1. The Biology of Mind (Modules 4 & 5) Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.Neuroanatomy Review:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk

2. Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence UsThe Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous SystemThe Endocrine System 3. Controversy: Golgi vs. Cajal Italian physician Reticulum theory Silver stainCamillo Golgi (1843-1926) 4. Controversy: Golgi vs. Cajal Santiogo Ramon yCajal Neuroanatomist Used Golgistechnique Neuron theory1852-1934Chicken cerebellum 5. Neural Communication The bodys information system is built frombillions of interconnected cells called neurons. 6. NeuronA nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts. 7. Parts of a NeuronCell Body: Life support center of the neuron.Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body.Receive messages from other neurons.Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered withmyelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed upmessages through neurons.Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of anaxon that transmit messages to other neurons. 8. Action PotentialA neural impulse. A brief electrical charge thattravels down an axon andis generated by the movement of positivelycharged atoms in and out of channels in the axonsmembrane. 9. Pyramidal neuron (Golgi stained) Sensory Neuon 10. ThresholdThreshold: Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals frommany neurons. When the excitatorysignals minus the inhibitory signalsexceed a minimum intensity (threshold)the neuron fires an action potential. 11. Action Potential Properties All-or-None Response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire moreoften, but it does not affect the action potentialsstrength or speed.Intensity of an action potential remains thesame throughout the length of the axon. Video (2 min): mentions ions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrsJ9HlnZ5sCiccarelli & White, 2009 12. SynapseSynapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite orcell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. 13. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters(chemicals) releasedfrom the sendingneuron travel across thesynapse and bind toreceptor sites on thereceiving neuron,thereby influencing it to generate an actionpotential. 14. ReuptakeNeurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbedinto the sending neuronsthrough the process ofreuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.Cocaine Mouse & Dopaminehttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html 15. Lock & Key MechanismNeurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism. 16. Agonists 17. AntagonistsReview of Neurotransmission: 4 min, mentions 2nd messengershttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/neurontalk.html 18. How Neurotransmitters Influence UsSerotonin pathways are involved with moodregulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, 1989 University of California Press 19. Dopamine PathwaysDopamine pathways are involved withdiseases such as schizophrenia andParkinsons disease. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, 1989 University of California Press 20. NeurotransmittersChemicalAbbreviation FunctionsReceptorsDopamineDA Motivation D1, D2 (food/sex)Serotonin 5-HT Depression 5-HT1 5-HT7(5-hydroxytryptamine)Nicotinic (nACh) andAcetylcholine AChMovement muscarinic (mACh)NMDAGlutamate GluLearningGamma-GABAAGABA AnxietyGABABaminobutyricGABACAcid 21. Nervous SystemCentralPeripheralNervous NervousSystemSystem (CNS) (PNS) 22. The Nervous SystemNervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. Itis the bodys speedy, electrochemicalcommunication system.Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain andspinal cord.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory andmotor neurons that connect the central nervoussystem (CNS) to the rest of the body. 23. The Nervous System 24. Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System: The division of theperipheral nervous system that controls the bodysskeletal muscles.Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS thatcontrols the glands and other muscles. 25. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of theANS that arouses the body, mobilizing itsenergy in stressful situations.Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division ofthe ANS that calms the body, conserving itsenergy. 26. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Sympathetic NS Arouses(fight-or-flight)Parasympathetic NSCalms(rest and digest) 27. Lie Detection (aka pseudoscience) Polygraph measures: heart rate skin conductance blood pressureDecisionInnocentGuilty Innocent Correct False +Reality Guilty False - Correct 28. Kinds of NeuronsSensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS (afferent). Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to musclesand glands (efferent). Interneurons connect the twoneurons.InterneuronSensory Neuron(Bipolar) Motor Neuron (Multipolar) 29. The NervesNerves consist of neural cables containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and senseorgans to the central nervous system. 30. Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord and ReflexesSimple Reflex 31. Central Nervous SystemThe Brain and Neural Networks Interconnected neurons form networks in thebrain. Theses networks are complex and modifywith growth and experience. Complex Neural Network 32. Glia Support cells ofbrain Can divide Different types Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Hippocampus of rat with astrocytes & neurons 33. The Endocrine System The EndocrineSystem is the bodysslow chemicalcommunicationsystem. Communication is carried out by hormonessynthesized by a set of glands. 34. Hormones Hormones are chemicals synthesized by theendocrine glands that are secreted in thebloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body. For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, andfeelings of excitement during emergency situations. 35. Pituitary GlandIs called the master gland. The anterior pituitarylobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and saltbalance. 36. Thyroid & Parathyroid GlandsRegulate metabolic and calcium rate. 37. Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla andthe cortex. The medulla secretes hormones(epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism. 38. GonadsSex glands are located in different places in menand women. They regulate bodily developmentand maintain reproductive organs in adults. 39. Neural CommunicationNeurobiologists and other investigatorsunderstand that humans and animals operatesimilarly when processing information.Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are allengaged in information processing. 40. Summary Neurons communication both electricallyand chemically. The Nervous system has 6 divisions. The brain also communicates with the bodywith hormones.