Introduction to PSpice® Using OrCAD®

for Circuits and Electronics Third Edition

Muhammad H. Rashid Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of West Florida

PEARSON

Prentice Hall

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Contents

Preface About the Author

CHAPTER1 Introduction

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

1.7 1.8 1.9

Introduction Descriptions of Spiee Types of Spiee Types of Analysis Descriptions of Simulation Software Tools PSpice Platform 1.6.1 PSpice A/D 1.6.2 PSpice Schematics 1.6.3 OrCAD Capture

PSpice Schematic Versus OrCAD Capture Limitations of PSpice SPICE Resources

References

X1I1

xvii

1 2 2 3 5 6 6 6 7 7 9 9

12

CHAPTER 2 Circuit Descriptions

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Input Files 2.3 Element Values 2.4 Nodes 2.5 Circuit Elements 2.6 Sources 2.7 Types of Analysis 2.8 Output Variables 2.9 PSpice Output Commands

2.10 Format of Circuit Files 2.11 Format of Output Files 2.12 Examples of SPICE Simulations

14

14 14 16

17 18 20 22 22 23 23 25 26

vi Contents

2.13 OrCAD Capture 2.13.1 OrCAD Capture Layout 2.13.2 PSpiceA/D 2.13.3 Probe

2.14 Importing Microsim Schematic in OrCAD Capt References Problems

CHAPTER 3 DC Circuit Analysis

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Resistors 3.3 Modeling of Elements 3.4 Operating Temperature 3.5 Independent DC Sources

3.5.1 Independent DC Voltage Source 3.5.2 Independent DC Current Source 3.5.3 Schematic Independent Sources

3.6 Dependent Sources 3.6.1 Polynomial Source 3.6.2 Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source 3.6.3 Voltage-Controlled Current Source 3.6.4 Current-Controlled Current Source 3.6.5 Current-Controlled Voltage Source 3.6.6 Schematic Dependent Sources

3.7 D C Output Variables 3.7.1 Voltage Output 3.7.2 Current Output

3.8 Types of Output 3.8.1 .PRINT (Print Statement) 3.8.2 .PLOT (Plot Statement) 3.8.3 .PROBE (Probe Statement) 3.8.4 Probe Output 3.8.5 .WIDTH (Width Statement)

3.9 Types of DC Analysis 3.9.1 .OP (Operating Point) 3.9.2 .TF (Small-Signal Transfer Function) 3.9.3 .DC (DC Sweep) 3.9.4 .PARAM (DC Parametric sweep)

Summary References Problems

CHAPTER 4 Transient Analysis

4.1 4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5 4.6 4.7

4.8

Introduction Capacitors and Inductors 4.2.1 Capacitor 4.2.2 Inductor

Modeling of Transient Sources 4.3.1 Exponential Source 4.3.2 Pulse Source 4.3.3 Piecewise Linear Source 4.3.4 Single-Frequency Frequency Modulation 4.3.5 Sinusoidal Source

Transient Sources 4.4.1 Independent Voltage Source 4.4.2 Independent Current Source

Transient Output Variables Transient Output Commands Transient Response 4.7.1 .IC (Initial Transient Conditions) 4.7.2 .TRAN (Transient Analysis)

Switches 4.8.1 Voltage-Controlled Switch 4.8.2 Current-Controlled Switch 4.8.3 Time-Dependent Switches

Summary References Problems

CHAPTER 5 AC Circuit Analysis

5.1 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Introduction AC Output Variables 5.2.1 Voltage Output 5.2.2 Current Output

Independent AC Sources AC Analysis Magnetic Elements Transmission Lines Multiple Analyses

Summary References Problems

Contents vii

84

84 85 85 87 90 90 91 93 93 95 96 97 97 98 99 99

100 101 112 112 117 119 122 124 124

131

131 132 132 133 134 135 145 149 152 154 154 155

viii Contents

159

159 160 160 162 163 164 164 165 166 167 167 168 169 169 172 174 177 180 182 186 189 191 195

Summary 197

References 198

Problems 199

CHAPTER 7 Semiconductor Diodes 203

7.1 Introduction 203 7.2 Diode Characteristics 203

7.2.1 Forward-Bias Region 205 7.2.2 Reverse-Bias Region 205 7.2.3 Breakdown Region 206

7.3 Analysis of Diode Circuits 206 7.3.1 DC Analysis 206 7.3.2 Small-SignalAC Analysis 208

7.4 Diode Model 209 7.5 Diode Statement 211 7.6 Diode Parameters 212 7.7 Examples of DC Analysis 215 7.8 Examples of Transient and AC Analysis 223

CHAPTER 6 Advanced SPICE Commands and Analysis

6.1 6.2

6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19

Introduction Behavioral Modeling 6.2.1 Value 6.2.2 Table 6.2.3 Laplace 6.2.4 FREQ

.SUBCKT (Subcircuit)

.ENDS (End of Subcircuit)

.FUNC (Function)

.GLOBAL (Global)

.INC (Include File)

.LIB (Library File)

.NODESET (Nodeset) Options .PARAM (Parameter) Fourier Analysis Noise Analysis .SENS (Sensitivity Analysis) .STEP (Parametric Analysis) .DC (DC Parametric Sweep) Monte Carlo Analysis DEV/LOT Device and Lot Tolerances Sensitivity/Worst-Case Analysis

Contents ix

Summary References Problems

CHAPTER 8 Bipolar Junction Transistors

8.1 Introduction 8.2 BJT Model 8.3 BJT Statements 8.4 BJT Parameters 8.5 Examples of BJT Circuits Summary References Problems

CHAPTER 9 Field-Effect Transistors

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Junction Field-Effect Transistors 9.3 JFET Parameters 9.4 Examples of JFET Amplifiers 9.5 Metal Oxide Silicon Field-Effect Transistors 9.6 MOSFET Parameters 9.7 Examples of MOSFET Amplifiers 9.8 Gallium Arsenide MESFETs Summary References Problems

CHAPTE R 10 Op-Amp Circuits

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Introduction DC Linear Models AC Linear Model Nonlinear Macromodel Examples of OP-AMP Circuits

References Problems

CHAPTER 11 Difficulties

11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

Introduction Large Circuits Running Multiple Circuits Large Outputs Long Transient Runs

232 232 233

237

237 237 240 242 248 283 283 284

289

289 289 293 295 307 312 318 329 334 334 335

340

340 340 341 342 344 367 368

373

373 374 374 375 375

Contents

11.6 Convergence Problems 11.6.1 DC Sweep 11.6.2 Bias Point 11.6.3 Transient Analysis Analysis Accuracy Negative Component Values Power-Switching Circuits Floating Nodes Nodes with Less than two Connections Voltage Source and Inductor Loops Running A PSpice File on Spiee Running a Spiee File on PSpice Running an Earlier Version of Schematic

11.7 11.8 11.9

11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 References Problems

376 376 378 379 380 381 382 385 389 389 390 390 391 391 392

Appendix A Drawing in PSpice Schematics

A.l Learning Objectives A.2 Installing the Software A.3 Overview A.4 The Circuit Analysis Process A.5 Drawing the Circuit A.6 Copying and Capturing Schematics

Appendix B Drawing in OrCAD Capture Lite

B.l Learning Objectives B.2 Installing the Software B.3 Overview B.4 The Circuit Analysis Process B.5 Drawing the Circuit B.6 Copying and Capturing Schematics

Appendix C Creating Input Circuit File

393

393 393 393 395 395 405

406

406 406 408 409 410 422

424

Appendix D DOS Commands 427

Appendix E Noise Analysis

E.l Thermal Noise E.2 Shot Noise E.3 Flicker Noise E.4 Burst Noise E.5 Avalanche Noise

429

429 429 430 430 431

Contents xi

E.6 Noise in Diodes E.7 Noise in Bipolar Transistors E.8 Noise in Field-Effect Transistors E.9 Equivalent Input Noise

Appendix F Nonlinear Magnetic Model

Appendix G PSpice Default Symbol Libraries

Bibliography

431 432 432 433

437

440

442

Index 444