introductory psychology winter 2014 - sjsu.edu
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Introductory Psychology Winter 2014
Human Development Chapter 5 of Feist & Rosenberg Psychology: Perspectives & Connections
Van Selst
Copyright 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS How does the prenatal environment affect development? What are the major developmental milestones (stages)? How do brain and behavior change before and after adulthood?
CHAPTER OVERVIEW The Developing Fetus The Developing Infant and Child The Developing Adolescent The Developing Adult Making Connections: Personality Across the Life Span
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Stages of Prenatal Development Germinal stage • conception to 2 weeks • Zygote
Embryonic stage • 2 weeks to 8 weeks • Formation of major organs
Fetal stage • 9 weeks to birth • Formation of bone cells, etc.
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Brain and Sensory Development Before Birth Neural migration
• Movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination • Occurs during months 3-5 of the fetal stage • Certain toxins and viruses (Teratogens) may interfere with normal
neural migration Prenatal programming (events in the womb) – Environmental Influences on
Fetal Development • Maternal nutrition (morning sickness & epigenetics) • Teratogens (substances and chemicals that negatively influence fetal and
infant development) • Viruses (measles, flu, …), Nicotine, Prescription drugs
(antidepressants), Alcohol (Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)), cocaine, …
Prenatal Development Timeline
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Early motor development in Infancy and Childhood
Moro reflex: an outstretching of the arms and legs in response to a loud noise or sudden change in the environment. The infant's body tenses; arms are extended and then drawn inward as if embracing.
Babinski reflex: an outward projection of the big toe and fanning of the others when the sole of the foot is touched.
Sucking reflex: occurs when an object touches the lips. Rooting reflex: turning of an infant's head toward a brush on their cheek (e.g.,
from a breast or hand). Grasping reflex: the vigorous grasping of an object that touches the palm. Plantar reflex: the curling under of the toes when the ball of the foot is touched
IMPRINTING ( not humans [WHY?] )
Development of Fine motor skills
Drawing skills scribbles @ 2y
crude drawings @ 3-4y
letters @ 5y (and can dress self as well)
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood: Early sensory development • Five major senses
develop at different rates • Auditory (fast),
Vision (slow), … • Critical period • “Visual cliff” shows
depth perception before crawling
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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood • Early brain development • Rate of brain growth slows down after age six,
then slows down again after adolescence • Pruning (after age 2…)
• Degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience
• By adolescence half of original synapses pruned (increased efficiency)
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1926- 1977) spent over 50 years exploring how a child’s thought processes develops.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage Age (Years) Major Characteristics
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Birth to 2
2 to 7
7 to 12
12 on
• Infant understands world through sensory and motor experiences
• Achieves object permanence
• Exhibits emergence of symbolic thought
• Child uses symbolic thinking in the form of words and images to represent objects and experiences • Symbolic thinking enables child to engage in
pretend play
• Thinking displays egocentrism, irreversibility, and centration
• Child can think logically about concrete events • Grasps concepts of conservation and serial
ordering
• Adolescent can think more logically, abstractly, and flexibly • Can form hypotheses and systematically test
them
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Early Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (Sensorimotor stage) • Ages 0-2 • Infants learn about the world by using their
senses and by moving their bodies • Object permanence
Early Cognitive Development
Preoperational stage • Ages 2-5 • Begins with the emergence of symbolic thought • Animistic thinking • Egocentrism (fail the illustrated task) • Conservation is not possible
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Early Cognitive Development • Concrete operational stage • Ages 6-11 • Child can perform mental operations - such as
reversing - on real objects or events • Conservation is possible
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Concrete operational stage: Conservation Tasks
Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Copyright 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
Developing a Theory of Mind • Our ideas and
knowledge about how other people’s minds work
• False-Belief Task (pass at c. 4y)
Cognitive Development: Vygotsky’s Theory
According to Russian developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky, the culture in which we are raised significantly affects our cognitive development.
• Cognitive development occurs as a consequence of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems. • Children’s cognitive abilities increase when they encounter information that falls within their zone of proximal development (ZPD). • ZPD: The level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own. When children receive information that falls within the ZPD, they can increase understanding or master a new task.
Harlow’s (1958) research on maternal care and mental health
Terrycloth (comforting) vs wire (feeding) “mother” • in stress, baby retreats to terrycloth mother
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
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Development of Moral Reasoning Lawrence Kohlberg • Preconventional level • Avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
• Conventional level • Valuing caring, trust, and relationships as well as
the social order and lawfulness • Postconventional level • Universal moral rules that may trump unjust or
immoral local rules • Western bias / Male bias
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Erikson’s Stages of Personality Development
Erikson viewed the developmental changes occurring throughout life as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development.
According to Erikson’s theory: • The outcome of turning points or “crises” will partly
determine the course of future development. • Each stage represents a pairing of the most positive and
negative aspects of the crisis of that period.
Stage/Crisis Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. stagnation
Integrity vs. despair
Development Accomplishments or Failures Age
0-1 year
1-3 years
3-5 years
5-11 years
11-18 years
18-40 years
40-65 years
65 years on
Acquires sense of own identity; or is confused about role in life
Erikson’s Stages of Personality Development
Characteristics of Aging: Changes in the 20s, 30s, and 40s:
20’s: Humans reach their physical, sexual, and perceptual peak with maximum muscle strength, vision, hearing and reaction time.
30’s: Many physical capacities start to decline, however the changes are hardly noticeable until later years.
40’s and on: Muscles become weaker and less flexible, metabolism rates slow down, vision and fertility decline.
Characteristics of Aging: Cognitive Change
Age-related changes in intellectual skills vary according to the specific cognitive ability in question. • Source: Schaie, 1994
• Mea
n pe
rform
ance
• Age in years • 25 • 32 • 39 • 46 • 53 • 60 • 67 • 74 • 81
• 35
• 40
• 45
• 50
• 55
• 60
Inductive reasoning
Spatial orientation
Number skills
Verbal meaning
Word fluency
Death and Dying Elisabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) brought the subject of death into the open with her observation that those facing impending death tend to move through five broad stages:
1. Denial: The initial stage: “It can’t be happening.” 2. Anger: “Why ME? It’s not fair!” (either referring to God,
oneself, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as “responsible”)
3. Bargaining: “Just let me live to see my child(ren) graduate.”
4. Depression: “I’m so sad, why bother with anything?” 5. Acceptance: “It’s going to be OK.”
Adolescence Alzheimer’s Disease Animistic Thinking Attachment
• Anxious-avoidant • Anxious-resistant • Secure
Concrete operations Conservation Conventional level Critical periods Dementia Embryonic
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Formal operations Generativity Imprinting Kholberg’s Stages Menarche Neural migration Object permanence Peer influence Piaget’s Stages Prenatal programming
Pruning Puberty-related changes Sensimotor stage Separation anxiety Social referencing Teratogen Theory of mind
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