introduction to motivation theories
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AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY,
PONDICHERRY
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Direction
PersistenceIntensity
“Always do what you are afraid to do." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
ROBBINS AND JUDGE
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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IDEAL SITUATION NEEDS MOTIVATION
NEEDS TRAINING TERMINATE
WILLINGNESS
ABILITY
“Men are born to succeed, not fail.”-Henry David ThoreauAJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA,
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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MOTIVATION PROCESS
NEED(DEPRIVATION)
DRIVE(TENSIONS OR DRIVES TO
FULLFIL A NEED )
ACTIONS(GOAL-DIRECTED
BEHAVIOUR)
“Your life is in your hands, to make of it what you choose”-John Kehoe
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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THEORY OF MOTIVATION Sama (counseling)Dana (offering of gifts)Danda (Punishments)Bheda (creating a split)
Management Practices from
‘KAUTILYA’S ARTHASHASTRA’
(Written by CHANAKYA,
The world’s first Management Guru)
“What you are is what you have been, and what you will be is what you do now.”-BuddhaAJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA,
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
CONTENT THEORIES
– Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
– Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
– ERG Theory
– Frederick Herzberg’s Two- Factor Theory
– David C McClelland’s Theory of Needs“If you don't risk anything, then you risk even more.”
-Erica JongPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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PROCESS THEORIES
– Victor H Vroom Expectancy Theory
– Equity Theory
– Cognitive Evaluation Theory
– Self- Efficacy Theory
– Reinforcement Theory
“All that we are is the result of what we have thought.”-BuddhaPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY
“Our greatest glory is not in never failing but in rising up every time we fail”-Ralph Waldo EmersonPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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NEED HOME JOB
SELF- ACTULISATION Education, Religion, Hobbies, Personal growth
Training, Advancement, Growth, Creativity
ESTEEM Approval of family, Friends, Community
Recognition, High status, Responsibilities
BELONGINGNESS Family, Friends, Clubs Teams, Departments, Coworkers, Clients, Supervisors, Subordinates
SAFETY Freedom from war, poison, violence
Work safety, job security, Health insurance
PHYSIOLOGICAL Food, Water, Sex Heat, Air, Basic salary
“Fortune favours the brave.”-Publius Terence
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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“It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed.”-Theodore Roosevelt
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.”-Eleanor Roosevelt
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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“You must be the change you wish to see in the world.”-Mahatma Gandhi
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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MCCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS
NEED FORACHIEVEMENT
NEED FOR POWER
NEED FOR AFFILIATION
Friendship
Good relationship
drive to excelAchieve in relation to a set of standardsStrive to succeed
To control others
To get desired things done
“You will never possess what you are unwilling to pursue.”-Mike MurdockPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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“They can because they think they can.”-Virgil
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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Equity theory
“Our strength grows out of our weakness.”-Ralph Waldo EmersonPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory
“The better part of happiness is to wish to be what you are.”-Desiderius ErasmusPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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• Economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood
decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them
contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect.
•When six day-care centers in Haifa, Israel, began fining parents for late pickups,
the number of tardy parents doubled. The fine seems to have reduced their
ethical obligation to avoid inconveniencing the teachers and led them to think of
lateness as simply a commodity they could purchase.PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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• Incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or
civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—
what motivates us.
• Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts
the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for
performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
“There are two rules for success: 1) Never tell everything you know…”-Roger H. LincolnPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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GOAL SETTING
GoalsSpecific & Difficult
Accepted
Effects on PersonDirects attention
EnergisesEncourages persistency
New strategies developed
Feedback
Performance
“The secret of getting ahead is getting started”-Mark TwainPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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Implementing Goal Setting:
Management By Objectives
Specific Goals
Participatively Set
Explicit Time Frame
Feedback on Goal
“He who controls others may be powerful, but he who has mastered himself is mightier still.”-Lao-TzuPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
3. Rewards-Personal goals relationship = Valence
1. Effort-Performance relationship = Expectancy
2. Performance-Rewards relationship = Instrumentality
IndividualEffort
IndividualPerformance
PersonalGoals
OrganizationalRewards
1 2
3
“There is no such thing in anyone's life as an unimportant day.”-Alexander Woollcott
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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Self- Efficacy Theory(social cognitive or social learning theory)
Enactive Mastery
Vicarious Modeling
Verbal Persuasion
Arousal
“No matter how hard the past, you can always begin again.”-BuddhaPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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Reinforcement Theory
BEHAVIOURCONSEQUENCE
“ BEHAVIOUR IS A FUNCTION OF ITS CONSEQUENCES”
“Do not seek to follow in the footsteps of the wise. Seek what they sought.”-BashoPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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“A day will never be anymore than what you make of it.”-Josh S. HindsPONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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REFERENCE:
Books :Organizational Behavior 13th edition
-Stephen P. Robbins , Timothy A. Judge
Human Resource Management text and cases – 5th edition
-K. Aswathappa
Web:http://hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2009/03/when-economic-incentives-backfire/ar/1http://changingminds.orghttp://www.google.comhttp://www.netmba.comhttp://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/index.htmlhttp://tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_maslow.asphttp://www.provenmodels.com/20/theory-x-&-y/douglas-mcgregorhttp://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/foundations_of_psychology/43811http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/foundations_of_psychology/41616http://www.businessballs.com/leadership-management.htmhttp://www.ebookbillboard.com
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, PONDICHERRY
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AJAY MOHAN and TAMILVANAN, MBA, PONDICHERRY CENTRAL UNIVERSITY,
PONDICHERRY