cardinal points are 23o 10’ north latitude and 75o 50’ east

longitude.

Ujjain is one of the ancient and mythological cities of India situated

on the right bank of the Kshipra river and is known as the city of

temples .

Ujjain has been selected under JNNURM

UJJAIN

TOPOGRAPHY Flat land with a slope of 2º-3º from South to North. Basaltic rocks Black cotton soil and Malwa lay loam Dry Deciduous vegetation

CLIMATE Max. Temp: 39º-45ºc Min Temp: 5º-10ºc Avg Rainfall :900 mm Wind direction: Mar- Sep – Westerly Oct- Feb – North –Easterly POPULATION The population of the city is 4.35 lakhs. The decadal growth rate was 18% in 1991-2001.

UJJAIN

UJJAINUJJAIN

UJJAIN

ISSUES IN UJJAIN Water is supplied every alternate day. The city greatly depends on ground

water for its survival. Absence of a sewer system. Provision

of septic tanks. Open drains carry waste water from

kitchens and bathrooms. Absence of adequate number of

garbage bins. Absence of landfill sites. Improper traffic management leading to

congestion and air pollution Infrastructure is inadequate to cater to

the needs during the festivals

COASTAL CITIES

CHARACTERISTIC OF COASTAL CITIES

Presence of mud flats, mangroves, coral reefs, estuaries, backwaters

etc.

Heavy rainfall

Excessive humidity

Sea water intrusion

Vulnerable to natural disasters like cyclone and Tsunami

PURI: coastal & religious city

The ancient city of Puri stands on the eastern coast of India as a symbol of secularism visited by million of devotees, tourists every year. The city is internationally known for the annual Ratha Yatra (Chariot Procession) ceremony, participated by about 1.2million persons in 2004. Puri has been selected under JNNURM

TOPOGRAPHY Puri district is bound by the sea on the south, Musa River in the north,

Sunamuhin River in the west and Balukhanda reserved forest on the east.

Underlain by unconsolidated formations of alluvium.

PURI

Plains occur adjacent to the coastal sand dunes and the width varies from 5 to 10 km. The coastal sand dunes occur almost parallel to the shoreline and the width of this varies from a few hundred meters to 7 km. The lower deltaic CLIMATE Temperature variation is less, Winter season is from December to February followed by summer from March to May. Maximum temperature of 42ºC minimum temperature of 10.6ºC

The average annual rainfall in the district is 1,488 mm. Relative humidity 62 to 85% POPULATION As per 2001 Census, total population of Puri district is 15,02,682. The decadal growth during 1991vto 2001 was 14.80%.

PURI

EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURES OF SAHIS

N

PURI

MAP OF PURI BUILT FORM

N

PURI

ISSUES IN PURI Unplanned development

No proper set back from the sea

The beaches are spoiled by the encroaching informal activities

Excessive extraction of ground water leading to increased salinity

Improper sewage disposal system and porous top soil leads to leaching and ground water contamination

The sewage is drained into the near by rivers and finally into the sea affecting the aquatic flora and fauna

Bankimuhin River – now a large sewage

drain

Typical narrow street

PURI

No proper collection points for solid waste

Traffic congestion due to slow moving traffic

and informal activities

The infrastructure is incapable of catering to

the needs during rath yatra

Air pollution and water pollution is a major

concern

Solid waste dumped on the road

Two to Three lane of informal activity and parking

Cattle feeding on the temple waste

Dumped on the south gate

View of the Badadanda

CONCLUSION

JNNURM focuses on improvement of

QUALITY OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT IN

IDENTIFIED CITIES FOR FUNDING

The process has been divided in preparation of

CDP & DPR in order to ensure adequate funds and

appropriate governance

Special rules and guidelines exist for disposal

sites of various types of wastes

CONCLUSION

Under EPA (1986), standards of effluent discharge in

terms of over 40 parameters are given

Industry specific norms are indicated for 11

industries

But such provisions and powers are rarely exercised

Pollution problems arising out of small scale

industries are being increasingly recognized.

CONCLUSION

The courts have played an active role in enforcing legislations pertaining to Environmental Protection

It would be the task of city authorities to formulate policies to achieve:

Rational market based policies

Regulatory & administrative policies

Extra-regulatory approaches

CONCLUSION

There is a strong case for increasing role of Central State & Local governments in improving the city environment

Starting with the Rio Conference, such roles and integration of social & environmental costs have been promoted

THANK YOU