Pollution Purging Plants! IP Kate Kennen, RLA Using Plants to Clean Up Polluted Water, Soil & Air

Integ

rating

Degredation Hedge4.9

Subsurface Gravel Wetland4.18Evapotranspiration Cover4.2

Air Flow Buffer4.13

4.17 Surface Flow Wetland 4.4 Phyto Irrigation 4.16 Stormwater Filter4.15 Multi-Mechanism Buffer

Degradation Cover4.10

Stormwater Filter4.16

PHYTOPrinciples and resources

for site remediation and landscape design

K a t e K e n n e n a n d N i a l l K i r k w o o d

PHYTOKate Kennen and Niall Kirkw

ood

In two words: “Beyond comprehensive”. Phyto is by far the most comprehensive compilation of Phytotechnologies out there. It truly goes beyond by tying together this broad set of plant technologies for cleaning the environment with the necessary form and functionality of landscape design. As an advocate and trainer in Phytotechnologies, I especially appreciate the illustrative graphics and easy-to-understand descriptions that clearly convey the science, engineering, design, and planning to the technical and artisan alike.David Tsao, Ph.D, BP Corporation North America, Inc.

Phyto is a fantastic resource, not just to landscape architects but also to engineers and scientists as well. As phytoremediation developed, advancement efforts focused on the biochemical science of the processes, and while the fi eld was cognizant of ‘ancillary benefi ts’ valuation was not considered, mostly due to lacking knowledge and resources. Phyto brings the social and physical science into a common meeting place, and provides much needed discussion, fantastic visualizations and cross cultural presentation of plant-based technologies that can be incorporated into our urban spaces to serve both public health and the quality of life itself.Joel G. Burken, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA

This book closes a very important gap between phytotechnologies and practice. Through creative design, the authors succeed in translating a comprehensive subject matter into accessible information. A special merit is that the book predicts vegetation strategies becoming an anticipatory tool in the hands of the landscape architect in advance of potential future contamination preventing human exposure to soil, water and air contamination.Jaco Vangronsveld, Centre for Environmental Sciences of Hasselt University, Belgium

Phyto presents the concepts of phytoremediation and phytotechnology in one comprehensive guide, illustrating when plants can be considered for the uptake, removal or mitigation of on-site pollutants. Current scientifi c case studies are covered, highlighting the advantages and limitations of plant-based cleanup. Typical contaminant groups found in the built environment are explained, and plant lists for mitigation of specifi c contaminants are included where applicable.

This is the fi rst book to address the benefi ts of phytotechnologies from a design point of view, taking complex scientifi c terms and translating the research into an easy-to-understand reference book for those involved in creating planting solutions. Typically, phytotechnology planting techniques are currently employed post-site contamination to help clean up already contaminated soil by taking advantage of the positive effects that plants can have upon harmful toxins and chemicals. This book presents a new concept to create projective planting designs with preventative phytotechnology abilities, ‘phytobuffering’ where future pollution may be expected for particular site programs.

Filled with tables, photographs and detailed drawings, Kennen and Kirkwood guide the reader through the process of selecting plants for their aesthetic and environmental qualities, combined with their contaminant-removal benefi ts.

Kate Kennen is a landscape architect, and the founder and president of Offshoots, Inc., a Boston, Massachusetts landscape architecture practice focused on productive planting techniques and phytotechnology consulting.

Niall Kirkwood is a landscape architect, technologist and Professor at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. His other publications include Manufactured Sites: Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape (Routledge) and Principles of Brownfi eld Regeneration (Island Press).

ECOLOGY / LANDSCAPECover image: ©Kate Kennen, taken at the Riverbend Landfi ll, McMinnville, OR.

www.routledge.com

Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats 9 780415 814157

ISBN 978-0-415-81415-7

PHYTO 101

Acknowledgments

Contributors ix

Preface xiii

Foreword by Dr. Steven Rock xxi

List of icons xxvii

List of abbreviations xxix

1: Phytotechnology and the contemporary environment: an overview 3

2: Fundamentals 27

3: Contaminant classifi cations and plant selection 63

4: Phytotypologies: phytotechnology planting types 202

5: Site programs and land use 249

6: Additional resources 311

Afterword by Dr. Jason White and Dr. Lee Newman 316

Glossary 319

Bibliography 323

Index 350

Design Applications

Acknowledgments

Contributors ix

Preface xiii

Foreword by Dr. Steven Rock xxi

List of icons xxvii

List of abbreviations xxix

1: Phytotechnology and the contemporary environment: an overview 3

2: Fundamentals 27

3: Contaminant classifi cations and plant selection 63

4: Phytotypologies: phytotechnology planting types 202

5: Site programs and land use 249

6: Additional resources 311

Afterword by Dr. Jason White and Dr. Lee Newman 316

Glossary 319

Bibliography 323

Index 350

Degrade Extract

Mechanisms

Phytostabilization

Phytohydraulics

Phytoextraction

Phytovolatilization

Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation

Phytometabolism

Potential Phytotechnology Mechanisms

Phytostabilization

Phytoextraction

Phytovolatilization

Rhizodegradation

Phytodegradation

Contaminant Diagram Key

Organic Inorganic Phytometabolism

Less Time (1 - 10 years) More Time (10+ years) ....potential to take many decades

Relative Remediation Time

GoodOpportunity for Field

Application

Some Potential

Relative Opportunity to

Consider Phytotech-nology Options for

this Contaminant in Landscape Design

Less Current Applicability at

Field Scale

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Nutrients

otherVOCs

TCE

PCE/PercChlorinated Solvents

Pesticides

Atrazine

Diazinon

Others

PAHs

BTEX

Petroleum

Aliphatics

MTBE

Copper

Cobalt

BoronIron

Mang-anese

Molyb-denum

SeleniumNickel

Arsenic

Lead

Chromium

Flourine

Mercury

Aluminum

Cadmium

Metal(loid)s

Zinc

SaltsNaCl

HMX

TNT

RDX

Explosives Radio-nuclides

Uranium

Trintium

Strontium Cesium

DDT &DDE

PCB

Chlordane

POPs

CH 4- PHYTO- Typologies

1- Degradation Bosque2- Degradation Hedge and Living Fence3- Degradation Cover

4- Groundwater Migration Tree Stand5- Interception Hedgerow

6- Phyto Irrigation

7- Extraction Plots8- Planted Stabilization Mat 9- Evapotranspiration (ET) Cover

10- Air Flow Buffer

11- Multi-Mechanism Buffer12- Multi-Mechanism Mat

13- Green (and Blue and Brown) Roofs14- Green Wall

15- Stormwater Filter16- Surface Flow Constructed Wetland17- Subsurface Gravel Wetland18- Floating Wetland

kate @ offshootsinc.com

Thank You!