issues in development and planning

8/14/2019 Issues in Development and Planning

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Issues in Development

and Planning

3. Population and Economic

Development


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People: both the cause and object of all

economic activity

Size and the nature of human resources

have a bearing on natural resources


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1. Human resources and economic

development: two pronged relationship

Size of the population: crucial determinant ofeconomic development.

The age structure of the population

(distribution of population across differentage groups): also a significant factor.


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Theory of Demographic Transition: Three stages:

Agrarian economy, no industrial development; High birth

rate and high death rate; illiteracy, early marriages; rate ofpopulation is stagnant or very slow.

Developing economy, industrial development, high birth

rate, death rate falls considerably, causes rapid increase in

population, called population explosion.


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Developed country: birth rate falls sharply,

high standard of living, small family, death

rate falls, population grows at a slow rate.


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Why is population growth so central to environmental problems?

What is carrying capacity and why is it important?

What is the global population growth rate? How does it compare togrowth rates in developed vs. developing countries?

What factors affect population growth rates? How can population growth be slowed? How does economic development affect population growth? What is a "demographic transition? What are its stages? What are the differences and similarities between the population

histories of China and India?


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Organism populations increase

exponentially, whereas the environment

does not increase at all (environmentalquality typically decreases with increasing

population).

Carrying Capacity: the maximum number ofindividuals that the environmental resources

of a given region can support.


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Contribution ofpopulation growth to economic

development:

Uninterrupted supply of labourSource of increased savings for capital

formation

Free flow of entrepreneurshipBigger market.


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2. Trends in Population in India:

Indias population: 2nd largest populated

country in the world, total population in

the 2001 census at 102.7 crore, which is

16% of the total population of the world.

Every sixth person in the world is anIndian.


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1921: year ofGreat Divide

Census recorded a decline in total

population of India. Reasons?

Famines and epidemics


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Growth rate of population:

Product of

i. migration,

ii. birth rate

iii. death rate.


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3. Other Demographic features:

a) Life expectancy: best statistical measure

of the health conditions and of the general

level of mortality of a community.

b) Infant mortality rate: Ratio of the number

of deaths among the 1000 born childrenbefore they become one year old.


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State with Highest FemaleSex Ratio:

Kerala (1,058)

State with Lowest FemaleSex Ratio:

Haryana (861)

UT with Highest Female

Sex Ratio:Pondicherry (1,001)

UT with Lowest Female SexRatio:

Daman & Diu: (710)

District with Highest FemaleSex Ratio:

Mahe (Pondicherry) (1,147)

District with Lowest FemaleSex Ratio:

Daman (Daman & Diu)(591)


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f) Rural urban

distribution:

Predominantly rural

India: 27.78% of

urban population

State Percentage of UrbanPopulation

Himachal Pradesh 9.79

Chandigarh 89.78

Bihar 10.47

Mizoram 49.50

Kerala 25.97

Tamil Nadu 43.86


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g) Literacy and levels of development:

A person who can read and write with

understanding in any language is termed

as a literate person.


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State Literacy Rate

Himachal Pradesh 76.48

Chandigarh 81.94

Bihar 47

Mizoram 88.8

Kerala 90.86

Tamil Nadu 73.45


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4. Nature ofPopulation problem in India:

Large population base, projected to rise

further

Consistently high growth rate of

population

Dependency ratio high

Large section illiterate


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5. Causes of Growth of Population:

High Birth Rate

Declining Death Rate


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High Birth Rate:

The number of women in the reproductive age is

largeThe average age of marriage among females is

very low.

Widespread poverty, children seen as potential

source of incomeIndifference towards family planning


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Declining Death Rate:

Disease control

Growing awareness and facilities aboutsanitation

Provision for better maternity and post natal

careLack of large scale food shortage


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6. Effects on Economic Development:

Adverse effects on savings:

Burden of dependency: more people in the nonworking age groups relative to those of working

age.

Unproductive investment: increasing population,

share of invest able resources has to be devoted toreproducing for additional people


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Slow growth of per capita income

Environmental damage and growing burden

on natural resourcesUnderutilization of labour

Growing pressure on land

Adverse effect on quality of populationAdverse social impact, unplanned

urbanization


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7. Need for Population Policy:

Emphasis on:

Controlling the growth of population

Increase in the rate of employment


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Remedies for population growth:

Family planning: limiting the number of

children born to a couple to one or two;

determining the spacing of children


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8. Achievements and Limitations:

Administrative- Organizational

Environment

Weakness of the Programme


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Administrative- Organizational

Environment:

a) Absence of political commitment

b) Absence of integration with other socio

economic sectors.

c) Weak links with development strategy


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9. Urbanization: Characteristics:

Increase in the number of points of

population concentration

Growth in the size of the population

Transfer of people from agricultural to

non agricultural occupations


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Urbanization and economic growth:

Cities: engine of growth: production,

market and service centers

Industrialization

Low level of mortality and fertility rate

High density of population


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Causes of Urbanization: Net rural urban migration Reclassification of rural to urban places

Major component of urbanization in India is ruralurban migration

In industrially developed states of Maharashtraand Gujarat, the urban growth rate was high till

1971 but slowed down thereafter. In agriculturalstates of Punjab and Haryana, the opposite trendwas noticed


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Causes of Migration:

Push factors:

fragmentation of agricultural lands, lowlevel of agricultural income

Pull factors:

Industrialization, improvement intransportation and communication andeducational facilities


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Problems due to urbanization:

Inadequacy of infrastructure

Growth of economic dualism


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Is further urbanization desirable?

If the spatial pattern of urbanization is

allowed to continue, urban growth wouldfurther get concentrated in big cities.

It is necessary to provide basic amenities

and infrastructure in rural areas.


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10. Occupational structure and economic growth:

Percentage of people dependent on agriculture

will decline in the long run. Percentage of people dependent on industries

would increase.

Increase in manufacturing employment


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Occupational structure in India:

Lopsided occupational structure:

heavy dependence on agriculture

1901-1971: first sub period: occupational

structure of India did not change at all

1971 onwards: Definite changes in the

occupational structure


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The number of workers in the modernindustries is on the increase.

The share of cultivators has come downwhile the agricultural labourers has gone up.

In Kerala, T.N., Maharashtra and Bengal, thepopulation engaged in agriculture has

declined, whereas in Rajasthan and Orissa,there has been an opposite development.


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Causes of stagnation of occupational

structure

Nature of technology: Modern technology:labour saving

Nature of allocation of resources: Capital

oriented, employment growth lags behindExistence of vast rural area.

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