invisible enemies
TRANSCRIPT
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Invisible Enemies: Stories of Infectious Diseases
By Jeanette Farrell
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Seven Infectious Diseases
• Smallpox• Leprosy• Plague• Tuberculosis• Malaria• Cholera• AIDS
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Smallpox
• No effective defense against disease until 1800s• Traveled easily• Many people died; those who survived had scars on
their faces– No eyelashes– Face covered with shallow dishes
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Smallpox (Continued)
• Asia, Africa, and India practiced inoculation– Gave minor case of smallpox to patient, leaving victim
alive with scars, but immune
• Inoculation was brought back to Europe and allowed Edward Jenner to develop a vaccination to defeat smallpox (cowpox)
• Smallpox was eliminated from world by late 1970s• People worry that smallpox can still be created as a
weapon
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Leprosy
• One of least contagious of all infectious diseases
• People who had leprosy were considered outcasts (“untouchables”)
• Carville was a place for people who had leprosy (treated as a disease rather than a curse)
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Leprosy (Continued)
• Slow-growing disease in body– Patches develop– Can distort face– Causes lost of eyelashes and eyebrows– Nose could cave in– No sensation
• Leprosy bacteria develops in cool places (armadillo)
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Leprosy (Continued)
• Found ways to replace hands, fingers, feet, etc.
• Doctors are pushing to eliminate leprosy as a health problem– Sick people won’t step forward and drugs are
still being developed to stop leprosy (Promin)
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Plague
• Plague spread throughout world by use of animals– Black Death (fleas - rats)
• Nobody suspected that plague was spread by animals
• By 1894, scientists had found out what germ caused the disease, but still did not know how it spread– People finally discovered that it was rats (India and
China)
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Plague (Continued)
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Plague (Continued)
• In 1907, people went after rats when plague struck San Francisco for the second time
• People now know that plague hides in rodents, thus they are better prepared
• Plague will probably never be rid of (drug-resistant)
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Tuberculosis
• Germ reproduces slowly (lungs)
• Kills more people than any other germ besides HIV (Symptoms: coughing up blood, paleness, and thinness)
• Traveled around world before Columbus
• Disease of the city (close contact)
• Laennec’s invention of the stethoscope helped learn more about tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis (Continued)
• Strange methods were used to treat TB before it was really known how to stop it (bleeding)
• Koch isolated germ that causes TB• Years later, drugs were found that could
stop TB• However, it became drug-resistant• Scientists are still working on ways to stop
TB
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Malaria
• People thought it came from swamps• Actually came from parasite in stomach of Anopheles mosquito
• Many people die from disease every year (more than one million) (Symptoms: chills and fever)
• One solution was fever-tree bark• Sickle-cell trait can resist malaria
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Malaria (Continued)
• Malaria was driven from North America and Europe (farming)
• Ronald Ross discovered malaria parasite (1897)
• People are trying to get rid of malaria with use of pesticides and bug-proofing homes (screens)
• Still exists mostly near equator
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Cholera
• Cholera led to many deaths, some within three hours after being struck with disease (1830s) (Symptoms: blue face, vomit, diarrhea)
• Thought it came from the dirtiness of the cities
• Could have been hiding in India for thousands of years before spreading through trade
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Cholera (Continued)
• Snow discovered that it spread through contaminated water (water pumps, etc.)
• Cleaning up is the only way to fully eliminate disease (there are ways to treat it)
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AIDS
• First showed up in gay people in 1970s and 1980s (led to prejudice)
• Eventually, doctors discovered that it traveled through bodily fluids and blood
• Also discovered that HIV caused AIDS (worldwide = #1 killer…disease-wise)
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AIDS (Continued)
• Using condoms, fresh needles for injections, and restricting sexual activity will reduce risk of HIV and AIDS
• Treatments are available, but there is no vaccine to fully cure it
• Future is bright for the discoveries of cures for AIDS and other diseases
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AIDS (Continued)