is sustainability measurable? the sustainability ... · is sustainability measurable? the...
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IS SUSTAINABILITY MEASURABLE?The sustainability dimensions and
AnteriorPróximo
MARIA AMÉLIA ENRÍQUEZ
The sustainability dimensions and mining
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Key Topics
1. The Sustainability Dimensions (Rio +20) – the future we want and its trade-offstrade-offs
2. The challenge of a sustainable mining
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The various faces of sustainability (Rio + 20)
Economicdevelopment
Povertyerradication
• Interdependence• Simultaneous
SustainableDevelopment
Social inclusion
Goodgovernance
Environmental Sustainability
• Simultaneous achievement
• complementarity
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Trade-offs
� Economic growth x environmental degradation
� Environmental preservation x poverty
� Rent access x poor governance
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Population Growth ScenarioCountries (by income level ): GDP, GDP per capita and
population, 2010 e 2050 (forecast)
Countries
(income level)
(US$ tri)
% GDP
2009
Income per
capita medium
(US$ 1000)
% pop. global
2011 - 7 bi
%´pop. global
2050 - 9 bi
Higt 30.000 -3 27 18 (1,2 bi) 14 (1,3 bi)
Medium 9.000 7 2 70 (5,0 bi) 68 (6,1 bi)
Low 300 5 0,3 12 (0,8 bi) 18 (1,6 bi)
*Adjusted net national income (Constant 2000 US$)Source databank.worldbank.org and population division of Department of Economics and Social Affairs of United Nations
• G4 (China, India, Brazil and South Africa), account for 65% of world population, 72% of farms and 22% of agricultural production
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Crescimento do PIB acumulado 2002-2010 (%)
Sudamerica
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Steel Steel ConsumptionConsumption (Mt(Mt))
Source: Preparing for the future, AJM 13th Global Iron Ore & Steel Forecast Conference
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Global Mining Commodities Prices Index
240
290
40
90
140
190
May
198
6ja
n/87
Sep 1
987
May
198
8ja
n/89
Sep 1
989
May
199
0ja
n/91
Sep 1
991
May
199
2ja
n/93
Sep 1
993
May
199
4ja
n/95
Sep 1
995
May
199
6ja
n/97
Sep 1
997
May
199
8ja
n/99
Sep 1
999
May
200
0ja
n/01
Sep 2
001
May
200
2ja
n/03
Sep 2
003
May
200
4ja
n/05
Sep 2
005
May
200
6ja
n/07
Sep 2
007
May
200
8ja
n/09
Sep 2
009
May
201
0ja
n/11
Metals Index prices – May 1986 to May 2011 (2005=100)
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The main economic goals
ConventionalEconomy
EcocologicalEconomic
Resources allocation(EFICIENCY)
1ª priority3ª priority – afterachieve the 2 priorities(EFICIENCY) achieve the 2 priorities
Wealth distribution(JUSTICE)
No priority – the marketsolve
2ª priority –socialjustice (policy decision)
Resources use scale(SUSTAINABILITY)
No relevance - themarket solve
1ª priority – sustainablesclae (policy decision)
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Three main ecological-economic goal
� SCALEDefinition of sustainable scale is political. Should be a priority and precede the other. Should consider the limiting factors of development.
� JUSTICEBenefits share of economic prosperity, but if it is unjust and unsustainable scale, the market (allocative efficiency) do not have to settle, only reinforces the current status
� EFFICIENCYEfficient allocation ensures reduction in intensity and increase in resource productivity, but does not guarantee sustainability nor distributive justice
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Y=f(K,L)
Scale of the
resources use
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Daly →“full world” e “empty world”
� In the "empty world" was consistent think that nature does not represent limitations to growth and that the represent limitations to growth and that the capital was a limiting factor
� In the "full world" the limiting factor is the natural capital (natural resources and ecosystem services)
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Peak minerals
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Juruti ↑Curionópolis ↓Dom Eliseu ↓
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Parauapebas ↑Óbidos = São João do Araguaia =
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Paragominas ↑Ulianópolis = Parauapebas ↑Canaã ↑
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Ôbidos, Terra Santa ↓Itupiranga, Eldorado ↓ Parauapebas ↑Paragominas ↑ Ulianópolis ↓
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� Em nível de Estado, a mineração gera pouco emprego direto e tributo – desproporcional à sua importância nacional e global
� Concentra benefícios no município minerador –“efeito imã” “efeito imã”
� Não consegue irradiar para seus entornos os mesmos benefícios, ao contrário, expulsa os fatores indesejáveis – “efeito banimento”
� A consequência é o aumento da desigualdade intermunicipal, o que afeta negativamente os objetivos de desenvolvimento regional .
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Resources Based EconomiesTipology (Enríquez 2012)
Rent seeking
tipfall
MINERAL RENT ACCESS
+Mobilization of the productive forces for development
Progressive route to
underdevelpmentStructural limits to
add value
PRODUCTIVE
DIVRSIFICATION-
IV
+III
I
II
_