iso electro foucing nitu
DESCRIPTION
Separation techniques for biomoleculesTRANSCRIPT
Isoelectric focusing
IntroductionPrincipleProcedure ApplicationsReference
First dimension, Isoelectric focusing (IEF)
Isoelectric focusing
Electrophoresis in a pH gradient Electrophoresis gradient
Separation method that resolves protein markers on the basis of their isoelectric points markers points
Successfully used in clinical, research, and agricultural fields agricultural fields
BloodSerumMuscle ExtractsSeed Extracts
Cont…Cont…
- Ability to separate on total protein marker profiles or enzyme protein marker profiles
- Proteins with same molecular weights will separate out by pH
- Testing time is quick (~2- 3 days) - Ability to have permanent record of
the gel - Pre cast gels available - Versatile to a large number of crops
for the agriculture industry- Seed or tissue extraction
What is IEF
IEF is preformed in a pH gradient. Proteins are amphoteric molecules with
acidic and basic buffering groups (side chain). In basic environment, the acidic groups
become negatively charged. In acidic environment, the basic groups
become positively charged. The net charge of a protein is the sum
of all charges. Isoelectric point (pI): the pH where the
charge of a protein is zero.
The principle of IEF
The IEF is a very high resolution separation method, and the pI of a protein can be measured.
2-DE instruments, 1st dimension
Amersham Biosciences Bio-Rad
Two ways to form pH gradient
A. Classic IEF technique Carrier ampholyte generated pH
gradient.
B. modern IEF technique Immobilized pH gradients
A. Carrier ampholyte generated pH gradient
First developed by Svensson, nature pH gradient (1961).Svensson H. Acta Chem Scand (1961) vol.15, p325.
Practical realization by Vesterberg (1969). Artificial pH gradient: synthesis of a
heterogeneous mixtures of isomers of aliphatic oligoamino-oligocarboxylic acid.
Synthetic carrier ampholyte v.s. natural occurring ampholyte
Synthetic carrier ampholyte: High buffering capacity and solubility at
the pI. Good and regular electric conductivity at
the pI. Absence of biological effects. Low molecular weight.
Natural occurring ampholyte: Amino acids or peptides Lack the properties above Can not be used in IEF.
Behavior of ampholytes
Negatively (-) charged carrier ampholyte Move toward anode (+). Such as -COO-
Positively (+) charged carrier ampholyte Move toward cathode (-). Such as NH3
+
Solution in the IEF
To maintain a gradient as stable as possible, electrode solutions are applied between the gel and the electrodes.
Acid is used at the anode. Base is used at the cathode.
– Example: an acidic carrier ampholyte reach the anode (+), its basic buffering group would protonated (acquire a positive charge) from the medium and it would be attracted back by the cathode.
Carrier ampholytes as solvents for proteins.
Carrier ampholytes also help to solublize proteins, which stay in solution only in the presence of buffering compounds.
They are necessary in traditional IEF and new immobilized pH gradient IEF.
Problems for the traditional IEF
1. Long running time. Protein close to their pI have low net charge thus
have low mobility. Denatured polypeptides migrate slower in gel
than native protein.
2. Gradient drift. The pH gradient become instable during lone
time Most basic proteins drift out of the gel.
3. Proteins behave like additional carrier ampholyte They modify the profile of pH gradient
B. Immobilized pH gradient, IPG
First developed by Righetti ,(1990).
Immobilized pH gradient generated by buffering acrylamide derivatives (Immobilines)
Immobilines are weak acid or weak base.
H
Advantage of IPG strips
1. Industrial standard (GMP) reduce variation.2. The chemistry of the immobiline is better
controllable.3. The film-supported gel strips are easy to
handle.4. The fixed gradient are consistent during
IEF.5. Stable basic pH gradient allow
reproducible results for basic proteins.6. High protein loads are achievable.7. Less protein loss during equilibration in
SDS buffer.
Rehydration of IPG strip
Standard rehydration solution:
8M urea, 0.5% CHAPS, 0.2% DTT, 0.5% carrier ampholyte, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.002% bromophenol blue
Types of rehydration:1.Rehydration cassette2.Reswelling tray3.Rehydration loading4.Cup loading
1. Rehydration cassette
Disadvantages:
1. high volume of rehydration solution needs.
2. cassette leaking due to urea and detergent.
3. rehydration loading of different sample is not possible.
2. Reswelling tray
Rehydration volume must be controlled. 7cm: 125 mL 13 cm: 250 mL 18 cm: 340 mL 24 cm: 450 mL
Run IEF step 1
1. Remove protective film from Immobiline™ DryStrip gel.
Run IEF step 2
2 . Apply rehydration solution to the Strip Holder.
Run IEF 3
3. Wet entire length of IPG strip in rehydration solution by placing IPG strip in strip holder (gel facing down).
Run IEF 4
4. Gently lay entire IPG strip in the strip holder, placing the end of IPG strip over cathodic electrode.
Run IEF 5
5. Protein sample can be applied at sample application well following the rehydration step if the protein sample was not included in the rehydration solution.
Run IEF 6
6. Carefully apply DryStrip Cover Fluid along entire length of IPG strip.
Run IEF 7
7. Place cover on strip holder.
Run IEF 8
8. Place assembled strip holder on Ettan™ IPGphor™ platform
Analysis of Protein Analysis of Protein Markers Markers
Coomassie Blue Stain of Wheat
Silver Stain of Soybeans
Silver Staining Silver Staining
Place the recently run gel into a staining dish, pour 200 ml of fixative solution onto the gel, rock for 15 minutes .
Wash the gel while rocking for one hour in 500 ml of deionized water, repeat wash step with fresh water.
Allow the gel to dry completely mite be overnight at room temperature.
Clean all staining glassware and stir bars with reducing wash solution.
Cont…..Cont…..
Formulate the silver staining solution Prepare gel for staining by washing
for 5 minutes in 200 ml deionized water minutes water
Pour silver stain mixture over the gel Pour gel’’s surface and begin rocking the gel.
Allow the gel to stain until bands reach desired intensity
Cont….Cont….
Discard the staining solution and rinse gel in deionized water gel water
Pour stop solution onto the gel, soak for 10 minutes.
Place the gel in 200 mL of deionized water, soak for 10 minutes.
Allow gel to air dry
Points to be noted…Points to be noted…
Thirty minutes before the completion of the gel run prepare the enzyme stain
Pour the stain over the gel surface immediately after focusing
rock and heat the gel during staining gel staining
Proteins components in the Thermo Scientific DyLight 549/649 Proteins components in the Thermo Scientific DyLight 549/649 Fluorescent MW Marker are dual-labeled with two fluorophores Fluorescent MW Marker are dual-labeled with two fluorophores for detection in two different fluorescent channels in gel (Panel for detection in two different fluorescent channels in gel (Panel 1) or on membrane (Panel 2). The bands also can be detected 1) or on membrane (Panel 2). The bands also can be detected with Coomassie dye or silver stains (Panel 3).with Coomassie dye or silver stains (Panel 3).
Applications of Isoelectric Applications of Isoelectric Focusing Focusing
Agricultural Industry 1. Genetic Purity 2. Variety identification, including
trait3. Parental Line Maintenance
Parental Maintenance4. Breeding Programs
ReferencesReferences Reiner Westermeier. Electrophoresis in Practice.
3rd Edition. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim (2001) page 3. Coligan, J.E., et al. , Eds. (2002). Electrophoresis, In
Current Protocols in Protein Science, pp. 10.0.1-10.4.36. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
Bollag, D.M., Rozycki, M.D. and Edelstein, S.J. (2002). Protein Methods, 2nd ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York.
Hames, B.D. and Rickwood, D. Eds. (1990) Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: a Practical Approach, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.
Craig Nelson Manager Electrophoresis Technologies BioDiagnostics Inc.
Diagram.Par.64776.Image.560.446.1.Integrating-IEF-Fractionato-jpg
2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim