advanced wind power technology wind power in energy systems teemu heiskanen juhani mäkelä

Advanced Wind Power Technology

Wind Power in Energy SystemsTeemu Heiskanen

Juhani Mäkelä

1. Wind power integration• Transmission system• Connection methods• Integration costs• Grid planning and wind power

2. Wind power operation • Wind turbine types• Requirements for the wind turbines• System stability and balance

3. Cases• Lapland• Meri-Lappi• Europe 2050

Transmission Grid Characteristics• Operated, maintained and

developed by Fingrid Oyj• Comprises 400/220/110 kV

power lines, substations, and cross-border connections

• Circular structure improves reliability

• Huge investment program 2010-2020 – nuclear and wind power

integration– Replacement of transmission

grid reaching the end of its life cycle

Source: Fingrid

Grid connection solutions

Substation connectionLine connection (<25MW)

Less expensive

Fingrid prefers substation connections

Hinders operational reliability

Takes transmission capacity

Connection point Connection point

Source: Fingrid

Grid connection solution Connection fee

Connection to a 110 kV transmission line

<25 MW connection: 0,5 m€

<25 MW connection: Not allowed

Connection to an existing substation

400kV: 2,0 m€

220 kV: 1,2 m€

110 kV: 0,6 m€

Connection to a new substation

For a single player: All construction costs

For multiple players: As for existing substations

Integration Costs

In addition, 150000 €/km for transmission lines

Source: Fingrid

Wind power projects: effect on grid planning

Wind projects have high uncertainty

• Especially the subsidy cutoff at 2500 MW

• Capacity allocation via letters of intent and connection contracts

Small wind parks are faster to build than a substation

• Need for temporary solutions

Wind projects in the same area can be in different phases

• Challenges for cooperation in connection costs

• Variable speed• Good voltage

and reactive power control

• Fixed speed• Draws reactive

power from the grid

• Slight voltage and reactive power control

Source: EWEA

Wind turbine on the grid

• Tolerance (U, f, Fault ride through)

• Reactive power control• Active power and

frequency response• Protective devices• Visibility

Source: Fingrid

Grid codes: Requirements for the wind turbines

Production variation

Wind power effects on the grid

Source: National Grid; WIREs Energy Environ 2012

Less inertia

Variation -> Reserves

• Need of slower reserves increases

Source: VTT, Holttinen

In Lapland there is at the moment over 400 MW of over capacity

A failure in the blue marked 220 kV line: the wind power has to be transfered through Petäjäkoski.Transfer distance is now almost 400 km, which leads to very unstable situation.

Solution: Connect more capacity from the wind parks straight to Pirttikoski substation.

Case Keminmaa

Source: Fingrid

Case Meri-Lappi

Problem:

Grid has to be built to serve the future purpose but the grid projects takes years to construct and are expensive.

…Is the wind production going to boom or not?

Source: Fingrid

Case Meri-Lappi

Solution:

Improve the grid piece by piece:

1. Replace lines to more heat resistant ones

2. Reinforce the bottle necks

3. Build more 110 kV or 400 kV lines next to the old ones4. Temporary connections

Source: Fingrid

2010 2050

EU Renewable grid map

Source: EWEA

Questions?

advanced wind power technology wind power in energy systems teemu heiskanen juhani mäkelä

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