introduction to power systems technology
DESCRIPTION
A presentation about the main structure elements of the classical power systemTRANSCRIPT
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017
10 12
.
-
, ( ) ( )
-
;
230-400 V
11 to 15.75 kV
66 132 kV
11 kV
-
( )
-
(66 132 kV). .
I2R, .
-
:
-
() (11 kV) () (230/400 V) .
.
-
( ) => .
.
:
, , .
-
( -1)
.
-
60680260 (2010 )
0.110.78.201665 (2001)
171732630-25 (2002)
012.714.111.613.648.2 (1979)
1.915.919.415.86.940.1 (2003)
0.72313.32.120.940 (1971)
87.19.4201.353.6 (2000)
0.4109.420.64.255.5 (1990)
2.300097.70 (2011)
(%)
-
: 1100 W (2012) : 1144 MW ( 2010) : 4423 GWh (2005), 4987 GWh (2011)
: 15 /kWh
-
(Conventional)
(Nuclear)
U235
(Gas turbines)
(Combined cycle)
(Internal combustion)
(Steam turbines)
-
(Gas turbines): diesel . . ( 25-35%, , , ).
(Steam turbines): (, , ) , . ( 30-45%, ( ), ).
-
(Combined cycle): . . (50%).
(Internal combustion): () . diesel . . ( 50%). .
-
(pumped storage)
-
()Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
(wind energy) (solar energy) (geothermal energy) (hydroelectric energy) (biomass) (tidal energy)
-
Conventional Energy Sources
() (heavy fuel oil) (coal) (natural gas) (nuclear energy)
-
: http://www.tva.gov/power/coalart.htm
-
, .
: ~11-15.75 kV 66 132 kV .
-
132 kV
/ (OPGW)
-
() (11 kV) () (230/400 V) .
.
-
(D-fuse)
230/400 V
11 kV
-
(R, Y, B)
-
. :-- ( )-- (circuit breakers) ( )-- (disconnect switches)-- (voltage and current transformers) ( )-- (surge arresters)( )
-
:
,
, ,
-
. , , .
( ).
( , , (.. ).
.
-
, 4 . .
-
(FUEL CELLS)
( 40-60%). .
Alcaline Fuel Cells (AFC)Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
-
750-1000 C650-700 C190-210 C90-260 C65-85 C
45-65%60-80%40-80%70%40-50%
(reforming)
,
O2- H+ H- H+
SOFCMCFCPAFCAFCPEMFC2
3CO
-
http://fuelcellsworks.com/Typesoffuelcells.html
, .
.
, .
.
.
-
vs(t)
Ri(t)
L
a
b
Z R j L= +
(impedance)
X L= (reactance)
-
,
Tf
VV
tVtv
prms
p
222
)cos()(
===+=
,
2
)cos()(
prms
p
II
tIti
=+=
[ ]{ } [ ])(2sinsin)(2cos1cos...
)cos()cos()()()(
++++=
++==
tIVtIV
tItVtitvtp
rmsrmsrmsrms
pp
-
[ ]{ } [ ])(2sinsin)(2cos1cos)( ++++= tIVtIVtp rmsrmsrmsrms
:
P: , real power, active power
: W (kW, MW)
: V I
cosrmsrmsIVP = : 0
Q: , imaginary power, reactive power
: VAr (kVAr, MVAr)
sinrmsrmsIVQ = :
-
, > 0 => Q > 0 , < 0 => Q < 0 , = 0 => Q = 0
jQPS +=S: (apparent power) : VA (kVA, MVA)
Kirchhoff, .
-
sincos VjVVeVV j +===
rmsVV = , : (phase angle)
= II
22
sincos
)(
QPS
jQPIVjIV
IVIVIVVIS
+=+=+=
====
P
Q S
-
: power factor
cosp.f. ===SP
IVP
rmsrms
. (leading) (lagging) .
-
:
=+=+=
=
3030Z126Z060Z
V01200
3
2
1
jjj
V
Z1 Z2 Z3
I1 I2 I3
I
V
.
-
()
Z1 Z2 Z3
I1 I2 I3
I
V
kVA87.36120kVAr72kW96S
kVA941.33kVA24243030
1200
kVA331.107kVA9648126
1200
kW2460
1200
321TOTAL
3
2
*3
2*33
2
2
*2
2*22
2
*1
2
*1
**
1
*11
=+=++===+===
=+====
====
==
jSSS
SjjZ
VVIS
SjjZ
VVIS
Z
V
ZVV
ZVVVIS
-
;-- (.. ).-- .-- .-- .
-
( ).
240)240sin(2)(
120)120sin(2)(
0)sin(2)(
====
==
VVtVtv
VVtVtv
VVtVtv
cc
bb
aa
-- 120 -- : a-b-c
( , positive sequence)
Va
Vb
Vc
-
= ZZ
ZVI =
)240()120(
0
==
===
IIII
IZV
ZVI
c
b
aa
, . , .
: (Y) (star wye) () (delta).
-
(neutral).
van
vbnvcnn
Z
nZ Z
ia
ibn
in
ib
ic
icn
ian
, .
cban IIII ++=
-
cnc
bnb
ana
IIIIII
===
phaseline II =
303 = pLL VV 30.
-
Z
ia
ibc
ib
ic
icaiabZ
Z
pLL VV =
303 = pL II
-
: [ ][ ][ ])4802cos(cos)(
)2402cos(cos)()2cos(cos)(
==
=
tIVtptIVtptIVtp
rmsrmsc
rmsrmsb
rmsrmsa
:cos3)()()()( rmsrmscbatotal IVtptptptp =++=
, .
cos33 pp IVP =
-
:
sin33 pp IVQ = :
*333 3sin3cos3 pppppp IVIVjIVQPS =+=+=
. :
cos33 LLL IVP = sin33 LLL IVQ =
.
-
120 V rms 10 A rms 60 (lagging).,
W6005.010120cos === rmsrmsavg IVP,
VA120010120 === rmsrmsIVS
, 0 ( 600 W).
.
-
.
P1
Q1S1
1
1. Q1.
, .
-
VAr75W,100 11 kQkP ==VA1251
21
211 kSQPS =+=
lagging8.0cosp.f.125100cos 1
1
11 ==== S
P
0.95 lagging. ;
P1
Q1S1
1
-
Q1 Q2.
P1 = P2
Q1S1
12
Q2S2
Qc
2
22
22
tan
19.18cos95.0p.f.
PQ=
===
VAr87.322 kQ =, Qc = Q1 - Q2 => Qc = 42.13 kVAr.
VA26.105cos 2
22 k
PS == , 125 kVA.
,
-
, .
( ).
.
-- , ( ).
-- .
-
(, , )
+
-e1v1(t)
N1
i1(t)
+++
--
-
i2(t)
e2 v2(t)
N2
:-- .-- -- .
-- , .
-
, V = E
2211
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
IEIENN
II
NN
EE
===
==
-
-- R1 R2: -- X1 X2: -- Xm: , .-- Rc: ( , core losses) (hysteresis) Eddy(eddy currents).
+
-E1V1
N1
I1
++
+
-
-
-
I2
E2 V2
N2
R1 R2X1
Rc
X2
XmIc
IeIm
-
: .
e, i T, n
-
(generators)
(motors)
(alternating current) (ac)
(direct current) (dc)
-
Rotating magnetic field
;
, , . .
ac.
-
acAc motor
: (stator) (rotor)
:
, .
120, .
-
Rotating magnetic field
: http://www.powerditto.de/Schemaengl.html
120 .
(2, 4, ).
-
; :
A)240sin()(A)120sin()(
Asin)(
==
=
tItitItitIti
Mcc
Mbb
Maa
=> H
AT/m0sin)( = tHtH Maa:sin tHM:0
: , .
-
Rotating magnetic field
AT/m240)240sin()(AT/m120)120sin()(
==
tHtHtHtH
Mcc
Mbb
:
HB = :
,
T240)240sin()(T120)120sin()(
T0sin)(
==
=
tBtBtBtBtBtB
Mcc
Mbb
Maa
-
Rotating magnetic field
:
]cos[sin51240)240sin(120)120sin(0sin
)()()()(
tjtB.tBtBtB
tBtBtBtB
M
MMM
ccbbaatotal
=++=
++=
: 1.5BM
-
(induced voltage) ac
: Vsin tNe cind =Nc: : :
:
V)240sin()(V)120sin()(
Vsin)(
==
=
tNtetNtetNte
ccc
cbb
caa
-
(induced voltage) ac
:
max cNE =
f2 = fNE c2max =
(rms) :
fNEfNE crmscrms 222 ==
-
%100=in
out
PP
%100+= lossesoutout
PPP
-
ac() (copper losses, I2R losses)
.
(stator copper losses):
(rotor copper losses):
1213 RIPSCL =
2223 RIPRCL =
() (core losses)
eddy .
-
ac() (friction losses)
(bearings) (brushes)
() (windage losses)
() (stray losses, miscellaneous losses)
-
Voltage regulation and speed regulation
: .
: (shaft) .
%100=FL
FLNL
VVVVR
%100=FL
FLNL
nnnSR %100
=FL
FLNLSR
(n: rpm, : rad/s)
-
acAc machines
Synchronous machines
Induction machines
-
.
.
: (stator) (rotor) : (slots) .
: , ( )
-
( )
-
: , (field current).
. (.. ), .
, ( Faraday) (induced voltage).
( ) 120 ( 120 ).
-
DC (DC MACHINES)
dc
dc dc.
dc: - dc
(, , )- .
- (,, ).
-
- dc ac, ac .
- ( ) dc. ac/dc (commutator).
: (rotor) (stator)
()
-
(slots) .
dc [2]
-
dc [2]
-
ac: dc (armature) .
-
- (dc )
- .
- .
-
lBve = )(
sinBvBv =
v: B: l:
.
,
-
. (commutator) (brushes).
. .
: P. C. Sen, Principles of electric machines and power electronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
-
, ( ).
-
Vdc30NS
Bv
v
a
b
1
2
Ir_dc
dc => : (N) (S) .
brushes
commutator
dc. . Lorentz . . ., , .
-
30 NS Vdc
a
b
1
2
B
v v
Ir_dc
, . , (commutator).
, .
, .
-
DC
%100=in
out
PP
%100+= lossesoutout
PPP
%100=in
lossesin
PPP
-
DC() (copper losses, I2R losses)
.
copper
FFAAcu RIRIP22 +=
() (core losses)
eddy .
armature field
() (brush losses) .
Abb IVP =brush
V2bV ( )
-
DC()
(friction) (windage). .
() (stray losses, miscellaneous losses) ( 1% ).
-
DC
1. (separately excited)2. (shunt)3. (series)4. (compounded)5. Dc (permanent-magnet dc motor)
-
S. J. Chapman, Electric machinery and power system fundamentals, New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.
T. Wildi, Electrical machines, drives, and power systems, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2002.
G. G. Karady and K. Holbert, Electrical energy conversion and transport: an interactive computer-based approach, Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2005.
Z. A. Yamayee and J. L. Bala Jr., Electromechanical energy devices and power systems John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1994.
J. D. Glover and M. S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Pacific Grove: Thomson Learning, 2002.