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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), © IAEME

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HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING NANO FLUIDS AND INNOVATIVE METHODS - AN OVERVIEW

KAVITHA T

1 , RAJENDRAN A

2, DURAIRAJAN A

3, SHANMUGAM A

4

1Research Scholar, Department of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti,

Trichirapalli, Tamilnadu ,India. 2

Professor, Department of physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichirapalli,

Tamilnadu,India. 3UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R. College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode,Tamil Nadu, India. 4Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SAMS College of Engineering and

Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected],[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Nanofluids are quasi single phase medium containing stable colloidal dispersion of

ultrafine or nanometric metallic or ceramic particles in a given fluid. Nanofluids possess

immense potential of application to improve heat transfer and energy efficiency in several areas

including vehicular cooling in transportation, power generation, defense, nuclear, space,

microelectronics and biomedical devices. In the present contribution, a brief overview has been

presented to provide an update on the historical evolution of this concept, possible synthesis

routes, level of improvements reported, theoretical understanding of the possible mechanism of

heat conduction by nanofluid and scopes of application. According to this review, the future

developments of these technologies are discussed. In order to put the nanofluid heat transfer

technologies into practice, fundamental studies are greatly needed to understand the physical

mechanisms.

Key words: NanoFluids, Nano particles, Heat transfer enhancement.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nanofluids are a new class of fluids engineered by dispersing nanometer-sized materials

(nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheet, or droplets) in base

fluids. Common base fluids include water, organic liquids (e.g. ethylene, tri-ethylene-glycols,

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ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)

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refrigerants, etc.), oils and lubricants, bio-fluids, polymeric solutions and other common liquids.

Materials commonly used as nanoparticles include chemically stable metals (e.g. gold, copper),

metal oxides (e.g., alumina, silica, zirconia, titania), oxide ceramics (e.g. Al2O3, CuO), metal

carbides (e.g. SiC), carbon in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes,

fullerene) and functionalized nanoparticles. Much attention has been paid in the past decade to

this new type of composite material because of its enhanced properties and behavior associated

with heat transfer, mass transfer, wetting and spreading and antimicrobial activities and the

number of publications related to nanofluids increases in an exponential manner.

In this paper, experimental and theoretical studies are reviewed for nanofluid thermal

conductivity and heat transfer enhancement. Specifically, comparisons between thermal

measurement techniques and optical measurement techniques are discussed. Researchers have

also been tried to increase the thermal conductivity of base fluids by suspending micro or larger-

sized solid particles in fluids since the thermal conductivity of solid is typically higher than that

of liquids, seen from Table 1.

The recent trends on nanofluid heat transfer technologies and their applications are

comprehensively reviewed. Through this review, the future technology development and

research requirements have been identified.

Fig 1.1 Principle of Nanofluids

Table:1 Thermal conductivities of various solids and liquids

Material Thermal conductivity

(W/mK)

Carbon

Nanotubes

Diamond

Graphite

Fullerenes film

1800-6600

2300

110-190

0.4

Metallic solids (pure) Copper

Aluminum

401

237

Nonmetallic solids Silicon

Alumina (Al2O3)

148

40

Metallic liquids Sodium (644 K) 72.3

Nonmetallic liquids Water

Ethylene glycol (EG)

Engine oil (EO)

0.613

0.253

0.145


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2. HEAT CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN NANOFLUIDS The four possible mechanisms in nano fluids which may contribute to thermal

conduction.

(i) Brownian motion of Nano particles.

(ii) Liquid layering at the liquid/particle interface.

(iii) Ballistic nature of heat transport in nanoparticles.

(iv) Nano particle clustering in Nano fluids.

The Brownian motion of Nano particles is too slow to directly transfer heat through a nanofluid;

however, it could have an indirect role to produce a convection like micro environment around

the Nano particles and particle clustering to increase the heat transfer. This mechanism works

well only when the particle clustering has both the positive and negative effects of thermal

conductivity. The presence of an ordered interfacial liquid molecule layer is responsible for the

increase in thermal conductivity.

3. SYNTHESIS AND PREPARATION METHODS FOR NANOFLUIDS

Preparation of nanofluids is the first key step in experimental studies with nanofluids.

Nanofluids are not just dispersion of solid particles in a fluid. The essential requirements that a

nanofluid must fulfill are even and stable suspension, negligible agglomeration of particles, no

chemical change of the particles or fluid, etc. Nanofluids are produced by dispersing Nano meter

scale solid particles into base liquids such as water, ethylene glycol, oil, etc. In the synthesis of

nanofluids, agglomeration is a major problem. There are mainly two techniques used to produce

nanofluids: the single-step and the two-step techniques.

3.1 TWO STEP TECHNIQUE Two-step method is the most widely used method for preparing nanofluids.

Nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, or other nanomaterials used in this method are first

produced as dry powders by chemical or physical methods. Then, the nanosized powder will be

dispersed into a fluid in the second processing step with the help of intensive magnetic force

agitation, ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing, and ball milling. Two-step

method is the most economic method to produce nanofluids in large scale, because nanopowder

synthesis techniques have already been scaled up to industrial production levels. Due to the high

surface area and surface activity, nanoparticles have the tendency to aggregate. The important

technique to enhance the stability of nanoparticles in fluids is the use of surfactants. However,

the functionality of the surfactants under high temperature is also a big concern, especially for

high-temperature applications. Due to the difficulty in preparing stable nanofluids by two-step

method, several advanced techniques are developed to produce nanofluids, including one-step

method. In the following part, we will introduce one-step method in detail.

3.2 SINGLE STEP TECHNIQUE The single step simultaneously makes and disperses the nanoparticles directly into a base

fluid; best for metallic nanofluids. Single-disperses. Various methods have been tried to produce

different kinds of nanoparticles and nano suspensions.The initial materials tried for nanofluids

were oxide particles, primarily because they were easy to produce and chemically stable in

solution. Various investigators have produced Al2O3 and CuO nanopowder by an inertgas

condensation process and found to be 2–200 nm-sized particles. The major problem with this


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method is its tendency to form agglomerates and its unsuitability to produce pure metallic

nanopowders. The problem of agglomeration can be reduced to a good extent by using a direct

evaporation condensation method.

4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES The published data of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids are mostly obtained at room

temperature with two methods, namely the hot-wire method and the conventional heat

conduction cell method.. The 3w method is relatively new and accurate, and uses a metal wire

suspended in nanofluids. The wire acts as both a heater and a thermometer. A sinusoidal current

at frequency is passed through the metal wire and generates a heat wave at frequency 2 w. The

temperature rise at frequency 2 w in the metal wire can be deduced by the voltage component at

frequency 3 w. The thermal conductivity of the fluid is determined by the slope of the 2 w

temperature rise of the metal wire. Fig4.1 summarises the room temperature data from our own

work (Wen and Ding 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006; Ding et al. 2006; He et al. 2007) and

those reported in the literature (Lee et al. 1999; Eastman et al. 2001; Choi et al. 2001; Xie et al.

2002a & 2002b; Biercuk et al. 2002; Das et al. 2003a; Patel et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2004;

Assael et al 2004; Zhang X. et al. 2007). The data shown in Fig4.1 include aqueous, ethylene

glycol, minerals oil and polymerbased composite materials and are classified according to the

material type of nanoparticles. One can see a significant degree of data scattering. In spite of the

scatter, the presence of nanoparticles in fluids can substantially enhance the thermal conductivity

and the extent of enhancement depends on the nanoparticle material type and volume fraction.

Fig. 4.1 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids: data taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Choi et al.

(2001), Xie et al. (2002a & 2002b), Biercuk et al. (2002), Das et al. (2003a), Patel et al. (2003), Kumar et al.

(2004), Wen and Ding (2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006), Assael et al. (2004), Ding et al. (2006), He et al.

(2007) and Zhang X et al. (2007).

4.1 TRANSIENT HOT-WIRE METHOD (THW)

THW method is the most widely used static, linear source experimental technique for

measuring the thermal conductivity of fluids. A hot wire is placed in the fluid, which functions as

both a heat source and a thermometer. Based on Fourier’s law, when heating the wire, a higher

thermal conductivity of the fluid corresponds to a lower temperature rise. The relationship

between thermal conductivity knf and measured temperature T using the THW method is

summarized as follows. Assuming a thin, infinitely long line source dissipating heat into a fluid

reservoir, the energy equation in cylindrical coordinates can be written as:


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with initial condition and boundary conditions

T (t = 0) = T0 (2a)

and

The analytic solution reads:

where g = 0.5772 is Euler’s constant. Hence, if the temperature of the hot wire at time t1

and t2 are T1 and T2, then by neglecting higher-order terms the thermal conductivity can be

approximated as:

For the experimental procedure, the wire is heated via a constant electric power supply at

step time t. A temperature increase of the wire is determined from its change in resistance which

can be measured in time using a Wheatstone-bridge circuit. Then the thermal conductivity is

determined from Eq. 4, knowing the heating power (or heat flux q) and the slope of the curve

ln(t) versus T. The advantages of THW method are low cost and easy implementation. However,

the assumptions of an infinite wire-length and the ambient acting like a reservoir may introduce

errors. In addition, nanoparticle interactions, sedimentation and/or aggregation as well as natural

convection during extended measurement times may also increase experimental uncertainties.

4.2 THE ROLE OF BROWNIAN MOTION The Brownian motion of nanoparticles could contribute to the thermal conduction

enhancement through two ways, a direct contribution due to motion of nanoparticles that

transport heat, and an indirect contribution due to micro-convection of fluid surrounding

individual nanoparticles. The direct contribution of Brownian motion has been shown

theoretically to be negligible as the time scale of the Brownian motion is about 2 orders of

magnitude larger than that for the thermal diffusion of the base liquid. The indirect contribution

has also been shown to play a minute role by theoretical analysis. Furthermore, nanoparticles are

often in the form of agglomerates and/or aggregates. The Brownian motion should therefore play

an even less significant role. In the following text, further experimental evidence of the minor


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role of the Brownian motion is presented. Fig. 4.2 shows the thermal conductivity enhancement

as a function of temperature for nanofluids made of three types of metal-oxide nanoparticles.The

thermal conductivity enhancement is a very weak function of temperature. The weak temperature

dependence suggests that the Brownian motion of nanoparticles is not a dominant mechanism of

the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids under the conditions of this work. Fig. 4.3

shows the results of alumina nanofluids made from three base liquids with very different

viscosities. No clear trend in the dependence of the thermal conductivity enhancement on the

base liquid viscosity again suggests the minor role of the Brownian motion.

Table: 2 A list of the most frequently used models for effective thermal conductivity

Fig. 4.2 Effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity enhancement: data source see the

legend


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.

Fig.4. 3 Effect of base liquid property on thermal conductivity enhancement for alumina

nanofluids: data taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Xie et al. (2002a), Das et

al.(2003b) and Wen and Ding (2004b)

5. DISCUSSION ON NANOFLUID HEAT`TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR

APPLICATIONS

Thermo-physical and transport properties of nanofluids are very important in nanofluid

heat transfer technologies on single- and two-phase flow (boiling, flow boiling and

condensation). So far, most studies on nanofluid thermal properties have focused on thermal

conductivity and limited studies have concerned viscosity. For single-phase convective heat

transfer, it is clear that single-phase heat transfer coefficient can be enhanced by nanofluid due to

its higher thermal conductivity compared to the base fluid. It should also be noted that the

viscosity of a nanofluid is generally higher than that of the base fluid. Therefore, frictional

pressure drops of single phase flow of nanofluid are generally higher than those of the base fluid.

Fig 5.1 Comparison of experimental data for Cuo water Nano fluid


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Fig 5.2 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids

Fig 5.3 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids

Fig 5.4 Thermal conductivity ratio (ke/kf ) as a function of nanoparticle volume percent of

Al70Cu30 dispersed water and ethylene glycol based nanofluid


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5.1. HEAT TRANSFER INTENSIFICATION

Since the origination of the nanofluid concept about a decade ago, the potentials of

nanofluids in heat transfer applications have attracted more and more attention. Up to now, there

are some review papers which present overviews of various aspects of nanofluids including

preparation and characterization, techniques for the measurements of thermal conductivity,

theory and model, thermo physical properties, and convective heat transfer. Our group studied

the thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol- (EG-) based nanofluids containing oxides

including MgO, TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles and the results demonstrated that

MgO-EG nanofluid was found to have superior features with the highest thermal conductivity

and lowest viscosity. In this part, we will summarize the applications of nanofluids in heat

transfer enhancement.

5.2 INDUSTRIAL COOLING APPLICATIONS.

The application of nanofluids in industrial cooling will result in great energy savings and

emissions reductions. For US industry, the replacement of cooling and heating water with

nanofluids has the potential to conserve 1 trillion Btu of energy. For the US electric power

industry, using nanofluids in closed loop cooling cycles could save about 10–30 trillion Btu per

year (equivalent to the annual energy consumption of about 50,000–150,000 households). The

associated emissions reductions would be approximately 5.6 million metric tons of carbon

dioxide, 8,600 metric tons of nitrogen oxides, and 21,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide .

Experiments were performed using a flow-loop apparatus to explore the performance of

polyalphaolefin nanofluids containing exfoliated graphite nanoparticle fibers in cooling. It was

observed that the specific heat of nanofluids was found to be 50% higher for nanofluids


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compared with polyalphaolefin, and it increased with temperature. The thermal diffusivity was

found to be 4 times higher for nanofluids. The convective heat transfer was enhanced by 10%

using nanofluids compared with using polyalphaolefin. Ma et al. proposed the concept of

nanoliquid-metal fluid, aiming to establish an engineering route to make the highest conductive

coolant with about several dozen times larger thermal conductivity than that of water. The liquid

metal with low melting point is expected to be an idealistic base fluid for making

superconductive solution, which may lead to the ultimate coolant in a wide variety of heat

transfer enhancement area. The thermal conductivity of the liquid metal fluid can be enhanced

through the addition of more conductive nanoparticles.

Reference Base fluid Nano

particle

Size of

Nano

particle

Maximum

Concentration

(vol %)

Maximum

Enhancement

in k (%)

Masuda et al Water A12O3 13nm 4.3 30

Eastman et al Water A12O3 33nm 5 30

Water CuO 36nm 5 60

Pump oil Cu 35nm 0.055 45

Pak et al Water A12O3 13nm 4.3 32

Water TiO2 27nm 4.35 10.7

Wang et al Water A12O3 28nm 4.5 14

Ethylene Glycol A12O3 28nm 8 40

Pump Oil A12O3 28nm 7 20

Engine Oil A12O3 28nm 7.5 30

Water CuO 23nm 10 35

Ethylene Glycol CuO 23nm 15 55

Lee et al Water A12O3 24.4nm 4.3 10

Ethylene Glycol A12O3 24.4nm 5 20

Water CuO 18.6nm 4.3 10

Ethylene Glycol CuO 18.6nm 4 20

Das et al Water A12O3 38nm 4 25

Water CuO 28.6nm 4 36

Xie et al Water A12O3 60nm 5 20

Ethylene Glycol A12O3 60nm 5 30

Decene MWCNTs - 1 20

Liu et al Synthetic oil MWCNTs - 2 30

Ethylene Glvcol MWCNTs - 1 12.4

Table 4: Summary of the maximum measured thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids

containing nanoparticles


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6. CONCLUSION Nanofluids, i.e., well-dispersed metallic nanoparticles at low volume fractions in liquids,

enhance the mixture’s thermal conductivity over the base-fluid values. Thus, they are potentially

useful for advanced cooling of micro-systems. This paper presents an overview of the recent

developments in the study of nanofluids, including the preparation methods, the evaluation

methods for their stability, the ways to enhance their stability, the stability mechanisms, and their

potential applications in heat transfer intensification, mass transfer enhancement, energy fields,

mechanical fields and so for. The performance of nanofluid critically depends upon the size,

quantity (volume percentage), shape and distribution of dispersoids, and their ability to remain

suspended and chemically un-reacted in the fluid.

In summary, the future scope in the nanofluid research cycle are to concentrated on heat

transfer enhancements and determine its physical mechanisms, taking into consideration such

items as the optimum particle size and shape, particle volume concentration, fluid additive,

particle coating, and base fluid. Precise measurement and documentation of the degree and scope

of enhancement of thermal properties is extremely important. Better characterization of

nanofluids is also important for developing engineering designs based on the work of multiple

research groups, and fundamental theory to guide this effort should be improved. Finally, it is

pertinent to suggest that nanofluid research warrants a genuinely multidisciplinary approach with

complementary efforts from material scientists (regarding synthesis and characterization),

thermal engineers (for measuring thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient under

various regimes and conditions), chemists (to study the agglomeration behavior and stability of

the dispersoid and liquid) and physicists (modeling the mechanism and interpretation of results).

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AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

1.Kavitha T is a Research Scholar in Nehru Memorial college. She obtained her

M.S.C (Physics) from Nehru Memorial College and she has published papers in

various prestigious journals. She has presented several papers in the proceedings

of the national and international conferences in the field of Nanomaterials, Thin

Films, solar cell.

2.Rajendran A is working as a professor in Nehru memorial college Trichy,

Tamil Nadu, India. He obtained his M.S.C (Physics) from Nehru Memorial

College and Ph.D. from Poondi pushpam Arts & Science college, Thanjavur,

India. He published research papers in various national / international Journal /

conferences in the field of Microprocessor, Microcontrollers and Nanomaterials.

3.Durairajan A is a Mechanical Engineering student from KSR College of

Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal (DT), Tamil Nadu, India. He is a student

Member of Professional Bodies like International Nano Science Community,

Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE), Indian Society For Non-Destructive

Testing (ISNT) and Combustion Institute. He was awarded “Young Investigator

Award” in International conference on Mechanical & Industrial Engineering at Goa and he has

published more than 20 papers in the proceedings of the National conferences and several papers

in the proceedings of the International conferences and Prestigious Journals in the field of

NanoMaterials, Automobile pollution control, IC Engines.

4. Shanmugam A is currently working as a Assistant Professor in Mechanical

Department SAMS College of Engineering and Technology Chennai. He is a

Membership in professional bodies like ISTE, Asian Nano science and Nano

Technology association.He did his M.Tech in Nano technology at Anna University. He

has presented several Papers in the Proceedings of the National Conferences and in the

International Conferences in the field of nanoparticles, quantum dots.

issn 0976 – 6340 (print) issn 0976 – 6359 (online ) ijmet … transfer... · 2014-03-04 · can...

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