investigating cell structure and function 1. cell theory 2. microscopy- a. history b. types 3....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Investigating Cell Structure and Function 1. Cell Theory 2. Microscopy- a. History b. Types 3. Studying cell organelles a.Cell homogenization b. Cell Fractionation](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697bf911a28abf838c8ea8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Investigating Cell Structure and Function
1. Cell Theory
2. Microscopy-
a. History
b. Types
3. Studying cell organelles
a.Cell homogenization
b. Cell Fractionation
4. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
5. Animal cell structures/functions
6. Plant cell structures/functions
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Review-A solution of pH 5 has how many times (X) the number of protons (H+) than a solution of pH
7?
1. 2
2. ½
3. 100
4. 1/100
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What do these organisms have in common?
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Where did these cells come from?
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What insight about cells can you get from these pictures?
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What if you could gain the powers of the organisms that you eat?
• Eat a fish-breathe under water
• Eat a bird-fly
• Eat a chameleon-blend in with your environment
• Eat an algae-photosynthesize
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The Emerald Sea Slug
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The Emerald Sea Slug is capable of stealing both the genes and cell organelles that are responsible
for photosynthesis from the algae
• allows the slug to temporarily give up its life as an animal and instead "live like a plant,“
• first known example of horizontal gene transfer in multicellular organisms.
• remarkably, the sea slug can pass some of the ability it gains to the next generation
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What does the acquired algae gene do ?
• After they are eaten, an algal gene is incorporated into the slug chromosome
• The acquired algal gene is needed to repair damage to chloroplasts, and keep them functioning.
• Therefore, the sea slug does not need to continually consume algae to retain its powers. It is capable of maintaining photosynthesis for as long as nine months.
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LE 6-2
Measurements1 centimeter (cm) = 10–2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 µm = 10–9 m
10 m
1 mHuman height
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
Chicken egg
0.1 m
1 cm
Frog egg1 mm
100 µm
Most plant andanimal cells
10 µmNucleus
1 µm
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses100 nm
10 nmRibosomes
Proteins
Lipids
1 nmSmall molecules
Atoms0.1 nmU
na
ide
d e
ye
Lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
e
Ele
ctr
on
mic
ros
co
pe
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-mid 1600’s)
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Robert Hooke-Cells (mid-1600’s)
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Table 7.1 Different Types of Light Microscopy: A Comparison
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LE 6-3a
Brightfield (unstained specimen)
50 µmBrightfield (stained specimen)
Phase-contrast
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LE 6-3b
50 µm
50 µm
Confocal
Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski)
Fluorescence
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LE 6-41 µm
1 µm
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) Cilia
Longitudinalsection ofcilium
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Cross sectionof cilium
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LE 6-4a
1 µm
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM)
Cilia
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LE 6-4b
1 µm
Longitudinalsection ofcilium
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Cross sectionof cilium
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LE 6-9a
Flagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Peroxisome
Microvilli
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER
Rough ER Smooth ER
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes:
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
In animal cells but not plant cells: LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
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Inner Life of A Cell
• http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html
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LE 6-5a
Homogenization
HomogenateTissuecells
Differential centrifugation
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LE 6-5b
Pellet rich innuclei andcellular debris
Pellet rich inmitochondria (and chloro-plasts if cellsare from a plant)
Pellet rich in“microsomes”(pieces of plasmamembranes andcells’ internalmembranes) Pellet rich in
ribosomes
150,000 g3 hr
80,000 g60 min
20,000 g20 min
1000 g(1000 times theforce of gravity)
10 min
Supernatant pouredinto next tube
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Figure 6-01
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Cell Structure
1. Basic requirements to be a cell• Cytoplasm• DNA• Ribosome• Cell membrane
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
3. Limitations to cell sizea. Lower limitsb. Upper limits-SA/volume ratio
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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LE 6-6
A typicalrod-shapedbacterium
A thin section through thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)
0.5 µm
Pili
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
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LE 6-7
Total surface area(height x width xnumber of sides xnumber of boxes)
6
125 125
150 750
1
11
5
1.2 66
Total volume(height x width x lengthX number of boxes)
Surface-to-volumeratio(surface area volume)
Surface area increases whileTotal volume remains constant
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An overview of animal cell structure
1. Nucleus2. Ribosomes3. Endomembrane Systema. RER & SERb. Vesiclesc. Golgi apparatusd. Vacuolese. Lysosomes4. Mitochondria5. Cytoskeleton
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LE 6-9a
Flagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Peroxisome
Microvilli
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER
Rough ER Smooth ER
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes:
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
In animal cells but not plant cells: LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
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LE 6-8
Hydrophilicregion
Hydrophobicregion
Carbohydrate side chain
Structure of the plasma membrane
Hydrophilicregion
Phospholipid Proteins
Outside of cell
Inside of cell 0.1 µm
TEM of a plasma membrane
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What is contained in the nucleus of a cell?
DNA
Chromoso
mes
Genes
R-rna
All of t
he above
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. DNA
2. Chromosomes
3. Genes
4. R-rna
5. All of the above
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LE 6-10
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane
Nuclear pore
Porecomplex
Ribosome
Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
1 µm
Rough ER
Nucleus
1 µm
0.25 µm
Surface of nuclear envelope
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What is the function of ribosomes?
Prote
in synth
esis
DNA sy
nthesis
Intra
cellu
lar digesti
on
Transport
of pro
teins o
...
0% 0%0%0%
1. Protein synthesis
2. DNA synthesis
3. Intracellular digestion
4. Transport of proteins outside of the cell
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LE 6-11
Ribosomes
0.5 µm
ER Cytosol
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
Diagram ofa ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
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There is a difference in the make-up of cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosomes and prokaryotic
ribosomes
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
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Proteins that are secreted from a cell are produced by:
Membra
ne-bound rib
o...
Free rib
osomes
0%0%
1. Membrane-bound ribosomes
2. Free ribosomes
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Secreted proteins are carried away from the ER by:
The golgi a
pparatu
s
Lyso
somes
Mito
chondria
vesic
les
0% 0%0%0%
1. The golgi apparatus
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. vesicles
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LE 6-12
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER Rough ER
Transitional ER
200 nm
Nuclearenvelope
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If a secreted protein needs to be chemically modified after it leaves the ER in a vesicle, it will go to:
A lyso
some
Mito
chondria
A storage vacu
ole
The Golgi
apparatus
0% 0%0%0%
1. A lysosome
2. Mitochondria
3. A storage vacuole
4. The Golgi apparatus
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LE 6-16-3
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Transport vesicle
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Plasma membrane
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Vesicles from either the ER or the Golgi that contain proteins involved in intracellular digestion fuse to form this
cell organelle
Stora
ge vacuole
Mito
chondria
Lyso
some
0% 0%0%
1. Storage vacuole
2. Mitochondria
3. Lysosome
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Lysosomes are involved in destroying “worn out” cell organelles:
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
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Up to 5 optional points
• You have 3 minutes to write a short answer to this question:
• Why is it important that the pH of a lysosome is acidic compared to the cytoplasm of the cell?
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LE 6-14a
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
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LE 6-14b
Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
1 µm
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Mitochondrionfragment
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Peroxisomefragment
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
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Malfunctions within a lysosome can cause diseases.
True
False
0%0%
1. True
2. False
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Vacuoles
Can be form
ed by endoc..
.
May s
tore
substa
nces t
h...
Can be fo
rmed by vesic
le...
Can be filled w
ith w
ater
All of t
he above
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Can be formed by endocytosis
2. May store substances the cell will need later
3. Can be formed by vesicles joining together
4. Can be filled with water
5. All of the above
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LE 7-14
Filling vacuole50 µm
50 µmContracting vacuole
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This cell organelle has a structure adapted for making ATP during cellular respiration.
Lyso
some
Nucle
us
Vacuole
Golgi a
pparatu
s
mito
chondria
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Lysosome
2. Nucleus
3. Vacuole
4. Golgi apparatus
5. mitochondria
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LE 6-17
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 nmMitochondrialDNA
Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix
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The Cytoskeleton
1. Made up of 3 elements
a. Microtubules
b. Microfilaments
c. Intermediate filaments
2. Functions-diverse including maintaining cells shape; motility; contraction; and organelle movement
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LE 6-20
Microtubule
Microfilaments0.25 µm
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Table 6-1a
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LE 6-22
0.25 µm
Microtubule
Centrosome
Centrioles
Longitudinal sectionof one centriole
Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole
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Cilia and Flagella
• Cell Movement
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LE 6-23a
5 µm
Direction of swimming
Motion of flagella
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LE 6-23b
15 µm
Direction of organism’s movement
Motion of cilia
Direction ofactive stroke
Direction ofrecovery stroke
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This cell organelle contains 2 compartments separated by a membrane, which is necessary for
chemiosmosis to occur
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Mito
chondria RER
Lyso
some
vacu
ole
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondria
3. RER
4. Lysosome
5. vacuole
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Which of the following statements is/are true?
The cyto
skelet..
.
The cyto
skelet..
.
The cyto
skelet..
.
A and B
B and C
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
1. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein
2. The cytoskeleton is involved in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis
3. The cytoskeleton can reorganize by polymerizing/depolymerizing
4. A and B
5. B and C
6. All of the above
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LE 6-24a
0.5 µm
Microtubules
PlasmamembraneBasal body
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LE 6-24b
Plasmamembrane
Outer microtubuledoublet
0.1 µm
Dynein arms
CentralmicrotubuleCross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets
Radialspoke
0.5 µm
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LE 6-25b
Wavelike motion
Cross-linkingproteins insideouter doublets
ATP
Anchoragein cell
Effect of cross-linking proteins
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Organelle Movement
• Position of organelles not fixed in the cell
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LE 6-21a
Vesicle
Receptor formotor protein
Microtubuleof cytoskeleton
Motor protein(ATP powered)
ATP
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LE 6-21b
0.25 µmMicrotubule Vesicles
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Table 6-1c
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LE 6-26
Microfilaments (actinfilaments)
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Intermediate filaments
0.25 µm
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Table 6-1b
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LE 6-27a
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filamentMyosin arm
Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction
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LE 6-27b
Cortex (outer cytoplasm):gel with actin network
Amoeboid movement
Inner cytoplasm: solwith actin subunits
Extendingpseudopodium
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LE 6-27c
Nonmovingcytoplasm (gel)
Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
Chloroplast
Streamingcytoplasm(sol)
Cell wall
Parallel actinfilaments
Vacuole
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Dyneine walking is a key event in this cellular process:
Chemiosmosis
Amoeboid movem...
Cytokenesis
Motility
using..
.
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Chemiosmosis
2. Amoeboid movement
3. Cytokenesis
4. Motility using flagella
5. All of the above
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Plant Cell Structure
1. All of the same organelles and structures that are in animals plus
a. Cell wall
b. Large central vacuole
c. Chloroplasts
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LE 6-9b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
In plant cells but not animal cells: ChloroplastsCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes(small brown dots)
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
IntermediatefilamentsMicrotubules
CYTOSKELETON
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Centrosome
Golgiapparatus
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasmamembrane
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LE 6-28
Centralvacuole of cell
PlasmamembraneSecondarycell wall
Primarycell wall
Middlelamella
1 µm
Centralvacuole of cell
Central vacuoleCytosol
Plasma membrane
Plant cell walls
Plasmodesmata
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LE 6-15
5 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
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LE 6-18
Chloroplast
ChloroplastDNA
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Thylakoid1 µm
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LE 6-19
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
1 µm
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This cell organelle contains 2 compartments separated by a membrane, which is necessary for
chemiosmosis to occur
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Mito
chondria RER
Chloroplast
2 and 4
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Golgi apparatus
2. Mitochondria
3. RER
4. Chloroplast
5. 2 and 4
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Because plant cells have a large central
water vacuole, they must also have:
Chloroplasts
Lyso
somes
Mito
chondria
A cell w
all RER
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Chloroplasts
2. Lysosomes
3. Mitochondria
4. A cell wall
5. RER
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Plays a role in cytoplasmic streaming, amoeboid movement, and muscle contraction:
Micr
ofilaments
Inte
rmediate
f...
Micr
otubules
Dyn
eine walkin...
All of t
he abo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
4. Dyneine walking
5. All of the above
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These in class clicker questions are helpful
Stro
ngly Agree
Agree
Neutra
l
Disa
gree
Stro
ngly Disa
gree
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
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Cell Surrface Molecules/Connections
1. Cell surface molecules (glycocalyx)
2. Cell Connections-Plants
a. Plasmodesmata
3. Cell connections-Animals
a. Tight junctions
b. Desmosomes
c. Gap junctions
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LE 6-29a
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen
fiber
Fibronectin
Integrin Micro-filaments
CYTOPLASM
Plasmamembrane
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LE 6-30
Interiorof cell
Interiorof cell
0.5 µm Plasmodesmata Plasma membranes
Cell walls
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LE 6-31
Tight junctions preventfluid from moving across a layer of cells
Tight junction
0.5 µm
1 µm
0.1 µm
Gap junction
Extracellularmatrix
Spacebetweencells
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Intermediatefilaments
Tight junction
Desmosome
Gapjunctions
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LE 6-32
5 µ
m