introduction to the cooperative agricultural pest survey

Introduction to theCooperative Agricultural Pest Survey

Program

Adam J. SilagyiState Survey Coordinator

Florida Dept of Ag & Cons ServicesDivision of Plant Industry

CAPS CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)(Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)

The program officially began in 1982 as the Cooperative National Plant Pest Survey and Detection Program and later changed its name to: Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey

Operated many years with a 25,000/year budget.

In 1999 the cooperative agreement switched from USDA-IFAS to USDA-FDACS/DPI

CAPS CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)(Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)

CAPS is a combined effort by Federal and State agricultural organizations to conduct surveillance, detection, and monitoring of agricultural and natural resource pests.The CAPS program serves the public and private sectors by improving the quality and availability of pest information.Plant diseases, insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks, & weeds.Combined budget for Florida (State & Federal) $1 million.

CAPS threeCAPS three--tiered hierarchytiered hierarchyNational

Western Region Eastern Region

27 States + PR23 States

CAPS Eastern RegionCAPS Eastern Region

27 States + PR

16 Offices

Florida w/ 4 offices

Florida CAPS Florida CAPS (Largest Program in Country)(Largest Program in Country)

Gainesville (Headquarters):State Survey Coordinator DPIGIS & Mapping Specialist DPIInformation Specialist DPIMolecular Diagnostician DPIEntomological Identifier USDAPest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI

Orlando:Pest Survey Specialist USDA

Sarasota:Pest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI

Miami:Pest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI

The Safeguarding System

PreventionInternational Services; pre-clearance programs, etc.

Port of Entry MeasuresCBP & PPQ

Pest DetectionPest DetectionCAPSCAPS, DPI inspectors, SPDN, SITC

EradicationRegulatory, Research & Extension

MitigationRegulatory, Research & Extension

Survey for harmful & economically significant plant pests and weeds that have eludedeluded first-line inspections at our ports-of-entry (CBP, DHS & PPQ).

Surveys are necessary to safeguard our nation’s agricultural and natural resources by detecting early pest infestations or introductions and facilitating foreign trade.

☼ High Volume Ports 12 Int’l airports & 14 deepwater ports☼ Mail facilities Smuggling☼ Natural phenomena Hurricanes☼ Tourism 76.8 million tourists in 2004☼ Diverse ethnic communities☼ Ideal environmental conditions

Sources

CAPS Today (rationale)CAPS Today (rationale)

: Florida Dept. of State; Visit Florida; U.S. Census Bureau; Bureau of Economic & Business Research (University of Florida); State of Florida.com research

World Travel & Free Trade

Florida’s 12 Int’l AirportsFlorida’s 12 Int’l Airports

1. Panama City/Bay County Int’l2. Tallahassee Int’l3. Jacksonville Int’l4. Daytona Beach Int’l5. Orlando Int’l6. Melbourne Int’l7. Palm Beach Int’l8. Ft. Lauderdale Int’l9. Miami Int’l10.Sarasota Int’l11.St. Pete/Clearwater Int’l12.Tampa Int’l

Florida’s 14 Florida’s 14 DeepwaterDeepwater PortsPorts1. Port of Pensacola2. Port of Panama City3. Port of St. Joe4. Port of Tampa5. Port of St. Petersburg6. Port of Manatee7. Port of Key West8. Port of Miami-Dade9. Port of Everglades10.Port of Palm Beach11.Port of Ft. Pierce12.Port Canaveral13.Port of Jacksonville14.Port Fernandina

MIA 88%

DFW 0.1%

ATL 0.3% BOS

0.6%SFO0.3%

IAH 0.1%

JFK 4.9%

LAX 2.9%

ORD1.2%

All other Airports

1.8%

SOURCE: US Department of Commerce

U.S. Flower ImportsMIA and all other US Airports year 2004

All other Airports

5.1%

ORD 4.0%

LAX 6.1%

JFK 21.9%

IAH 0.2%

SFO 0.8%

BOS 0.01%

ATL 1.8%

DFW 0.4%

MIA 55%

U.S. Fruit & Vegetable ImportsMIA and all other US Airports year 2004


3.1% All others

ORD 1.7%

8.2% LAX

13.1% JFK

0.4% DFW0.9% SFO

2.1% BOS1.3% ATL 0.6%

MIA69%

U.S. Perishable ImportsMIA and all other US Airports for year 2004


New US & Florida State Records2000 - 2005

69

5

0 0 1 1 1 2

1715

232728

12

3

77

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Num

ber o

f Spe

cies

ArthropodsPathogensNematodes

19

35 34

33

21 22

TOTAL = 164

Lygodium japonicum Puccinia lygodiaSorghum bicolor Sphacelia (state of Claviceps africana)Verbena canadensis Clover Yellow Mosaic PotexvirusTriticum aestivum Puccinia striiformisCuprocyparis leylandii Seiridium cupressiCamellia japonica* Phytophthora ramorumGlycine max* Phakospora pachyrhiziCitrus maxima* Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

New US & State Records since 2000 –2005 worth mentioning

Host Pathogen

Peach root-knot nematode Meloidogyne floridensisFound only in Florida in 6 countiesPeaches primarily

A nematode Meloidogyne mayaguensisFound in 12 countiesTomato, pepper and soybean


Host Pathogen

Aphis glycines Soybean aphidPapaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatusChili thrips* Scirtothrips dorsalisA spider mite Olgianichus grypusAn armored scale Aulacaspis tubercularisPink hibiscus mealybug* Maconellicoccus hirsutusAn armored scale Duplachionaspis divergensPigeonpea Pod Fly Melanagromyza obtusaBamboo thread scale* Kuwanaspis bambusicolaAfrican fig fly Zaprionus indianusA notch beetle Myllocerus undatusAmbrosia beetle* Xyleborus glabratus


Arthropods

CAPS Program GoalsCAPS Program Goals

I.I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the

cooperative management of PPQ program pests and biological control agents using NAPIS.

III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.

IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.

N.A.P.I.S DatabaseN.A.P.I.S DatabaseNational Agricultural Pest Information System

•Filing cabinet for USDA-APHIS-PPQ

•Stores data/records at:•National•State•County•Host

•Data can be accessed by government, research, extension, private and public

•Three levels:•Public – Pest tracker•Password protected•Data entry http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/

25 counties total

N.A.P.I.S DatabaseN.A.P.I.S DatabaseNational Agricultural Pest Information System

•Filing cabinet for USDA-APHIS-PPQ

•Stores data/records at:•National•State•County•Host

•Data can be accessed by government, research, extension, private and public

•Three levels:•Public – Pest tracker•Password protected•Data entry


I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the


III.III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.agricultural products.

IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.


I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the


III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.

IV.IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.Enhance CAPS communications network.

CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysTypical CAPS surveys target those areas NOTcovered routinely by DPI’s Bureau of Plant & Apiary Inspection = 153 inspectors throughout the State.

75 Nursery inspectors54 Fruit Fly inspectors11 Citrus inspectors8 Burrowing nematode inspectors4 Imported Fire Ant Inspectors1 Pink Hibiscus Mealybug inspector

CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Row Crops (Agronomic & VegetableAgronomic & Vegetable))

Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants. Cotton

Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennisPassionvine mealybug Planococcus minor

PeanutPassionvine mealybug Planococcus minorSoybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella

SoybeanSoybean aphid Aphis glycinesFoxglove aphid Aulocorthum solaniSnap bean aphid Picturaphis brasiliensis

CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Agronomic & Vegetable)

Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants.

Pests Not Known to Occur in the USPests Not Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening diseaseCitrus greening disease LieberobacterLieberobacter sppspp..Old world bollwormOld world bollworm HelicoverpaHelicoverpa armigeraarmigeraEgyptian cotton wormEgyptian cotton worm SpodopteraSpodoptera lituralituraChili thripsChili thrips ScirtothripsScirtothrips dorsalisdorsalis

Regionally established pests & pests of export significance

Pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutusEmerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis



Pests Not Known to Occur in the USPests Not Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening diseaseCitrus greening disease LieberobacterLieberobacter sppspp. . (8/2005)(8/2005)

Old world bollwormOld world bollworm HelicoverpaHelicoverpa armigeraarmigeraEgyptian cotton wormEgyptian cotton worm SpodopteraSpodoptera lituralituraChili thripsChili thrips ScirtothripsScirtothrips dorsalisdorsalis (10/2005)

Regionally established pests & pests of export significance

Pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutusEmerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis



Pests NotNot Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening disease Lieberobacter spp.Old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigeraEgyptian cotton worm Spodoptera lituraChili thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis

Regionally established pests & pests of export Regionally established pests & pests of export significancesignificance

Pink hibiscus mealybugPink hibiscus mealybug MaconellicoccusMaconellicoccus hirsutushirsutusEmerald ash borerEmerald ash borer AgrilusAgrilus planipennisplanipennis

CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysForested & natural areas

In conjunction with US Forest Service & DOFIn conjunction with other agencies: Federal, State and County Parks service, SFWMD, TNC.

Hot ZonesTile warehouse surveysWood boring & bark beetle surveys in solid wood-packing materials (SWPM) from overseesCitrus greening

Assist inspectors

How are target pests selected?

1. A likely pathway has been identified.

2. The pest is likely to establish if introduced.

3. There is a high risk of significant economic and/or environmental damage.

Host Species Times foundAranthera sp. 1

Ascocenda sp. 1

Bouquets 1

Delphinium sp. 1

Dendrobium sp. 19

Euphorbia sp. 1

Mokara sp. 1

Nymphoides sp. 1

Oncidium sp. 39

Orchids (general) 4

Pelargonium sp. 1

Philodendron sp. 1

Rosa sp. 1

TOTAL 72Spodoptera litura





S. S. lituralitura

S. S. littoralislittoralis

S.S. dolichosdolichos S. ornithogalli

NativeNative

ExoticExotic

Spodoptera litura





1. Highly polyphagous with 150 host species.

2. Cotton, crucifers, cucurbits, groundnut, maize, potato, rice, soybean, tea, tobacco, hot pepper & Phaseolus sp.

Spodoptera litura

Tools – Personal Digital Assistant’s (PDA’s)

GPS readings

Data collection/editing

Ease of data uploading

Data query

Less chance of error

Data display in the field

Navigation

Host plant phenology, pest biology, proper trapping & surveying, pathways, etc.

Tools – GIS & GPS

Define mapping endDefine mapping end--productsproducts

Define survey timeDefine survey time--frameframe

Define data & field protocolDefine data & field protocol

Define training capabilities and Define training capabilities and software implementationsoftware implementation

Geographical Information SystemsGlobal Positioning System

Citrus greening survey

Tools – GIS & GPS

Geographical Information SystemsGlobal Positioning System

Tools – Data bases

PPQ databasesViolationsInterceptionsCountry of originPort of entryDestination= Hot Zones

SITC databasesProhibited

commoditiesCensus blocks

Tools – Data bases

PPQ databasesViolationsInterceptionsCountry of originPort of entryDestination

SITC databasesProhibited

commoditiesCensus blocks

Tools of the Future - Insect Detection Devices

AcousticsAcoustics

S. S. lituralitura

S. S. littoralislittoralis

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysSpodoptera litura – Asian/Rice cutwormSpodoptera littoralis – Egyptian cotton worm

NativeNativeExoticExotic

S.S. dolichosdolichos

S. ornithogalli

Red Bay (Persea borbonia)Family: Lauraceae

One of 4 Persea in FLCommon throughout FLHammocks, swamps, ornamental plantingsLeaves alternate, entire, lanceolate, aromaticPsyllid leaf galls common

Unusual Red Bay MortalityThe exotic X. glabratus is probably vectoring the Ophiostomafungus (probably a symbiont)Some initial attacks and inoculation may happen on small diameter twigsVascular fungus eventually colonizes main stem, tree wilts, dies. Other ambrosia beetles attack dying stems

Asian ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus crassiusculus) Monarthrum mali, other natives Black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus)secondarily moving the fungus?

Trees progress from visibly asymptomatic to dead in as little as 2-3 months

Staining in the sapwood (caused by Ophiostoma sp.)

Stem attacks by ambrosia beetles

X. glabratus

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysAsian Soybean rust

Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Weekly monitoring in kudzu & soybeanWeekly conference callsNAPIS & USDA Website data entriesAssist IFAS w/ sentinel plot surveys

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) site ~ 2.5 ha



Weekly monitoring in kudzu & soybeanWeekly conference callsNAPIS & USDA Website data entriesAssist IFAS w/ sentinel plot surveys

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysChili thrips

Scirtothrips dorsalis

Part of our crop surveysIncreased monitoring of peppers coming from Caribbean

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysChili thrips

Scirtothrips dorsalis

Part of our crop surveysIncreased monitoring of peppers coming from Caribbean

FOUND

Current Surveys Current Surveys –– Tile WarehousesTile Warehouses

Entomology/Malacology Major Orders

New Records Order Specimens Genera Unknown

1 Continental Coleoptera 112 55

1 State Gastropoda 2

Hemiptera 51 6

1 Continental2 Host

Homoptera 46 11

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysCitrus greening disease

Liberobacter spp.

Current SurveysCurrent SurveysCitrus greening disease

Liberobacter spp.

Psyllid Vector Douglas L. Caldwell

Emerging Plant PestsEmerging Plant PestsCitrus Variegated ChlorosisLeprosis of citrusPalm leaf beetleGemini viruses WhitefliesPoty viruses AphidsTospo viruses ThripsRed Ring NematodeSwede MidgePassionvine mealybugBritish root-knot nematode Meloidogyne artiellaEtc., etc., etc.

Collaboration

Etc.Etc.

Etc.

CollaborationTechnical advice

Improved trapping techniquesAttractantsExpertise

AssistanceDeploy prototype/pilot projectsData collecting, mapping

Interagency communicationResearch, extension, industry, private consultants

introduction to the cooperative agricultural pest survey

Documents