is biocontrol a future control option for flowering rush ... · •biocontrol may provide long-term...
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Jennifer [email protected]
253.651.2197
Is Biocontrol a Future Control Option for Flowering Rush Management?
Hariet Hinz, Patrick Häfliger & Carol Ellison – CABIJohn Gaskin – USDA ARS NPARL
Jenifer Parsons – WA Department of EcologyPeter Rice – University of Montana
Greg Haubrich – WA State Department of AgricultureAl Cofrancesco – Army Corps of EngineersSusan Turner – B.C. Ministry of FLNRORD
Tanya Rushcall – Alberta Environment & ParksKen Merrill – Kalispel Tribe
Project Partners
P. Rice
• Fresh water aquatic invasive species
• Emergent & submerged growth forms
• Colonizes wetlands, slow-moving rivers, canals & irrigation ditches
• Diploid & triploid cytotypes
• Disperses through rhizome fragments & rhizome buds
Butomus umbellatus©
2004, Ben Legler
© 2004, B
en Legler
J. Andreas, W
SU
Flowering Rush Distribution•Found in North American temperate zone
EDDMapS, 16 Oct 2018
• Herbicide • Covering• Hand-pulling,
digging, diver assisted suction
• Mechanical
Flowering Rush Control
3 years of cover, it’s still growing!
BaldwinSorby
Sorby
Andreas
Houser
• Difficult to control• Only species in Butomaceae family
– increases likelihood for a host-specific biocontrol agent• Biocontrol may provide long-term solution
– rhizome-feeder needed for maximum impact
• Consortium formed in 2013 – partnership between CABI Switzerland, WA, MT, B.C., MS,
ID
• CABI– international not-for-profit organization – experts in biocontrol research & development
• Pursue funding sources
Flowering Rush Biocontrol Consortium
• Funding sources– Montana Noxious Weed Trust Fund– Washington Department of Agriculture – Washington Department of Ecology– Washington Department of Natural Resources– U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Mississippi)– Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation– British Columbia - Ministry of Forest, Lands & Natural
Resources Operations (FLNRO)– U.S. Bureau of Land Management – Montana – Kalispel Tribe– U.S. Forest Service (FHP, FHTET)
Project Funding
• Develop a test plant list for host-specificity testing̶ensure potential biocontrol agents only attack flowering rush
• Assess & compare ploidy cytotypes between North America & Europe− ensure potential biocontrol agents attack North American
flowering rush
• Overseas research & development – CABI Switzerland− conduct literature & field surveys to find potential agents− conduct host-specificity tests− conduct impact studies to assess potential attack rates
Work Plan
• 41 test plant species̶primarily from 2 closely related families̶all available for testing
• 5 FR NA populations • Informal USFWS review of test plant list completed
Test Plant List
Mobot, verrsion 12, Stevens, P.F. 2001 onward; http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm
J. Andreas, W
SU
• Develop a test plant list for host-specificity testing̶ensure potential biocontrol agents only attack flowering rush
• Assess & compare ploidy cytotypes between North America & Europe− ensure potential biocontrol agents attack North
American flowering rush
• Overseas research & development – CABI Switzerland− conduct literature & field surveys to find potential agents− conduct host-specificity tests− conduct impact studies to assess potential attack rates
Work Plan
Genetics
Gaskin 2016
EU samples differ from most NA
Gaskin 2018
1&6
https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/1/edit?hl=en&mid=18SHM8Jt4lgOalzzODtKOocEzIhw&ll=45.981248077874014%2C-113.93359375&z=4
North American Genotypes• 1 – most common in western N.A.• 4 – most common NE U.S.
Gaskin 2018
• Develop a test plant list for host-specificity testing̶ ensure potential biocontrol agents only attack flowering rush
• Assess & compare ploidy cytotypes between North America & Europe− ensure potential biocontrol agents attack North American flowering rush
• Overseas research & development – CABI Switzerland− conduct literature & field surveys to find potential
agents− conduct host-specificity tests− conduct impact studies to assess potential attack rates
Work Plan
CABI Overseas Field Surveys
Kazakhstan
Patrick
Bagous nodulosus (a) weevil monophagousBagous validus (b) weevil monophagousDonacia tomentosa (c) leaf beetle monophagousPhytoliriomyza ornata (d) agromyzid fly monophagousHydrellia concolor? (e) ephydrid fly monophagousGlyptotendipes viridis? (f) chironomid fly monophagousDoassansia niesslii (g) white smut unknown
CABI Overseas Field Surveys
(a) (e) (c)
(b) (f) (d)
(g)
CABI (all photos)
Bagous nodulosus• Typical adult feeding damage
facilitates confirming presence at field sites
• Larvae develop in leaves & rhizomes• Larvae leave plants & float/swim to
other plants
CABI (all photos)
Sequential no-choice oviposition tests (2016-2018)• Exposed cut leaves of test or control plants in plastic
cylinders partly filled with water for two days• 41 test plant species
Host-specificity – B. nodulosusT. H
aye, CA
BI
CABI CABI
• Only Baldellia ranunculoides (EU) was accepted for oviposition (only once)
• Only Valisneria americanus (NA) & Limnobium laevigatum (SA) had more extensive adult feeding
Host-specificity Results – B. nodulosus C
AB
I
CABIWikipedia
Luirig.altervista.org
No-choice larval establishment tests (2018)
• Two 1st instar larvae exposed to cut leaves of test or control plants for five days
• 18 test plant species• Most larvae on test plant species found dead• Some feeding & alive larvae found on Echinodorus
berteroi (NA) & Limnobium laevigatum (SA)
Host-specificity – B. nodulosus
→ Bagous nodulosus appears highly host specific
CABI
Impact – B. nodulosus• Three weevil pairs set up on 17 potted plants• ~20 trap plants added to capture swimming larvae• Data analysis still needed
• Preliminary results:‒ adult feeding seems to
have more impact than larval feeding
‒ trap plants consistently infested
CABI
Phytoliriomyza ornata• Found at sites in Germany, Hungary, Slovakia &
Kazakhstan• Larvae mine in leaves & flowering stems• Two generations per year • Developing rearing protocol & building populations
for host-specificity testing
CABICABI CABI
• Plants wilting 2-3 weeks after exposure to one female for 3-4 days
Damage: P. ornata
CABI CABI
Doassansia niesslii• Work done in collaboration with Carol Ellison (CABI UK)• White smut with potential for high damage• Records from Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Russia
& Sweden• Collected near Bremen in Northern Germany in 2013
CABI
• Additional isolate from Saxony in 2017
CABI
Doassansia niesslii• Two spore types – attack the plant in different ways• Adapted to aquatic habitats• Able to infect plants underwater• Impact to rhizomes unknown
CABI (all photos)
Genotype Testing: D. niesslii
Bouchie Lake, Canada (genotype 2)
‒ plant died‒ rhizome?
South Dakota, USA (genotype 1)
‒ plant remained healthy
More surveys needed to find additional strains, particularly strains attacking genotype 1&4
CABI
CABI 2019 Plans• Bagous nodulosus (weevil)
‒ continue no-choice larval establishment tests host-specificity tests
‒ as needed, single choice &/or development tests‒ improve rearing method
• Phytoliriomyza ornata (fly)‒ begin host-specificity testing‒ impact study depending on insect availability
• Doassansia niesslii (white smut)‒ conduct additional field surveys to find additional strains
IF FUNDING AVAILABLE:‒ continue host-specificity studies
Future Plans• Develop field release
petition for B. nodulosus • Finalize flowering rush
genetic & ploidy analysis• Cultivate new NA
partnerships• Pursue additional funding
For More Information:Jennifer Andreas