Introduction to Matter SECTION 1.1 DESCRIBING MATTER

1. Matter: is anything that has mass and takes up space.Ex: all the stuff around you is matter. You are

matter too .

Ex: air, plastic, wood, glass, and cloth

I. Properties of Matter

A. Matter can have many different properties, or characteristics. Ex: hard, soft, rough, smooth, hot, cold, solid, gas

B. Chemistry: is the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes. a. substance: is a single kind of matter that is pure

(always has a specific makeup or composition and a specific set of properties)

Ex: Salt water

C. Every form of matter has two kinds of properties1. physical property2. Chemical property

D. Physical Property: is a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substanceEx: water = freezes at 0 degrees Celsius

(even though the water is frozen, it is still water)

1. Can be used to classify matter

Ex: metals = classified by luster and the ability to conduct electricity, malleability, ductile, etc…

Chemical Property: is a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into different substances.1. also used to classify substances

Ex: Methane gas (natural gas) = very combustible…creates new substances when it combines with oxygen as it burns.

Ex: Burning, flammability, or oxidation

More examples: iron + oxygen = rust, silver + sulfur = tarnish, for all my bakers out there…yeast + dough ingredients = CO2 (bread rises)

II. Elements!

A. Element: is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means.1. Elements are the simplest substances.

a. Each element can be identified by its specific physical and chemical properties

Ex: Al=aluminum (foil and outdoor furniture)ZN= zinc (used in pennies)O= oxygen (breath it in)

B. Particles of Elements – Atoms 1. atom- is the basic particle from which all elements are made.

a. different elements have different properties bc their atoms are different

B. Has a positive charged nucleus, and a negative charged cloud around the nucleus

C. When atoms Combine 1. Chemical bond – is a force of attraction

between two atoms.

a. Molecules – are groups of two or more atoms held

together by chemical bonds.

Ex. Molecule of water = oxygen atom chemically bonded

with two hydrogen atoms

Ex: Diatomic Molecules = two atoms of the same element bonded

III. Compounds A. Compound – is a pure substance made of two or more

elements chemically combined in a set ratio.Chemical Formula - represents a compound and shows the

elements in the compound and the ratio of atoms.EX: CO2 = carbon dioxide (the number 2 represents that

there are 2 oxygen atoms for every one atom of carbon.)EX: CO = carbon monoxide

B. When elements are chemically combined, they form compounds having properties that are different form those of the uncombined elements.Ex: Silver (shiny metal) + Sulfur (yellow powder) = Ag2S(black

compound called tarnish)Ex: Sugar = C12H22O11

IV. MixturesA. mixture = is made of two or more substances – elements,

compounds, or both – that are held together in the same place but are not chemically combinedEach substance in a mixture keeps its individual

properties. Also, the parts of a mixture are not

combined in a set ratio.

B. 2 types of Mixtures:1. Heterogeneous mixture- you can see different parts of this

mixtureEx: salad

2. Homogenous Mixture – the substances are so evenly mixed that you can’t see the different parts.

Ex: Sugar water (can not see the sugar

but you know it is there bc you can taste it)

a. Solution – an example of a homogenous mixture.

Ex: can be a liquid, solid, or gas

Ex: air = nitrogen gas, oxygen, and small amounts of other

gases

Ex: brass = solution of copper and zinc.

3. Separating Mixtures:

a. Compounds can be very difficult to separate

b. Mixtures are much easier to separate

1. techniques to separate a mixture:

Ex: using a magnet

Ex: Filtering the mixture

Ex: Distilling a Liquid Solution

Ex: Evaporation

Total Cereal Demonstration