Introduction Introduction toto

IPv6IPv6

Katherine Douglas, InstructorKatherine Douglas, Instructor

Herndon Career CenterHerndon Career Center

Local Cisco Networking AcademyLocal Cisco Networking Academy

Before we start…Before we start…

_____ IPv4_____ IPv4 _______________ IPng_____ IPng _______________ IPv6_____ IPv6 _______________ Classful address_____ Classful address _______________ NAT_____ NAT _______________ Scalability_____ Scalability _______________ VLSM_____ VLSM _______________ CIDR_____ CIDR _______________ Hierarchy_____ Hierarchy _______________ Aggregation_____ Aggregation _______________ Successive_____ Successive _______________ Unicast_____ Unicast _______________ Multicast_____ Multicast _______________ Anycast_____ Anycast __________

Please write down the following Key Terms on a blank piece of notebook paper Please write down the following Key Terms on a blank piece of notebook paper leaving a small underline before and after each word. leaving a small underline before and after each word. Label your paper IPv6 Label your paper IPv6 Pre/Post Concept Check.Pre/Post Concept Check.

More key terms…More key terms…_____ Scope of address_____ Scope of address _______________ Type of address_____ Type of address _______________ IPv4-Compatible_____ IPv4-Compatible _______________ IPv4-Mapped_____ IPv4-Mapped _______________ IANA_____ IANA _______________ ARIN_____ ARIN _______________ RIPE NCC_____ RIPE NCC _______________ APNIC_____ APNIC _______________ AfriNIC_____ AfriNIC _______________ ISP_____ ISP _______________ Dual-Stack_____ Dual-Stack _______________ Tunneling_____ Tunneling _______________ Translation_____ Translation _______________ Node_____ Node _____ _____ _____ Router_____ Router _____ _____ _____ Host_____ Host _____ _____ _____ Upper layer_____ Upper layer _____ _____ _____ Link_____ Link _____ _____ _____ Interface _____ Interface _____ _____ _____ Address_____ Address _____ _____ _____ Packet_____ Packet _____ _____

Pre Check of KnowledgePre Check of Knowledge

1.1. Rate yourself as to your perceived Rate yourself as to your perceived knowledge of these key words. knowledge of these key words.

2.2. Assess how much you already know Assess how much you already know about these terms by placing a (+), a about these terms by placing a (+), a check (√), or a zero (0) in the space to check (√), or a zero (0) in the space to the left of each word.the left of each word.

Plus (+) = ExpertPlus (+) = Expert Check (√) = Heard of itCheck (√) = Heard of it Zero (0) = Have not heard of it.Zero (0) = Have not heard of it.

We will do a Post Check at the end of today’s lesson.

IPv6 DefinedIPv6 Defined

Internet Protocol version 6Internet Protocol version 6 Originally known as IPng, or IP Next Originally known as IPng, or IP Next

GenerationGeneration Network Layer protocol for packet switched Network Layer protocol for packet switched

networksnetworks Successor of IPv4 which supports about 4.3 Successor of IPv4 which supports about 4.3

billion addresses (2billion addresses (23232 addresses) addresses) IPv6 increased the number of addresses to IPv6 increased the number of addresses to

(2(2128128 addresses) addresses) Useful for mobility, QoS, and privacy extensionUseful for mobility, QoS, and privacy extension

WOW! 2WOW! 2128128 Addresses Addresses 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,0340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,0

00,00000,000 340*10340*103636

million, billion, trillion, what?....million, billion, trillion, what?.... NO!! It’s NO!! It’s 340 340 undecillionundecillion in America in America

or or 340 sextillion340 sextillion in Europe in Europe

Picture This!Picture This! 430 quintillion addresses per sq. inch of 430 quintillion addresses per sq. inch of

the Earth’s Surfacethe Earth’s Surface Quintillion = American term for 10Quintillion = American term for 101818

Trillion = European term for 10Trillion = European term for 101818

That’s more than a trillion addresses per square That’s more than a trillion addresses per square centimeter of surface on the planet centimeter of surface on the planet

Each person on Earth could be assigned Each person on Earth could be assigned 7 unique addresses for every atom in 7 unique addresses for every atom in his or her body!his or her body! (assuming 1,027 atoms (assuming 1,027 atoms per human for roughly 6.5 billion people alive per human for roughly 6.5 billion people alive today) today)

225252 for every star in the known universe! for every star in the known universe!

Questions to ponder?Questions to ponder?

Do we really need this extremely Do we really need this extremely large address space?large address space?

Is this overkill?Is this overkill? How will this effect our routers and How will this effect our routers and

our routing tables?our routing tables? What about overhead on equipment What about overhead on equipment

and on our bandwidth?and on our bandwidth? What happened to IPv5? Did we skip What happened to IPv5? Did we skip

a version?a version?

Examine the FactsExamine the Facts

IPv6 longer address length is needed for:IPv6 longer address length is needed for: Routing AggregationRouting Aggregation Autoconfiguration of AddressesAutoconfiguration of Addresses

Improved scalability for multicast routingImproved scalability for multicast routing More efficient forwardingMore efficient forwarding Greater flexibility to introduce new optionsGreater flexibility to introduce new options Flow labeling to aide in QoS and special Flow labeling to aide in QoS and special

handlinghandling

BenefitsBenefits

Easier allocation of address blocksEasier allocation of address blocks Flexibility of ISPs to subdivide blocks Flexibility of ISPs to subdivide blocks

for customersfor customers Organizations can subdivide blocks Organizations can subdivide blocks

for internal networksfor internal networks Unique IP addresses facilitate End-To-Unique IP addresses facilitate End-To-

End (E2E) connectionsEnd (E2E) connections Embedded Quality of Service (QoS) to Embedded Quality of Service (QoS) to

support services like VoIP & IP Videosupport services like VoIP & IP Video

Okay, so what happened to Okay, so what happened to IPv5?IPv5?

IPv5 was NOT a successor to IPv6IPv5 was NOT a successor to IPv6 Known as Internet ST (Stream Known as Internet ST (Stream

Protocol)Protocol) Intended to be a connection oriented Intended to be a connection oriented

complement to IPv4complement to IPv4 Experimental protocol….Not in public Experimental protocol….Not in public

useuse

IPv4 vs IPv6IPv4 vs IPv6 IPv6IPv6

Does not need NATDoes not need NAT More addresses with More addresses with

additional levels of additional levels of hierarchy to support hierarchy to support network growthnetwork growth

Increased bandwidth Increased bandwidth overheadoverhead

Requires DNSRequires DNS Difficult to memorize Difficult to memorize

addressesaddresses Provides IP for ALL Provides IP for ALL

citizens!citizens! NO BROADCASTS!NO BROADCASTS! Represented in Colon Represented in Colon

Hexadecimal notationHexadecimal notation Backward compatible with Backward compatible with

IPv4IPv4

IPv4IPv4 Fewer total addresses Fewer total addresses Address depletionAddress depletion Scalability problemsScalability problems Exponential growth of Exponential growth of

Internet & number of Internet & number of routesroutes

Need private Need private addressing and Network addressing and Network Address Translation Address Translation (NAT)(NAT)

Provides IP for ISPs, Provides IP for ISPs, companies, companies, governments, and governments, and educational institutionseducational institutions

Represented in Represented in dotted decimal dotted decimal notationnotation

What’s driving the What’s driving the need??need??

Internet growthInternet growth Mobile devicesMobile devices

PDAsPDAs Mobile phonesMobile phones Tablet PCsTablet PCs

GamingGaming Voice/VideoVoice/Video Security Security

MonitoringMonitoring AppliancesAppliances

Medical Medical ImagingImaging

Animal TagsAnimal Tags Media ServicesMedia Services Traffic ControlTraffic Control PlanesPlanes AutomobilesAutomobiles HotspotsHotspots

IPv6 Header FieldsIPv6 Header Fields

VersionVersion – version 6 (4 bits) – version 6 (4 bits)Traffic ClassTraffic Class – packet priority (8 bits) where source – packet priority (8 bits) where source

provides congestion or non-congestion controlprovides congestion or non-congestion controlFlow LabelFlow Label – QoS management (20 bits) – QoS management (20 bits)Payload LengthPayload Length – when set to zero, the option is – when set to zero, the option is

“jumbo payload” or hop-by-hop which carries optional “jumbo payload” or hop-by-hop which carries optional info that must be examined by every node (16 bits)info that must be examined by every node (16 bits)

Next HeaderNext Header – next encapsulated protocol compatible – next encapsulated protocol compatible with IPv4 protocol field. (8 bits)with IPv4 protocol field. (8 bits)

Hop LimitHop Limit – replaces the TTL (time to live) in IPv4 (8 – replaces the TTL (time to live) in IPv4 (8 bits)bits)

Source AddressSource Address and and Destination AddressDestination Address – (128 bits – (128 bits each)each)

IPv6 AddressesIPv6 Addresses UnicastUnicast – identifies a single interface on a – identifies a single interface on a

single node. A unicast packet is single node. A unicast packet is delivered delivered to the identified single interfaceto the identified single interface..

MulticastMulticast - identifies a set of interfaces - identifies a set of interfaces that belong to different nodes. A multicast that belong to different nodes. A multicast packet is packet is delivered to all identified delivered to all identified interfacesinterfaces..

AnycastAnycast – a global unicast address that is – a global unicast address that is assigned to a set of interfaces that belong assigned to a set of interfaces that belong to different nodes. An anycast packet is to different nodes. An anycast packet is delivered to the closest interfacedelivered to the closest interface..

BroadcastBroadcast – Not in IPv6!!! – Not in IPv6!!!

IPv6 Special AddressesIPv6 Special Addresses ReservedReserved – reserved by IETF for special uses. – reserved by IETF for special uses.

First eight bits are 00000000First eight bits are 00000000. IPv4 embedded . IPv4 embedded addresses use this block.addresses use this block.

PrivatePrivate – private addresses are local to a – private addresses are local to a particular site or company network and are never particular site or company network and are never routed outside that network. routed outside that network. First nine bits are: First nine bits are: 111111101111111101

LoopbackLoopback – used for testing the “loop back” of – used for testing the “loop back” of the device. the device. 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128 or ::1/1280:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128 or ::1/128

UnspecifiedUnspecified – used in the source field when a – used in the source field when a host is seeking to have its IP address configured. host is seeking to have its IP address configured. All 128 bits are zeroes noted as 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, ::, All 128 bits are zeroes noted as 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, ::, or 0::0or 0::0..

IPv6 Addressing FormatIPv6 Addressing Format Written in Colon Hexadecimal NotationWritten in Colon Hexadecimal Notation Typically see the IPv6 Address followed by a slash Typically see the IPv6 Address followed by a slash

“/” for the Prefix Length“/” for the Prefix Length Prefix Length is the number of leftmost bits that Prefix Length is the number of leftmost bits that

represent the prefix, written in slash notation just represent the prefix, written in slash notation just like CIDR in IPv4like CIDR in IPv4 IPv6 Ex: 2001:c001:c15c::/48IPv6 Ex: 2001:c001:c15c::/48

Two colons “::” represent successive leading Two colons “::” represent successive leading zeroeszeroes Example:Example:

2001:0:0:0:260:97FF:FE02:6EA52001:0:0:0:260:97FF:FE02:6EA5 same as same as 2001::260:97FF:FE02:6EA52001::260:97FF:FE02:6EA5

IPv6 Unicast AddressesIPv6 Unicast Addresses

64 bits for Subnet + 64 bits for Interface ID64 bits for Subnet + 64 bits for Interface ID Prefix + Subnet ID + Interface ID = IPv6 128 bit Prefix + Subnet ID + Interface ID = IPv6 128 bit

AddressAddress Prefix is the Global Routing Prefix (48 bits)Prefix is the Global Routing Prefix (48 bits) Subnet ID is the subnet identifier within a site (16 bits)Subnet ID is the subnet identifier within a site (16 bits) Interface ID is the interface identifier for a particular Interface ID is the interface identifier for a particular

host or other device (64 bits)host or other device (64 bits)

Represented in 16 bit Hexadecimal NumberRepresented in 16 bit Hexadecimal Number

From ONE:From ONE: To ONE:To ONE:

SOURCE -----------------------------SOURCE -----------------------------Unicast DestinationUnicast Destination

Routing PrefixRouting Prefix

Like the Network ID in IPv4Like the Network ID in IPv4 48 bits48 bits

11stst three bits are fixed at “001” for unicast three bits are fixed at “001” for unicast Next 45 bits - Regional Internet Registries Next 45 bits - Regional Internet Registries

determine how these bits are allocated. determine how these bits are allocated. These bits are typically a combination of Level These bits are typically a combination of Level

Identifier fields. Identifier fields. For example, you could have: Level 1 Identifer For example, you could have: Level 1 Identifer

(10 bits) for largest organizations + Level 2 (10 bits) for largest organizations + Level 2 Identifer (12 bits) for lower level organizations Identifer (12 bits) for lower level organizations + Level 3 Identifer (23 bits) for Level 2’s + Level 3 Identifer (23 bits) for Level 2’s customerscustomers

Who’s in charge?Who’s in charge? IANAIANA – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is in – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is in

charge of all IP address assignment and internet charge of all IP address assignment and internet parameters. (owned and ran by ICANN)parameters. (owned and ran by ICANN)

ICANNICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a private, non-profit company and Numbers is a private, non-profit company responsible for all registration tasks such as IP responsible for all registration tasks such as IP address assignment, domain name assignment, and address assignment, domain name assignment, and protocol parameters management. (ICANN has protocol parameters management. (ICANN has allowed accredited registrars to register names in allowed accredited registrars to register names in many of the top-level domains)many of the top-level domains)

Often referred to as: IANA/ICANN or ICANN/IANAOften referred to as: IANA/ICANN or ICANN/IANA

What’s an RIR?What’s an RIR?

IANA assigns largest blocks of addresses IANA assigns largest blocks of addresses to RIRs (Regional Internet Registries)to RIRs (Regional Internet Registries)

Back to IPv6 Addresses…Back to IPv6 Addresses…How do they do it?How do they do it?

An RIR is a Regional Internet Registry An RIR is a Regional Internet Registry that is responsible for managing IP that is responsible for managing IP addresses and Autonomous System addresses and Autonomous System numbers for a particular region.numbers for a particular region.

So who are the RIRs?So who are the RIRs?

APNICAPNIC – Asia Pacific Network Information Centre – Asia Pacific Network Information Centre responsible for Asia/Pacific regionresponsible for Asia/Pacific region

ARINARIN – American Registry for Internet Numbers – American Registry for Internet Numbers responsible for North America, part of the Carribeanresponsible for North America, part of the Carribean

LACNICLACNIC – Latin American and Carribean Internet – Latin American and Carribean Internet Addresses Registry responsible for Latin America Addresses Registry responsible for Latin America and part of the Carribeanand part of the Carribean

RIPE-NCCRIPE-NCC – Réseaux IP Européens Network – Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Center responsible for Europe, Middle Coordination Center responsible for Europe, Middle East, and Central AsiaEast, and Central Asia

AfriNIC AfriNIC - African Internet Numbers Registry - African Internet Numbers Registry responsible for continental Africa and the Indian responsible for continental Africa and the Indian OceanOcean

IPv6 Multicast AddressesIPv6 Multicast Addresses 11stst 8 bits are all 1’s i.e., 1111 1111; Translate into Hex: FF 8 bits are all 1’s i.e., 1111 1111; Translate into Hex: FF Indicator (8 bits) + Flags (4 bits) + Scope ID (4 bits) + Indicator (8 bits) + Flags (4 bits) + Scope ID (4 bits) +

Group ID (112 bits) = IPv6 128 bit Multicast AddressGroup ID (112 bits) = IPv6 128 bit Multicast Address Indicator – 1Indicator – 1stst eight bits set to 1’s signifying a eight bits set to 1’s signifying a

multicast packet.multicast packet. Flags – 1Flags – 1stst three are 0’s. The last is either a “0” for a three are 0’s. The last is either a “0” for a

permanent/well known multicast address or a “1” for permanent/well known multicast address or a “1” for a transient multicast address. a transient multicast address.

Scopes – Globally across the Internet or Locally within Scopes – Globally across the Internet or Locally within the organizationthe organization

Group – Defines a particular group within a scope.Group – Defines a particular group within a scope.

From ONE:From ONE: To MANY:To MANY:SOURCE SOURCE ---------------------------------------------------------- Multicast DestinationsMulticast Destinations

---------------------------------------------------------- Multicast DestinationsMulticast Destinations---------------------------------------------------------- Multicast DestinationsMulticast Destinations

Multicast ScopesMulticast Scopes Node-LocalNode-Local

(within a node)(within a node) Link-LocalLink-Local

(within a local (within a local network)network)

Site-LocalSite-Local (within a local (within a local site)site)

Organization-Organization-LocalLocal (within (within an an organization)organization)

GlobalGlobal (across (across the Internet)the Internet)

Note: As the Scope ID Value Increases, the Scope expands to cover larger areas.

Well Known Multicast Well Known Multicast AddressesAddresses

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:1FF01:0:0:0:0:0:1 used to used to multicast to all multicast to all nodes for node-localnodes for node-local. (Notice: FF . (Notice: FF signifies multicast, scope id of 1 signifies signifies multicast, scope id of 1 signifies node-local, and group id of 1 signifies all node-local, and group id of 1 signifies all nodes)nodes)

FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1 used to used to multicast to all multicast to all nodes for link-localnodes for link-local. (Notice: FF signifies . (Notice: FF signifies multicast, scope id of 2 signifies link-local, multicast, scope id of 2 signifies link-local, and group id of 1 signifies all nodes)and group id of 1 signifies all nodes)

Multicasting to “all nodes” replaces IPv4 Broadcasts.

More well-known Multicast More well-known Multicast AddressesAddresses

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF01:0:0:0:0:0:2 used to used to multicast to all multicast to all routers for node-localrouters for node-local. (Notice: FF . (Notice: FF signifies multicast, scope id of 1 signifies signifies multicast, scope id of 1 signifies node-local, and group id of 2 signifies all node-local, and group id of 2 signifies all routers)routers)

FF02:0:0:0:0:0:2FF02:0:0:0:0:0:2 used to used to multicast to all multicast to all routers for link-localrouters for link-local. (Notice: FF signifies . (Notice: FF signifies multicast, scope id of 2 signifies link-local, multicast, scope id of 2 signifies link-local, and group id of 2 signifies all routers)and group id of 2 signifies all routers)

FF05:0:0:0:0:0:2 FF05:0:0:0:0:0:2 used to used to multicast to all multicast to all routers for node-localrouters for node-local. (Notice: FF . (Notice: FF signifies multicast, scope id of 5 signifies site-signifies multicast, scope id of 5 signifies site-local, and group id of 2 signifies all routers)local, and group id of 2 signifies all routers)

IPv6 Anycast AddressesIPv6 Anycast Addresses Anycast Packets are new to IPv6Anycast Packets are new to IPv6 Automatically sends packet to the closest member within a Automatically sends packet to the closest member within a

group.group. Provides flexibility when requesting a service provided by Provides flexibility when requesting a service provided by

several different routers.several different routers. Designed for devices within the same network.Designed for devices within the same network. Addresses assigned from Unicast Addressing space.Addresses assigned from Unicast Addressing space. Subnet Prefix (# bits) + Interface Identifier (128 - # bits in Subnet Prefix (# bits) + Interface Identifier (128 - # bits in

Subnet Prefix) = IPv6 128 bit Anycast AddressSubnet Prefix) = IPv6 128 bit Anycast Address Interface Identifier is set to ALL 0’s.Interface Identifier is set to ALL 0’s.

Subnet-Router Anycast Address is required to communicate Subnet-Router Anycast Address is required to communicate with one of multiple routers in a particular subnet.with one of multiple routers in a particular subnet.

From ONE:From ONE: To ONE of Many:To ONE of Many:SOURCE SOURCE -------------------------------------------------------------- Multicast DestinationMulticast Destination

-------------------------------------------------------------- Multicast DestinationMulticast Destination---------------------------------------------------------- CLOSEST Multicast DestinationCLOSEST Multicast Destination

Deploying IPv6Deploying IPv6

Migration to IPv6 from IPv4 will not Migration to IPv6 from IPv4 will not occur all at once…it’s way too occur all at once…it’s way too complexcomplex

IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 and IPv6 mustmust coexist coexist Migration requires careful planningMigration requires careful planning Overall transition worldwide will take Overall transition worldwide will take

several yearsseveral years

Migrating from IPv4 to Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6IPv6

Methods that make the migration easier.Methods that make the migration easier. Dual-Stack – running both IPv4 and IPv6 Dual-Stack – running both IPv4 and IPv6

simultaneously. Applications talk to both.simultaneously. Applications talk to both. Tunneling – wrapping or packaging one type of Tunneling – wrapping or packaging one type of

packet into another to be sent on dissimilar packet into another to be sent on dissimilar network i.e., tunneling ipV6 packets on IPv4 network i.e., tunneling ipV6 packets on IPv4 networknetwork

Translation – converting IPv4 to IPv6 and vice Translation – converting IPv4 to IPv6 and vice versa which can be complex and result in versa which can be complex and result in problems. Required for devices that only problems. Required for devices that only support one version. (temporary solution until support one version. (temporary solution until more devices make the move to IPv6)more devices make the move to IPv6)

IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding – embeds the IPv4 IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding – embeds the IPv4 addresses within the IPv6 address structureaddresses within the IPv6 address structure

Dual-StackDual-Stack

Devices are IPv6 AwareDevices are IPv6 Aware Devices speak both IPv6 and IPv4Devices speak both IPv6 and IPv4 Dual Stack is the primary approach Dual Stack is the primary approach

for introducing IPv6 into an IPv4 for introducing IPv6 into an IPv4 networknetwork

TunnelingTunneling

Enables interconnection of IP Enables interconnection of IP networks.networks.

IPv6 networks can be connected IPv6 networks can be connected through an IPv4 WAN link.through an IPv4 WAN link.

IPv6 packets are encapsulated and IPv6 packets are encapsulated and decapsulated by border routers for decapsulated by border routers for transmission over the IPv4 WAN link.transmission over the IPv4 WAN link.

Thus, IPv6 packets are tunnelled Thus, IPv6 packets are tunnelled through the IPv4 network cloud.through the IPv4 network cloud.

TranslationTranslation

Required when IPv6 host needs to Required when IPv6 host needs to communicate with IPv4 host.communicate with IPv4 host.

Application Level Gateways (ALGs) Application Level Gateways (ALGs) are required to translate.are required to translate.

Can be implemented in border Can be implemented in border routers and hosts.routers and hosts.

Temporary SolutionTemporary Solution Complexity and overhead issuesComplexity and overhead issues

IPv6/IPv4 Address IPv6/IPv4 Address EmbeddingEmbedding

Addresses are in the Reserved Block Addresses are in the Reserved Block for IPv6 addresses.for IPv6 addresses.

The first 80 bits are zeroes. (Recall The first 80 bits are zeroes. (Recall that the reserved block has zeroes in that the reserved block has zeroes in the first 8 bits)the first 8 bits)

IPv4 addresses are put in special IPv4 addresses are put in special format IPv6 address so they are format IPv6 address so they are recognized as IPv4 addresses by IPv6 recognized as IPv4 addresses by IPv6 devices.devices.

Types of EmbeddingTypes of EmbeddingIPv4-Compatible IPv6 AddressesIPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses

Used with IPv6 capable devices Used with IPv6 capable devices All zeroes for middle 16 bitsAll zeroes for middle 16 bits 80 zeroes + 16 zeroes + 32 bit IPv4 Address80 zeroes + 16 zeroes + 32 bit IPv4 Address Example in Hybrid IPv4-Compatible format: ::68.87.72.130Example in Hybrid IPv4-Compatible format: ::68.87.72.130 Example in Standard IPv6 Hexadecimal format:Example in Standard IPv6 Hexadecimal format:

::4457:4882::4457:4882

IPv4-Mapped IPv6 AddressesIPv4-Mapped IPv6 Addresses Regular IPv4 addresses that have been mapped into IPv6 Regular IPv4 addresses that have been mapped into IPv6

addressesaddresses Used with devices that are only IPv4 capableUsed with devices that are only IPv4 capable All ones for middle 16 bitsAll ones for middle 16 bits 80 zeroes + 16 ones + 32 bit IPv4 Address80 zeroes + 16 ones + 32 bit IPv4 Address Example in Hybrid IPv4-Compatible Format:Example in Hybrid IPv4-Compatible Format:

::FFFF:68.87.72.130::FFFF:68.87.72.130 Example in Standard IPv6 Hexadecimal format:Example in Standard IPv6 Hexadecimal format:

::FFFF:4457:4882::FFFF:4457:4882

IPv6 Post CheckIPv6 Post Check

Now, go back to your IPv6 Pre/Post Now, go back to your IPv6 Pre/Post Concept Check paper with your Key Concept Check paper with your Key TermsTerms

Rate your understanding of the Key Rate your understanding of the Key Terms on the Right Side. Remember:Terms on the Right Side. Remember: (+) = Expert(+) = Expert (√ ) = Heard of it(√ ) = Heard of it (-) = Have not heard of it(-) = Have not heard of it

Reflection as a group.Reflection as a group.

SummarySummary IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6 is the IPv6 or Internet Protocol Version 6 is the

successor to IPv4 or Internet Protocol Version 4. successor to IPv4 or Internet Protocol Version 4. It is needed to address the need for additional It is needed to address the need for additional address space with an ever growing Internet address space with an ever growing Internet population as well as new internet devices.population as well as new internet devices.

IPv6 addresses are written in Colon Hex notation.IPv6 addresses are written in Colon Hex notation. IPv6 addresses are Unicast, Multicast, and IPv6 addresses are Unicast, Multicast, and

Anycast. Broadcast is not part of IPv6.Anycast. Broadcast is not part of IPv6. IPv6 has four special addresses: Reserved, IPv6 has four special addresses: Reserved,

Private, Loopback, and Unspecified.Private, Loopback, and Unspecified. Two colons in an address represent successive Two colons in an address represent successive

leading zeroes.leading zeroes.

Summary #2Summary #2

IANA assigns blocks of addresses to RIRs.IANA assigns blocks of addresses to RIRs. RIRs manage addresses for a particular RIRs manage addresses for a particular

region.region. Full IPv6 deployment will take years. Full IPv6 deployment will take years.

IPv4 and IPv6 must coexist in the IPv4 and IPv6 must coexist in the meantime. Dual-Stack, Tunneling, meantime. Dual-Stack, Tunneling, Translation, and IPv6/IPv4 Address Translation, and IPv6/IPv4 Address Embedding all make the migration easier. Embedding all make the migration easier.