introduction to ict new paper one by nkoyoyo edward

8/18/2019 Introduction to ICT NEW Paper One by Nkoyoyo Edward

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/introduction-to-ict-new-paper-one-by-nkoyoyo-edward 1/200

Information communicationtechnology

Nakasongola Ekitangaala

representative

Monday, April 18, 2016 +256777169712



INTRODUTION TO ICTS8!"#ICT refers to all means used to collect, process, store and

distribute information.

Examples of ICT devices include: computers, laser cameras,TVs, radios, Telephones, Printers, ATMs, pea!ers, etc.

Computer studies on the other hand is a component of ICT that

deals "ith the use of a computer s#stem.

NB.ICT is an umbrella term that includes an# communication device or application, around us:

radio, television, cellular phones, computer and net"or! hard"are and soft"are, satellite

s#stems and so on, as "ell as the various services and applications

+256777169712



$ou nee% to kno& thisContent of paper 1 & 2 What you do after

Its subsidiary subject which comprises of

paper 1 (theory) and paper 2 (practical)

S!"#1 structured $uestions %time(2&'")hours all compulsory maredout

of *"

S!"#2 $uestions ! ' hours maredpout

of +"

$. Computer Pro%rammers

&. Computer'Information #stems Anal#sts

(. Technicians

). Mobile Application *evelopers+. et"or! and #stem ecurit# pecialists

-. et"or! Mana%ers and Administrators

. oft"are En%ineers

/. Technical ales pecialists

0. Technical Trainers

$1. Technical 2riters$$. Telecom Mana%ers

$&. Telecommunications 3ine Installers

$(. 2ebsite *evelopers

$). oft "are developer

+256777169712



IN'OR()TION CO((UNIC)TIONS TEC*NO+O,$" ICT

,-.INITI/N /. 0- T-3STelecommunication& The use of electroma%netic devices and

s#stems for communicatin% over lon% distances. uch devicesinclude4 radios broadcast TVs, telephones and cable TVs.

Information& This refers to processed data.

Communication& Electronic transfer of data from one place toanother

Technolo4y& Methods'modes of doin% thin%sIT& Information Technolo%#: IT 5information

technolo%#6 This is a term that comprises all forms of

technolo%# used to create, store, exchan%e, and use informationin its various forms.

Therefore% ICT#IT relates to all means, "hich facilitatesinformation or data capture, processin%, stora%e, andcommunication or output.

+256777169712



Technolo%# is a method'mode of doin% thin%s or solvin% a problem.

/5, T-C6N/5/7I-S

ome common examples of old technolo%ies include:18 Ne"spaper ). Paper Printed Photo%raphs

&. 7ecordin%s +. 8ilm

(. 7adio -. Televisions

N-9 T-C6N/5/7I-S

$. atellites&. 8iber optic cables 5for communication media6

(. Cellular phones

). 8ax machines

+. Compact dis!

-. Computers. E9mail

/. Internet

0. *ata "arehouses or data bases

$1.Video conferencin%

NB: ICT'IT concept is uite different from Computer tudies. Computerstudies is simpl# a small section of IT.+256777169712



IMPACT OF IT/ICTs ON SOCIETY

ICTs have had both positive and ne%ative contributions to societ#. B-N-.ITS#;,<;NT;7-S /. IN./3;TI/N T-C6N/5/7.

$. Increased communication 'collaborations throu%h e9mails, chat rooms,video conferencin%, etc

&. Increased sharin% and access to common databases "ithin and outside

or%ani;ations throu%h net"or!in%.(. Increased access to information throu%h *<M. =u%e amounts of material

on all sub>ects no" exist "hich ease research "or!.

). Increased inventions and innovations.

+. Improved and sustained ualit# %oods and services.

-. Increased efficienc# and effectiveness? leadin% to increased productivit#5hence less "asta%es @ more efficient use of resources6.

+256777169712



$. Increased investment opportunities in commercial tele9centers, Internet cafes, chart rooms, etc.

&. More leisure as people %et shorter "or!in% hours. Increased

use of ICT implies hi%her standards of livin%.(. =i%hl# s!illed >obs are bein% created li!e pro%rammin%,

s#stems anal#sis. oft"are en%ineerin%, etc.

). 7educed costs of production throu%h less demandin% ICTs

+. Improved corporate ima%e.

B-N-.ITS#;,<;NT;7-S /. IN./3;TI/N T-C6N/5/7.

+256777169712



!sad"anta#es$. 2idens the %ap bet"een the rich and the poor as the rich

producin% "ith the help of ICTs produce faster and flood themar!ets.

&. Isolate older people since it is not ver# eas# for them to cope "iththe man# IT chan%es.

(. <ombards 5internet6 people "ith too much information9 5%oodand bad6

). Increased instabilit# as people %et compelled to learn ne" thin%sever# no" and then.

+. =ealth problems e.%. e#e si%ht losses, repetitive strain in>ur#, etc

-. Moral problem throu%h access of porno%raphic materials on thenet.

. Erosion of individual privac# as more data about people is storedon databases and can be accessed an# time.

+256777169712



#- Unemployment as less skille% people getretrenche% an% their roles taken over .y moree/ective ITs-

0- )%%ictions to computer games plus sur1ng .y

young people2- IT isolate man an% also ero%e the social

aspect of &ork as some people opt fore3ecuting their o4ce %uties from their homes-

5- Initial6 maintenance an% on7line IT costs are

very high-- irus threats make %ata store% on computers

very insecure-

9- Increase% crime through forgeries6 piracy6 etc-

+256777169712



A$EAS OF APP%ICATION FO$ INFO$MATION TECNO%O'Y

1( Edu)at!on and tra!n!n#( (any Universities6 Colleges6 schools an%

pu.lic li.raries are on line &ith &e.sites forpurposes of making easy access toe%ucational information--

E%ucation references soft &are e-g- theencyclope%ia6 Encarta6 etc are programs use%

for helping people &ith English usage-*2+ Infor,at!on/data stora#e- IT has got immense internal an% e3ternal

storage %evices for storage of huge volumesData- *ence the common paperless society

*-+ Word Pro)ess!n# :or% processor programs e-g- (icrosoft

&or%6 &or% star6 etc are use% to pro%uceprofessional looking %ocuments like6 letters6

invoices6 or%ers etc-+256777169712



.( us!nessE7us!ness an% E0)o,,er)e facilitate the .uying an%

selling of goo%s6 services an% &orks on line-

'or instance :e. sites like; 7 &&&- CD7No& for .uyingmusic CDs6 DDs < CDs Other us!nesses !n)ude3

Computer Secretarial =ureau- Internet cafes- Commercial computer schools- On7line .anking

4( Enterta!n,ent and %e!sure( ICT o/ers lots of leisure an% entertainment activities in

form of> Computer games Computer au%io music an% vi%eo players ,ames on line +eisure centers on line- +eisure &e.sites etc-

+256777169712



5(eath & Med!)!ne(ICTs are no& .eing use% for>

(e%ical tests for instance .loo%6 cancer6 =rain %amage etc Carrying out sensitive operations on sensitive .o%y parts like

the .rain6 heart6 ki%ney6 etc- Drug mi3ing an% prescriptions-

6( Transport & )o,,un!)at!onICTs are also .eing use% for>

Units of carriage surveyance in logistics management- Sen%ing an% receiving of messages like short message

Service ?sms@ via phones6E7mail6sms over the internet etc Reservations for units of carriage an% hotels-

7( A))ount!n# and F!nan)e(Soft&are"programs are no& availa.le for pro%ucing

1nancial reports like income statements6 =alance

sheets6 an% cash Ao& statements- Such programsai% 1nancial planning plus management-

Such application"programs inclu%e Bastel6 Tally6San% systems6 E3cels6 etc

+256777169712



*8+ - C!,ate and Weather;

Brograms have no& .een %evelope% to accuratelypre%ict an% report changes in climate an% &eather toai% travelers an% farmers-

*19+( Se)ur!ty and ,!!tary(IT +aser gui%e% cameras an% satellites are no& use%

for national an% %omestic security- =usiness like=anks6 supermarkets etc also use IT +aser gui%e%

cameras for customer monitoring in the .usiness hall-Information technologies are also use% in the military

to Ay an% %irect com.at planes6 locate enemypositions an% hit them &ith minimal civilian an%property losses-

11(Manufa)tur!n#:0In many large manufacturing an% pro%uctionprocesses ro.ots are .eing use% to han%le tasks6&hich cannot .e e4ciently han%le% .y humans-

+256777169712



Intro%uction to Computers

&hat is a computer

) computer is an electronic %evice &hich6

&hen its ard;are com.ines &ith Soft;are6can )apture6 Pro)ess< Store and Output information accor%ing to prescri.e%instructions of the user-

A )o,puter )on"erts data !nto!nfor,at!on that !s usefu to peope(

+256777169712



Uses of computers in

e%ucation'acilitate e7learningContain stu%y materials an% programs such as

(icrosoft Encarta6 =ritannia encyclope%ia6:e.ope%ia6 an% the internet-

'acilitate the running of virtual institutionsStorage of %ata in institutions

Entertainment in institutions

Increase% e4ciency an% e/ectiveness lea%ing toincrease% pro%uctivity

Increase% interaction "colla.orations through e7mails6 chat rooms6 vi%eo conferencing6 etc

Increase% access to information through D=(S-

+256777169712



CA$ACTE$ISTICS OF COMP=TE$S

1( Speeds;

Computers are relatively faster in their processing spee%s ifcompare% to humans an% other %ata processing means- Theiroperation spee%s are in millions of calculations in a secon%-

2( A))ura)y; Once given the right instructions6 computers are very precise an%

e3act- *ence .eing the right tool in places &here a lot of precisionis nee%e%- Computers are even capa.le of %etecting mistakes an%

correcting them once ma%e .y the users--( !!#en)e;

Computers are very meticulous an% are capa.le of %oing an%repeating similar task &ithout tiring or getting .ore%-

.( Me,ory Capa)!ty:

Unlike other %ata processors6 computers are capa.le hol%ing %atafor long time &ithout losing it through their storage me%ia like>*DD6 CDs6 Aash %isks6 DDs6 etc-

4( Art!>)!a !nte!#en)e *)I+: Computers are very intelligent %evices an% can receive an%

respon% to reuests6 an% give the appropriate response-

)I ).ility of computer to mimic human thought-+256777169712



5( Auto,at!on:

Computers receive an% &ork on instructionon their o&n- They &ork on minimal humanintervention-

S!tuat!ons ;here )o,puters ,!#ht e,ore appropr!ate than peope3

#- Dangerous situations an% tasks-0- Easily automate% tasks like telephone call

s&itch .o3es

2- Repetitive tasks &hich turn out to .e

.oring-5- (athematical calculations

- Situations calling for e3tra7or%inary skills-

+256777169712



Barts of a computersystem) complete computer system inclu%es four

%istinct parts;

*ar%&areSoft&are

Data

user

+256777169712



Computer system

+256777169712



Computer har%&are) computer har%&are consists of electronic

%evices or physical components that one cansee an% touch-

The term F%eviceG refers to any piece ofhar%&are use% .y the computer such as

key.oar%6 mouse piece6 scanners6 %igitiHers6

etc-

+256777169712



E?AMP%ES OF COMP=TE$ A$WA$E

?a@ Input hard;are de"!)es: These are

%evices use% to key %ata an% instructionsinto the Computer- E-g- the key.oar%6mouse piece6 scanners6 %igitiHers6(icrophones6 Stripper .arco%e rea%er6 etc-

*+ Syste, un!t hard;are: This is ametallic casing use% to house the po&ersupply unit6 system speakers6 har% %isk6DD"CD7RO( %rive6 Aoppy %rive6 an%

System mother .oar% 6CBU6 system portsan% slots6 IDE ca.le"%ata .uses6 C(OS.attery6 Dimms"Simms6 etc-

+256777169712



?c@ Output hard ;are e"!)es: These are%evices use% to communicate %ata an%information to the computer user- Theyrelease store%"processe% %ata an% informationfor vie&ing- e-g- printers6 speakers6 lights6 an%i%eo ,raphic )rray ?,)@ or monitor or isual

Display Unit ?DU@ or screen6 etc ?%@ Storage har%&are Devices; these are

%evices use% to store %ata for the computer-E3amples inclu%e har% %isks6 Aash %isks6

Aoppy %iskettes6 compact %isc etc-

+256777169712



SOFT WA$E: Soft;are is a set of electronic instructions

that tells the computer ho& to %o certaintasks-

Soft;are: organiHe% sets of instructions forcontrolling the computer(

) set of instructions is often calle% aprogram-

+256777169712

The t;o ,ost )o,,on types of pro#ra,s



The t;o ,ost )o,,on types of pro#ra,sare syste, soft;are and app!)at!onsoft;are(

#- )pplication soft&are-

These are pro#ra,s/sets of !nstru)t!onsthat te the )o,puter ho; toa))o,p!sh tas@s the user reu!res<su)h as )reat!n# a do)u,ent or ed!t!n#

a #raph!) !,a#e( So,e !,portant @!nds of app!)at!on

soft;are are: Word pro)ess!n# pro#ra,s Spreadsheet soft;are

ataase ,ana#e,ent Presentat!on pro#ra,s Net;or@!n# soft;are We des!#n toos and ro;sers Internet app!)at!ons

Enterta!n,ent and edu)at!on Mut!,ed!a author!n# et)(+256777169712



2( Syste, soft;are(

These are pro#ra,s that eB!st pr!,ar!y

for the )o,puter !tsef< to hep the)o,puter perfor, spe)!>) fun)t!ons(

One ,aor type of syste, soft;are !sthe operat!n# syste, *OS+( A

)o,puters reu!re an operat!n# syste,(The OS tes the )o,puter ho; to

!ntera)t ;!th the user and !ts o;nde"!)es(

Co,,on operat!n# syste,s !n)udeW!ndo;s< the Ma)!ntosh OS< OS/2< and=NI? (

+256777169712



D)T)Data consists of ra& facts6 &hich the

computer can manipulate an% process intoinformation that is useful to people-

ComputeriHe% %ata is %igital6 meaning that ithas .een re%uce% to %igits6 or num.ers- Thecomputer stores an% rea%s all %ata asnum.ers-

)lthough computers use %ata in %igital form6they convert %ata into forms that people canun%erstan%6 such as te3t6 numerals6 soun%s6an% images-

+256777169712



USERSPeope are the )o,puterDs operators< or

users(

So,e types of )o,puters )an operate;!thout ,u)h !nter"ent!on fro, peope<ut persona )o,puters are des!#nedspe)!>)ay for use y peope(

+256777169712

TE CONCEPTS OF ATA AN INFO$MATION



TE CONCEPTS OF ATA AN INFO$MATION

ATA; Refer to .asic"ra& facts an% 1gures- It can also refer to the

un processe% information- Data is not a goo% .asis forplanning or %ecision making e-g-

*ours &orke% .y an employee-)rrival time of an employeeSales 1gure for a %ay etcTYPES OF ATA1(!re)t data or Pr!,ary data: Originates from the source

i-e- 1rst han% %ata-

2(Ind!re)t or se)ondary data: Data &hich comes in a moreroun% a .out &ay- It is alrea%y researche% %ata e-g- te3t.ook%ata6 magaHine %ata6 ne&spapers6 etc-

Others for,s of data !n)ude3 Currency- Data e3presse% in monetary value- Num.er ?! J K@

Date"time (emo Te3t- Data constructe% from letters of the alpha.et6

or a com.ination of letters of the alpha.et an%num.ers-

Image-

oices- +256777169712



ata pro)ess!n#,ethods ata pro)ess!n# ,ethods !n)udes:

Data processing refers to the collection an%manipulation of %ata items to pro%ucemeaningful information- This can .e achieve%.y;

#- (anual metho%s- Involves use of human .eingsfor %ata processing-

0- (echanical- Involves use mechanical

type&riters6 a.acuses6 sli%e rules etc2- Electronic Data Brocessing ?EDB@ &hich

involves the the use of computers etc

+256777169712



INFO$MATION This refers to processe% %ata i-e- %ata that is

alrea%y converte% into a moreuseful"meaningful form- Information shoul% .ethe .asis for %ecision an% policy making-

On many occasions the t&o concepts ?%ata an%information@ have .een use% interchangea.ly-

One has .een use% to mean the other-Types of !nfor,at!onBast informationBresent information-

'uture informationStrategic informationOperational information

+256777169712



=A%ITIES OF 'OO INFO$MATION

#- Timelines- *aving %ata at the right time-

0- Cost e/ectiveness- *aving %ata &hich is &ithin themeans of the 1rm-

2- Completeness" Comprehensiveness- *avinginformation that is not lacking in any form-

5- Relevance- *aving %ata &hich is capa.le of solving

organiHational nee%s- It must .e %irecte% to theright au%ience an% from the right author-

- Clarity- *aving %ata that is error an% am.iguityfree-

9- (ust .e through the most appropriate channel- I-e-a channel &hich is noise free6 or minimiHes noise-

M- User speci1c or easily attache% to the user- It must.e properly uali1e% or structure%-

+256777169712



ata/Infor,at!on Pro)ess!n# Cy)e

,etting information is a process involving;

Data Collection Data Inputting DataProcessing (Processor) DataOutputting (Information).

+256777169712



=ooting a computeroot!n# Refers to the process of loa%ing an

operating system into a computers main memoryto make a computer rea%y for use- The t&o maintypes of .ooting inclu%e-

*!+ Cod oot!n#: Col% .ooting refers to turningon a computer after it has .een o/ .y loa%ing the

operating system-

*!!+ War, oot!n#: Resetting the computer&hen the Operating System is alrea%y running .yusing reset .utton or ctrl )lt Del-

+256777169712



The =ooting Brocess The .ooting process is a list of %etaile%

proce%ures that the system un%ergoes toperform all system checks an% loa% allnecessary 1les to .ring the computer to anoperational state-

The :in%o&s B .oot up process comprises ofthe follo&ing proce%ures;

+256777169712



1( The Po;er0On Sef Test Phase *POST+

)s soon as you po&er up your computer6 aself7test is performe% .y the po&er supply toensure that the volume an% current levels arecorrect .efore the Bo&er ,oo% signal is sent tothe processor-

:hen this 1rst stage is cleare%6 themicroprocessor &ill then trigger the =IOS toperform a series of operations-

+256777169712



2( IOS $OM Phase The =IOS6 also kno&n as the =asic Input Output

System is a 1rm&are or set of instructions thatresi%es on a RO( chip as containe% in themother.oar%-

It 1rst carries out the B-O-S-T that performs an%

veri1es all initial har%&are checks6 such aschecking if the system is initialiHe% .y a &armor col% start6 %etecting the presence ofperipheral %evices an% the amount of memorypresent-

It then accesses the information store% in theC(OS chip6 Pumpers an% assigns the necessarysystem resources-

+256777169712



The system &ill no& attempt to %etermine theseuence of %evices to loa% .ase% on thesettings store% in the =IOS to start the operating

system- It &ill start .y rea%ing from the 1rst .ootup %evice- If it points to the Aoppy %rive6 it thensearches for a Aoppy %isk- If it %oes not %etect a.oota.le %iskette in the Aoppy %rive6 the system%isplays an error message-

If the Aoppy %rive %oes not contain a %iskette6 it.ypasses the 1rst .oot up %evice an% %etects thesecon% %evice6 &hich is usually the har% %isk- ItQllthen start .y rea%ing the .oot co%e instructions

locate% in the master .oot recor%?(=R@ an%copies all e3ecution into the memory &hen theinstructions are vali%ate% an% no errors arefoun%-

+256777169712



-( oot %oader Phase

Control is then passe% on to the partitionloa%er co%e &hich accesses the partition ta.leto i%entify the primary partition6 e3ten%e%

partitions an% active partition &hich is nee%e%to %etermine the 1le system an% locate theoperating system loa%er 1le 7 NT+DR-

+256777169712



.( Operat!n# Syste,

Con>#urat!on PhaseNtoskrnl &ill .egin to loa% the operating systeman% registry information-

)fter this is complete%6 the control is passe% overto the Nt%etect-com program &hich collects an%con1gures all installe% har%&are %evices such asthe vi%eo a%apters an% communication ports-

If the vi%eo a%apter car% is foun%6 the cursor &illno& appear on the screen-

Nt%etect-com then searches for har%&are pro1lesinformation an% loa% the essential soft&are%rivers to control the har%&are %evices-

+256777169712



4( Se)ur!ty & %o#on Phase+astly the +ocal Security )%ministration &hich

is the logon %ialog interface &ill prompt you toselect your user pro1le an% verify yournecessary cre%entials .efore you aretransferre% to the :in%o&s %esktop-

)fter the successful loa%ing of the operatingsystem6 the computer is no& rea%y for usean% this marks the en% of the .oot process-

+256777169712



ERROR (ESS),ES

)ny error foun% %uring the .ooting process isreporte% .y a com.ination of .eeps an%%isplaye% error messages-

The errors &hich occur %uring the post can .eclassi1e% as either Ffatal or Fnon fatalG

Non fatal error

This typically %isplays an error message onthe screen an% allo& the system to continuethe .oot process

+256777169712



'atal errorOn the other han% fatal errors stop theprocess of .ooting an% is signale% .y a seriesof .eeps-

*o& ever a successful completion of post isin%icate% .y a single .eep-

+256777169712



$easons for ;ar, oot!n#(

)fter changing C(OS settings-

)fter installing"un installing a har%&are-

)fter un installing"installing ne& soft&are

:hen the computer 'reeHes?Does not respon%to any input Instruction .y the mouse or theey.oar%@-

+256777169712



N: efore you po;er up your)o,puter< >rst oser"e the foo;!n#(

Connect all the peripherals?*ar%&are@-

S&itch on po&er from the socket

Bress the on .utton of the UBS if any

Bress the ON .utton of the (onitor an% that ofthe system Unit-

+256777169712



SECURE +)=

ENIRON(ENT) )o,puter a is a cluster of computersthat usually are net&orke% an% availa.le foruse .y the stu%ents or pu.lic-

The computer la. employs a com.ination ofphysical an% soft&are7.ase% metho%s toensure the safety an% security of stu%ents6sta/6 euipment an% computer net&ork-

+256777169712



)rea of la.oratory

security Phys!)a se)ur!ty

In order to ha"e a se)ure a en"!ron,ent<the foo;!n# shoud e !n pa)e()ll the la. euipment such as computers an%other assets are suppose% to .e locke% %o&nthrough ca.ling or other means to enhancephysical security-

IT computer la.s shoul% .e monitore% either inperson .y the la. technician6 remotely through

security cameras or a com.ination of .oth-)ll la.s shoul% .e checke% for un authoriHe%har%&are on a perio%ic .asis-

+256777169712



Electrical po&er an%

ca.lingEe)tr!)a ;!r!n# !n #enera refers to!nsuated )ondu)tors used to )arryee)tr!)!ty and asso)!ated de"!)es-

)ll aspects of electrical &iring as use% toprovi%e po&er in .uil%ings an% structuresshoul% .e clearly kno&n-

Ensure that all &ires are properly insulate% to

avoi% electric shocks an% short circuits in thecomputer la. usage-

+256777169712



Security cameras ?CCT@ The computer la. reuires surveillance in areasthat may nee% monitoring such as the insi%e ofthe la. an% the outsi%e - This is mostly %one .yuse of CCT an% sensor %evices-

Close%7circuit Television ?CCT@ is the use of vi%eocameras to transmit a signals to a speci1c placeon a limite% set of monitors- CCT cameras may&ork continuously or only as reuire% to monitor aparticular event-

+256777169712



'IRST )ID IT

It is necessary to have a 1rst ai% kit foremergencies such as acci%ents in the la.6sicknesses etc- 'irst )i% kit is the collection of

supplies an% euipment for use in giving 1rstai%- This can .e purchase% in parts or as acomplete set-

+256777169712



'IRE ETIN,UIS*ERS) 1re e3tinguisher is an active 1re protection

%evice use% to e3tinguish or control small1res6 often in emergency situations- It is notinten%e% for use on an out of control 1re6 suchas one &hich has reache% the ceiling as this

ten%s to en%anger the user -) 1re e3tinguisher consists of a han% hel%

cylin%rical pressure vessel containing anagent &hich can .e %ischarge% to e3tinguishthe 1re-

+256777169712



)IR CONDITIONIN,)ir con%itioning is the process of altering theproperties of air ?primarily temperatures an%humi%ity@ to more favora.le con%itions- (ore

generally6 air con%itioning can refer to anyform of technological cooling6 heating6ventilation or %isinfection that mo%i1es thecon%ition of air-

+256777169712



+)=)R)TOR$ RU+ES )ND

RE,U+)TIONS There are rules essential for the safety an%

proper use of computer la. an% its resources-*o&ever these rules may vary from place to

place- They inclu%e the follo&ing-No foo%s or %rinks allo&e% in the computer

la. at any time-

No shouting6 lou% talking or cell phone use

allo&e% insi%e la.s-

+256777169712



Stu%ents are not permitte% to install6mo%ify or%elete any soft&are on la. computers-

Sche%ule% classes in the la.s have priorityover all other uses-

Euipment in the computer la. shoul% not .eremove%6mo%i1e%6relocate% or %issem.le%

&ithout permission of the la. coor%inator-Displaying of o/ensive graphic images such

as pornography an% other soft&are is notpermitte%-

+256777169712



Intentionally mo%ifying other peoples%ocuments"1les or pass&or% unless

authoriHe% to %o so is strictly not allo&e%-=e respectful of other la. users6 la.

euipment an% other areas at all the time

in the computer la.s-Bro.lems &ith computer la. euipment

shoul% .e reporte% to the la. atten%ant orteacher imme%iately-

Repro%uction of any copy righte% materialsuch as .ooks6 music6 photographs isprohi.ite%-

+256777169712



Users shoul% clean up the area aroun% thecomputer they have use% .efore they

leave-Net&ork ports in computer la.s are for la.

euipment only- No other %evices may .econnecte% to them-

Brotect your security i-e- log o/ thecomputer .efore leaving the computer la.-

The printers in the la.s are inten%e% to

serve the in%ivi%ual copy printing nee%s ofthe la. users not as a replacement forphotocopy machines-

+256777169712



SE$GICIN' AN MAINTENANCE OFCOMP=TE$ SYSTEMS

Importance of servicing an% maintenance ofcomputers-

Regular servicing prolongs the life time of the

har%&are-)lso helps to pre7empty pro.lems that may

ren%er the proper performance of thecomputer system-

+256777169712



Cleaning of computers The area of emphasis here is to keep the &orkarea an% computer system clean an% %ustfree-

as!) toos and eu!p,ents used

Too@!t )onta!n!n# nut dr!"ers< )ross )utp!ers< d!#!ta ,ut!,eter and head s)re;dr!"er

%!nt free )ean!n# )oths

M!d soap/deter#ent

Canned or )o,pressed a!r(

+256777169712

Cl i h i



Cleaning the system unit Turn o/ the computer an% then un plug it from the

po&er source-

Use the hea% scre& %river an% nut scre& %river toopen the computer casing-

:ith the system in vertical format6 =lo& out the %ust that has .uil% &ith in the system mechanism

inclu%ing po&er supply an% all other visi.le parts usingcanne% air-

Clean .oth the remove% outer casing an% main casing ofthe system unit using a %amp cleaning cloth an% afteruse a %ry cloth to &ipe %o&n the resi%ual &ater remains

on the casing- Ensure that &ater %oes not %rip insi%e onthe mother .oar% &hile using the %ampe% cloth-

:ait for some time for .oth parts of the casing to %ry an%allo& the remains of &ater to evaporate-

+256777169712



Re713 the computer casing

Test the system to ensure &hether it is in its

normal &orking state-

C+E)NIN, T*E :ORIN, )RE)"SUR')CE

Use a %ampe% cloth to clean the ta.le surfaceon &hich the computer system is lai%-

:ipe the area using a %ry cloth-

+256777169712



C+E)NIN, T*E (ONITOR

Using a %ampene% cloth an% %etergent6 &ipethe casing of the monitor an% its screen untilit is clean enough-

:ipe %o&n the remains of the &ater using a%ry cleaning cloth until every part is %ry-

Test the system to ensure that it is its normal

&orking state-

+256777169712



C+E)NIN, T*E E$=O)RD:ith the key.oar% in vertical position an%

using compresse% air6 .lo& the surface of thekey.oar% inclu%ing the keys area-?the incline%

position of the key.oar% ensures that no remainsof the %ust settle"stays un%er the keys@

)lso clean other parts of the key.oar% using a%ampe% cloth-

Using a %ry cleaning cloth &ipe %o&n theremaining elements of the resi%ual &ater

+eave the key.oar% for some time to ensurethat its %ry-

+256777169712



C+E)NIN, T*E (OUSE

Remove the track.all .y un locking its un%er

si%e or plate-Using a lint free cloth an% your 1nger nails6

clean the track .all-

Using a lint free cloth clean the outer surfaceof the key.oar%

Return the track .all into the un%ersi%e of themouse .y locking-

+256777169712



BREENTIE (E)SURES T)EN DURIN,

T*E C+E)NIN, BROCESSEnsure the proper han%ling of thecomputer to ensure that the components%o not loosen up- +oosening coul% %amagethe components especially &hen the unit isturne% on-

)fter the cleaning process of the monitorsurface6 plug .ack the po&er co%e safely-

+ittle or minimal amount of &ater is use%so that so that it %oes not %rip insi%emonitor- In case the &ater %rips insi%e themonitor6 it evaporates-

+256777169712



INST)++IN, S$STE( )ND

)BB+IC)TION SO'T:)RE Installing is a process of putting a program inthe computer &hile un installing is removing aprogram from the computer- To install aprogram take the follo&ing proce%ure-

Click on start an% then control panelDou.le click on a%%"remove programs

Select the soft&are that you &ish to install .yclicking on each option

Click ne3t an% then follo& the on screenprompts"instructions to complete theinstallation-

+256777169712



UNINST)++IN,

SO'T:)RE The uninstall &iHar% allo&s you to revie& an%uninstall items in your computer- This &iHar%is sho&n &hen you select items an% press

uninstall- To uninstall a program from yoursystem %o as follo&s;

Click on start an% then control panel

Dou.le click on a%%"remove programs

Select the program you &ant to install an%the installing options

+256777169712



Select the program to uninstall

click on uninstall? the uninstall %etails page &illsho& you a list of the items that &ill .e uninstalle%@

If you change your min% a.out &hich itemsshoul% .e uninstalle%6 you can click .ack to

see a list of items you ha% selecte% .efore-Click ne3t an% then follo& the on screen

prompts"instructions to complete the uninstallation-

Once all the soft&are is un installe% successfully6

you &ill .e prompte% to start the computer-

+256777169712



Co,puter

troueshoot!n# Trou.leshooting is the process of %iagnosingthe source of a pro.lem- It is use% to 13pro.lems &ith har%&are6 soft&are an% many

other pro%ucts or processes- It is a logicalsystematic search for the source of thepro.lem so that it can .e solve% an% thepro%uct can .e ma%e operational again-

+256777169712



Trou.leshooting in the control panelcontains several trou.leshooting programsthat can automatically 13 some commonpro.lems &ith your computer such aspro.lems &ith net&orking6 har%&are

%evices an% program compati.ility amongothers- Open trou.leshooting .y clicking the start .utton

Click the control panel an% then un%er system security6

Click 1n% an% 13 pro.lems-

+256777169712



MAHO$ T$O=%ESOOTIN' P$O%EMS

IN COMP=TE$S#- Soft;are Troueshoot!n#

Trou.leshooting soft&are pro.lems is a .ig part ofcomputer maintenance- If your computer is

freeHing6 crashing or acting strangely6 soft&are isthe most likely culprit- ) num.er of things cancause soft&are programs that once .ehave%Aa&lessly to stop &orking6 inclu%ing corrupt 1lesan% the a%%ition of conAicting programs- In or%er to

get the most from you system6 use .uilt7in%iagnostics like the :in%o&s Event ie&er an% DiskDefragmenter to e3amine the con%ition of thecomputer an% its soft&are packages-

+256777169712

2 ard;are Troueshoot!n#



2( ard;are Troueshoot!n#

Not all computer pro.lems are cause% .ymalfunctioning soft&are programs- Some

pro.lems are cause% .y faulty har%&are6inclu%ing har% %rives that are a.out to fail6%efective R)( mo%ules an% &orn7out CD an%DD %rives- In or%er to trou.leshoot these

har%&are %evices6 use the Device (anager .yright7clicking on (y Computer6 choosingBroperties from the %rop7%o&n .o36 clicking the*ar%&are ta. an% clicking the Device(anager .utton to vie& the %rive %etails -

+256777169712



-( Conne)t!"!ty Troueshoot!n#

Even if the computer is running 1ne6 if it cannot

connect to the net&ork or the Internet6 it &ill not.e very useful- If you cannot connect to yourcomputer6 check the lights on your mo%em> ifthe lights are re%6 or if the lights are green .ut

not Aashing6 you may nee% to po&er the mo%emo/ an% .ack on

+256777169712

T$O=%ESOOTIN' IFFE$ENT P$O%EMS IN A



T$O=%ESOOTIN' IFFE$ENT P$O%EMS IN A

COMP=TE$;1( COMP=TE$ CANT STA$T-

E3amine the ca.les6 connectors6 an% po&er cor%s to make suretheyQre plugge% in securely- Often times a loose ca.le orconnector ?po&er6 net&ork6 key.oar%6 mouse6 speaker6 monitor

ca.le6 etc-@ is the cause of the pro.lem- If youQre using a po&er strip or a surge protector6 make sure itQs

on an% that it &orks- Remem.er that a surge protector may not.e &orking .ecause it is %esigne% to self7%estruct- :hen anelectric Polt is too much6 your surge protector takes the hit

saving your more e3pensive har%&are from the voltage- Try plugging something else %irectly into the electrical outlet to

make sure there isnQt a po&er pro.lem- Check to see if your monitor is on- Soun%s silly6 .ut it has

solve% my o&n pro.lem more than once-

+256777169712

2( CANT 'ET ON TO TE NETWO$J O$



2( CAN T 'ET ON TO TE NETWO$J O$TE INTE$NETKCheck to see if anyone else aroun% you is having

a similar pro.lem( If so6 there may .e a serviceoutage a/ecting a &i%er area

Check to make sure the net&ork ca.le isconnecte% to .oth the computer an% the &all or

mo%em-Check &here the net&ork ca.le connection isma%e to the .ack of the computer6 you shoul% see alittle green light right &here the ca.le connects- If

the light isnt on or Aashing6 then you are notgetting a signal to the computer- If re.ooting%oesnt 13 it6 contact the *elp Desk or your ISB-

+256777169712

- The )o,puter !s on ut the s)reen !s froLen



-( The )o,puter !s on ut the s)reen !s froLenand the @eyoard and ,ouse are notrespond!n#-

Try tapping on the Num +ock key on the key.oar%-:hile tapping the Num +ock key6 notice &hether ornot the Num +ock light goes on an% o/- If it %oesnt6the computer is completely locke% up- $oull have toRE=OOT the computer- If the light %oes go o/ an%on6 &ait a minute .efore giving up hope- It maycome .ack to life on its o&n-

Press!n# At F.

If a soft&are program stops &orking or freeHes up6 try

pressing the )+T'5 keys to close the &in%o& that yourecurrently &orking in- This can shut %o&n a froHen &in%o&an% .ring the computer .ack to life- If the key.oar% is froHenas &ell6 youll have to re.oot-

+256777169712

http://www.ccsd.k12.ny.us/tech/troubleshooting.htm




.( The ue S)reen has appeared(

The %rea%e% F=lue Screen of DeathG- Theres

not a lot to .e %one e3cept to re.oot themachine- If it keeps occurring6 this is anin%ication of a maPor pro.lem &ith the computer-

.( The )o,puter !s on< ut the @eyoard doesnt

;or@S&ap the key.oar% or try plugging thekey.oar% into another computer- If it %oesnQt&ork on the other computer6 there is likely

something &rong &ith the key.oar%- If it %oes&ork on the other computer6 there is likelysomething &rong on the computer or theconnection to the computer

+256777169712

CO((ON UTI+ITIESMEANIN' OF =TI%ITY P$O'$AM





MEANIN' OF =TI%ITY P$O'$AM

) utility is a system soft&are %esigne% to help

analyHe6 con1gure6 optimiHe"improve an%maintain a computer-

Utility programs are part of system soft&areuse% to support6 enhance or e3pan% e3isting

programs in a computer system an% make itmore an% more user frien%ly- They are computer programs %esigne% for thegeneral support of the processing process of the

computer- This support inclu%es performing routine1le conversions6 sorting"merge operations6 formattingof %iskettes6 %ata compression an% virus removalamong others- E3amples of utility programs inclu%e;

+256777169712

A d!s@ s)anner is a utility that %etects an%



A d!s@ s)anner is a utility that %etects an%

corrects .oth physical an% logical pro.lems on ahar% %isk or Aoppy %isk6 an% searches for an%

removes un&ante% 1les- A d!s@ defra#,enter is a utility that reorganiHes

the 1les an% unuse% space on a computerQs har%%isk so %ata can .e accesse% more uickly an%programs can run faster- :hen the contents of a1le are scattere% across t&o or morenoncontiguous sectors6 the 1le is fra#,ented-

An un!nstaer is a utility that removes anapplication6 as &ell as any associate% entries in the

system 1les ) a)@up ut!!ty: These are utilities that allo& a

user to copy6 or .ackup6 selecte% 1les or the entirehar% %isk onto another %isk or tape-

+256777169712

ata re)o"ery ut!!ty : This is use% to



ata re)o"ery ut!!ty : This is use% torecover acci%entally %elete% 1les from yourcomputer-

An ant!"!rus ut!!ty: This is a program that

prevents6 %etects6 an% removes viruses from acomputerQs memory or storage %evices- One popularantivirus program is Norton Ant!"!rus-

) s)reen sa"er : This is a utility that causes themonitorQs screen to %isplay a moving image or .lankscreen if no key.oar% or mouse activity occurs for aspeci1e% time perio%-

Sear)h ut!!ty: This utility ena.les the location of1les an% fol%ers than manually location- :in%o&ssystem contain many fol%ers an% %irectories an% itseasy to forget &hen an% &here you store% a fol%er or1le

+256777169712



Net;or@ =t!!ty; These are programs use%to analyHe computer net&ork connectivity6

con1gure net&ork settings an% checking%ata transfer or log events-

Diagnostic utility; This is a utility

program that is use% to compile technicalinformation a.out computer har%&are an%certain soft&are programs an% then preparesa report outlining any i%enti1e% pro.lem-

Crypto#raph!) ut!!t!es: These ena.leencryption an% %ecryption of streams an%1les %uring %ata movement-

+256777169712



Sort0,er#e ut!!ty: This utility ena.les thearranging of %ata recor%s in a pre%e1ne%or%er?sorting@ an% also t&o or more or%ere%1les into one 1le?merging@-

Me,ory testers: These utilities are use% tocheck for memory failures-

!s@ spa)e anayLers: These are use% forthe visualiHation .y getting the siHe of eachfol%er an% 1les in fol%er or %rive sho&ing the

%istri.ution of the use% space-

+256777169712



)nti virus program)n ant virus or ant virus program is a soft&are

use% to prevent6 %etect an% remove mal&aresuch as computer viruses6 TraPan horses&orms an% spy&are among others-

The ant virus usually contains the %e1nition

? one that contains all kno&n viruses@ this antvirus has to .e up%ate% at regular .asis-

+256777169712

Common ant virus



Common ant7virus

programsNorton )ntivirus

7 Ban%a )ntivirus

7 )vast )ntivirus

7 (ac)fee )ntivirus

7 ), )ntivirus

7 Eset7No% 20 )ntivirus

7 Dr- Solomons tool kit

7 )vira )ntivirus

7 aspersky )ntivirus

7 Escan )ntivirus

7 '7secure )ntivirus

7&e. root etc

+256777169712

There fore &hen you .uy a ne& BC or if youh i ll % i



have re installe% your operating system6 anant virus shoul% .e the 1rst soft&are to install-

).ove is a list of some of the common antviruses-

+256777169712



Using the search tool:in%o&s provi%es several &ays to 1n% 1lesan% fol%ers- The search tool is the .est choice&hen;

:hen you %ont kno& &here the fol%er islocate%-

:ant search results to inclu%e 1les from oneor more than one fol%er such as pictures an%

music-

+256777169712

Open search .y pressing &in%o&s log '



p y p g g

Type a &or% or part of a &or% in the search.o3

No& %o any of the follo&ing in the searchpane-

Click one of the availa.le 1lter .uttons to

sho& only certain kin%s of 1les such as%ocuments6 e7mail6 pictures or music-

Then follo& on screen instructions tocomplete the search-

+256777169712



OR

Click on start an% then click on searchprograms an% 1les ta.-

Type all or part of the 1le or fol%er name an%click search-

The search utility searches for the 1le an%%isplays the 1le or fol%er .y use of pop upmenu-

Dou.le click on the 1le to launch it-

+256777169712

INBUT DEICES



INBUT DEICES T*E E$=O)RD

Theses are input %evices consisting of keys ofthe alpha.etical6 num.ers an% special keyuse% to key in te3ts6 num.ers an% performother computer relate% functions-

Se)t!ons of the Jeyoard @eys

The ey .oar% has a num.er of keys groupe%in accor%ance &ith their Uses an% theyinclu%e>

+256777169712

#-)lpha Numeric eys



These keys are use% for entering lettersan% num.ers- E3ample of such keys are keys

.earing sym.ols of the )lpha.et like FaG6 F.G6FfG6 an% those .earing num.ers like F#G6 F0G6F2G6 F!G-

0-Numeric eys

Not all key.oar%s have a numeric key.oar%-If availa.le6 this is a separate set of keys &ithnum.ers from ! to K6 the %ecimal point6

arithmetic operators6 an% navigationsym.ols- The FNU( +OCG key on this keypa%allo&s you to s&itch .et&een the FNu,er!) padG an% the FNa"!#at!on @eys

+256777169712

Mod!>er @eys

These are @eys on a computer key.oar% that



These are @eys on a computer key.oar% thattemporarily mo%i1es the normal action ofanother key &hen presse% together- These keys

inclu%e the

Control

)+T

Shift

Ta.'n if availa.le on your key.oar%

+256777169712



2- Fun)t!on Jeys

These keys carry a programme% function ?generalfunctions@ %epen%ing on the running program-

They are locate% at the top of the key.oar% an% they are la.ele% &ith letter F' an% a Numeral i-e-

'#6 '06 '26 '5 to '#0-

+256777169712

5- )rro& eys " Navigation eys



y " g y

These are eys such as the arro& keys6F*O(EG6 FENDG6 FB),E UBG6 an% FB),E DO:NG6:e use the navigation or arro& keys to movethe insertion point up6 %o&n6 right6 an% left-Navigation or arro& keys are i%enti1e% &ithsym.ols F←G6 F↑G6 F→G6 F↓G representing the

%irection the cursor &ill move to if the key ispresse% on-

+256777169712

The *O(E key is use% to move the cursor to the



The *O(E key is use% to move the cursor to theleft en% of a line of te3t or the top of a %ocument-

The END key6 moves the cursor to the en% of aline or a 1le6 %epen%ing on the program-

The B),E UB key is use% to move one page up

The B),E DO:N key is use% to move the cursorone page %o&n &hile vie&ing a %ocument-

F←G6 key is use% to move the insertion cursor tothe left si%e &ithin a %ocument-

F↑G6 key is use% to move the insertion cursor to

the top line &ithin a %ocument-F→G6 key is use% to move the insertion cursor to

the right si%e &ithin a %ocument-

F↓G key is use% to move the insertion cursor to the

.ottom line &ithin a %ocument-+256777169712

STRUCTURE IS A



STRUCTURE IS A

KEYBOARD The key.oar% is an

input %evice

%esigne% to enter

te3t6 characters

an% other

comman%s into the

computer-+256777169712

THE MOUSE

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/KEYBOARD.docx

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/KEYBOARD.docx

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/MOUSE.docx




THE MOUSE The mouse is an input %evice %esigne% to

manipulate o.Pects on the computer screen-

It can also .e %escri.e% as ?a han%7operate%

electronic %evice that controls the coor%inates of

a cursor on your computer screen as you move

it aroun% on a mouse pa%> on the .ottom of the

%evice is a .all that rolls on the surface of themouse pa%@-

+256777169712





CO(BUTER (OUSE

+256777169712



LIGHTPEN This is a pointing %evice shape% like a pen an%

is connecte% to a DU ?isual Display Unit@-

The tip of the light pen contains a light7sensitive element &hich6 &hen place% against

the screen6 %etects the light from the screen

ena.ling the computer to i%entify the location

of the pen on the screen-

+256777169712



+I,*T BEN

+256777169712

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/JOYSTICK.doc

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/JOYSTICK.doc



This is often use% for

playing games an% for

simulators- They can

move in 8 %irections

an% often have

.uttons attache% for

e3tra functionality-

+256777169712

A SCANNER

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/SCANNER.docx




A SCANNER

) scanner takes a picture place% on the scannerscreen an% %igitiHes the information in or%er to

present it on the computer screen for vie&ing-

+256777169712





STRUCTURE O' )

SC)NNER

+256777169712



(icrophones 3icrophones are used to inputaudio

Three main types ofmicrophones are&,estop microphones6eadsets,irectional microphones

Speech reco4nition isincreasin4ly bein4 included inapplication software

+256777169712



Digital Cameras,i4ital cameras are used mainly to& ,ownload ima4es to a computer =ost pictures to the 9eb =roduce >ideos

esolution is measured in me4api?els6i4her the resolution% better the

ima4e $uality% but the more e?pensi>ethe camera

+256777169712



:e. Cams Web cam is a >ideo camera thatcan be used to tae ima4es for

uploadin4 to the 9eb

+256777169712

! @ h



Ma#net!) In@ Chara)ter

$e)o#n!t!on(agnetic Ink Character Recognition (agneticInk Character Recognition6 or (ICR6 is acharacter recognition technology use%

primarily .y the .anking in%ustry to facilitatethe processing of cheues- The technologyallo&s computers to rea% information such asaccount num.ers of printe% %ocuments

+256777169712



Output e"!)esOutput devices takeinformation &ithin yourcomputer an% present it to

you in a form that you canun%erstan%(ain output %evices;(onitors

BrintersSpeakers

+256777169712

(ONITORS



(ONITORS) monitor is a %isplay unit that is use% to

sho& %ata that has .een put in a computer- The %ata is processe% .y a vi%eo car% intoimages that are %isplaye% on the monitor-

There are %i/erent types of monitors6 some of&hich inclu%e the catho%e ray tu.e an% liui%crystal %isplays-

+256777169712

( it



(onitors

CRTs'lat7panel %isplays

+CD ?liui% crystal %isplay@

+256777169712



Screen TalkScreen sie measure% as a %iagonal line acrossthe screen J from corner to opposite corner

!esolution the num.er of pi3els %isplaye% onthe screen ?the higher the resolution6 the closer

together the %ots@Pi"els ?or picture element@ %ots that make up

the image on your screen

Dot pitc# is the %istance .et&een the centers ofa pair of like7colore% pi3els

!efres# rate the spee% &ith &hich a monitorre%ra&s the image of the screen6 an% ismeasure% in hertH

+256777169712



Brinters ) printer is an output %evice thatpro%uces te3t an% graphics onpaper-

+256777169712

T$BES O' BRINTERS



T$BES O' BRINTERS(aPor types of printer can .e %ivi%e% into t&o

main groups61(!,pa)t pr!nters; Impact printer pro%uces

te3t an% images &hen tiny &ire pins on printhea% strike the ink ri..on .y physically

contacting the paper- E3amples of impactprinters inclu%e;

Dot matri36

Daisy7&heel printers6

=all printers-

+256777169712



Brinters 7 ContResolution of a printer is thenum.er of %ots per inch ?%pi@ itpro%uces-

*igher the resolution6 .etter the

image6 an% usually the more costlythe printer

+256777169712



B+OTTERSPotter: This is aspecial purpose

output %evice

that %ra&s

graphs6 charts6

an% maps using

ink pens-

+256777169712

ot ,atr!B pr!nt!n# or !,pa)t ,atr!Bpr!nt!n# is a type of computer printing &hich



pr!nt!n# is a type of computer printing &hichuses a print hea% that runs .ack an% forth6 or

in an up an% %o&n motion6 on the page an%prints .y impact6 striking an ink7soake% clothri..on against the paper6 much like the printmechanism on a type&riter-

) %aisy7&heel printer &orks on the sameprinciple as a .all7hea% type&riter-

+256777169712



=all Brinter; This is a type of a printer that

uses a type .all6 a small .all7shape% printhea% that .ears fully forme% characters on itssurface- The printer rotates the .all to line upcharacters an% then strikes the .all against a

ri..on-

+256777169712

Speakers



Speakers; speaker is a de>ice that

produces computer output assound

Speaers are common de>icesin computer systems-?amples include&

Builtin speaer

Twode>ice set speaers

Surround sound speaers

+256777169712

A MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR?

http://d/input-output-storage%20devices/MULTIMEDIA%20PROJECTOR.docx




A MULTIMEDIA PROJECTOR?Mut!,ed!a proe)tors;

This is a %evice that takes

the image from a

computer screen an%

proPects it onto a larger

screen so an au%ience of

people can see the image

clearly-

+256777169712

Storage Devices





Storage Devices Storage device stores information to be

recalled and used at a later timeStora4e de>ice consists of&

Stora4e mediumStora4e de>ice

Three major technolo4y types forinformation stora4e&

3a4netic/ptical or laser.lash memory

+256777169712

Ma#net!) Stora#e



Ma#net!) Stora#e

e"!)es:1( Interna Ma#net!) ard !s@ 3a4netic stora4e de>ices can be either

internal or e?ternal Internal ma4netic hard diss are fi?ed inside

the system unit -?ternal ma4netic hard diss are portable

+256777169712

Interna Ma#net!)



#

ard !s@ )n Internal #ard dis$ is amagnetic storage %evice &ith One or more thin platters that store

information seale% insi%e the %isk%rive-

Rea%"&rite hea%s access theinformation on surface

*ea%s rea% information &hile copying

it from %isk to R)( *ea%s &rite information &hen

copying it from R)( to %isk

+256777169712

2 EBterna Ma#net!)



2(EBterna Ma#net!)

ard !s@ External hard d!"! aremagnetic storage me%ia&hich are porta.le storage

units that you can connect toyour computer as necessary ,reat for .ackup storage %evices

).ility to transport your har%

%isk from one computer toanother

+256777169712



(agnetic Disks



(agnetic Disks) rea%"&rite hea% travels across a spinning

magnetic %isk6 retrieving or recor%ing %ata

+256777169712

) oppy d!s@ 6 or



ppyd!s@ettes

A floppy disk, or diskette, is a diskstorage medi%m composed of a disk of

t"in and flei*le magnetic storage

medi%m, sealed in a rectang%lar plastic

carrier lined )it" fa*ric t"at remo&es

d%st particles# ("ey are read and

)ritten *y a floppy disk drive -$$!#

-loppy disks, initially prod%ced in formsas 8.inc" media and, 25.inc" and /#5.

inc" sies

+256777169712



'loppy (ylar %isk These are house% insi%e ahar% plastic casing-

also calle% Aoppies6 %iskettes6Aoppy %isks

*ol%s a.out #-55 mega.ytes ofinformation

p. 5.144 Fig. 5.15

+256777169712

Optical Storage Devices;



6ow /ptical Stora4e 9ors

)n optical %isk is a high7capacitystorage me%ium- *ata is recorded b# ma!in%

mar!s in a pattern that can be read bac! "ith the

aid of li%ht, usuall# a beam of laser li%ht precisel#

focused on a spinnin% disc.• T#picall#, data is "ritten to optical media, such as

C*s and *V*s. 8or several #ears.

• Bptical media is more durable than tape and less

vulnerable to environmental conditions. Bn the

other hand, it tends to be slo"er than t#pical hard

drive speeds, and to offer lo"er stora%e

capacities+256777169712

Optical Storage



Optical Storage

Compact Disks?CDS@an% Digitalversatile %isk?DDs@ are .othe3amples of optical storage an% havethree formats;

Rea%7only:rite7once

Rea%7an%7&rite

+256777169712



Optical Storage (e%ia#- Rea%7Only CD7RO(

DD7RO(

0- One7Time :rita.le

CD7R

DD7R

DDR

2- 'ully Rea%7an%7:rite

CD7R:

DD7R: or

DDR: orDD7R)(

SimNet Concepts Support C,& @C,s and ,<,sA

+256777169712



•ptical storage comes in t)o capacities• A $ "olds %p to a maim%m of a*o%t 800 M3#

• A $4$ "olds from '#7 3 to 17 3 dependingon )"et"er it %ses *ot" sides and )"et"er t"e

sides! "a&e one or t)o layers a&aila*le for

storage

+256777169712



'lash (emory Car%s'lash memory car%s have

high7capacity storagelaminate% insi%e a smallpiece of plastic

'lash Aash memory car%s%o not nee% a %rive &ithmoving parts to operate

+256777169712



COMP=TE$



COMP=TE$

MEMO$Y Computer (emory is a temporaryarea for hol%ing %ata6 instructions

an% information-It is a storage location &here theComputer stores %ata-

+256777169712

Cate#or!es of



Co,puter Me,oryInternal (emory ?Brimary Storage@

E3ternal (emory ?)u3iliary Storage orSecon%ary Storage@

+256777169712

Types of Interna Me,ory



*Pr!,ary Stora#e+

$ando, A))ess Me,ory *$AM+

7 This is the type of memory that a computerutiliHes &hen it is s&itche% on an% is

actively processing something-

7 It is use% .y the computer as a primarymemory for %ata an% programs %uringprocessing

+256777169712

Ran%om )ccess%



(emory Ctn%Other names of R)( are>

User memory

olatile memory

Temporary memory an%

(ain memory

+256777169712

R % O l (



Rea% Only (emory

This is use% to store programme%instructions permanently or semipermanently-

Data that is store% in the RO( &ill remainunchange% for uite sometime for e3amplethe .ooting instructions- It is permanentlyaccessi.le6 non volatile meaning that even if

po&er goes o/6 the contents cant lost-

+256777169712



(emor (easurements



(emory (easurements

(emory in a computer is measure% .asingon the .asic operation of a computer-

The computer operates in a .inary system

i-e- in terms of !s an% #s- There fore all%ata is represente% in .inary form of !s an%#s-

# =it or ) .it ! or #

+256777169712

Me,ory



Measure,entsContd(easurements

Capa)!ty Eu!"aent !n ytes A)tua ytes

# =inary %igit?! or #@

# =it

# =yte 8 =its 0V!

# ilo=yte ?=@ #6!!! =ytes ?86!!! =its@ #!05 ?0V#!@

# (ega=yte?(=@

#6!!!6!!! =ytes ?#6!!! =@ #!58M9?0V0!@

#,ega=yte?,=@ #6!!!6!!!6!!! =ytes ?#6!!! (=@ 0V2!

# Tera=yte?T=@

#6!!!6!!!6!!!6!!! =ytes ?#6!!!,=@

0V5!

+256777169712

EBterna Me,ory



EBterna Me,ory

This is also calle% the )u3iliary storage orSecon%ary storage

These %evices hol% %ata until it is %elete%

an% even &hen po&er is o/6 it isover&ritten-

In other &or%s the memory keeps itscontents even if po&er is lost-

+256777169712



Pun)hed Cards



Pun)hed Cards

These &ere Aat an% consiste% of ro&s an%columns of num.ers an% letters neatlyarrange% in columns

To store %ata6 the car% &as inserte% in acomputer %rive an% then the computerpunche% a series of holes in the lo& ofcharacters to represent the %ta store%

+256777169712

ard !s@ *+



ard !s@ *+

*ar% %isk consists of any or more %ata?%isks arrange% on top of the other@- Theseplatters are ma%e from a metallic materialcoate% on .oth si%es &ith a magnetic

material &hose property is use% forstorage-

Each of these platters has a set of rea%an% &rite hea% that is Pust attache% a.ove

the %isk-*ar% %isks store large amounts of %ata

&ith capacities of #!,= an% a.ove-

+256777169712



!sad"anta#es of ard! @



!s@s*ar% %isks are relatively e3pensive compare%

to Aoppy %iskettes-

They are virus prone i-e- they are easilyattacke% .y the virus-

They may fail to &ork &hen su.Pecte% tosevere shock e-g- &hen it falls on har% surface-

They are relatively heavy compare% to otherforms of storage %evices-

They may e3pan% an% contract since they aremetallic &hich may lea% to %ata loss

+256777169712

Foppy !s@ette



09MMM#9KM#0

Foppy !s@ette) 'loppy %iskette is ma%e of a thin circular

plastic me%ia coate% &ith a magneticsurface-

This me%ia is then case% in a 2 an%#"0 inch

han% plastic cover that has a metallic sli%ecover that protects the me%ia insi%e-Diskettes come in siHes of -0inch an%2-inch an% 8 inch-



The most commonly use% Aoppy %iskette is a2- inch &ith a capacity of a.out #-55(=-?Eual to 252 pages of )5 papers@ &henformatte% yet it Pust 1ts in a pocket-

+256777169712

Ad"anta#es of us!n# a!s@ette



!s@etteData &ith a Aoppy can easily .e accesse% in a

short time

They are porta.le hence transfer ofinformation from one computer to another ispossi.le

Easy to store %ata

Relatively cheap-

+256777169712

!sad"anta#es of! ! @ tt



us!n# a !s@ette They store less information compare% to the

har% %isk ?store 1les less than # (=@-

They are very goo% virus transfer agents-

'loppy %iskettes are not %ura.le i-e- they

%ont last for so long-

Data can easily .e lost &hen the magneticme%ia is e3pose% to magnetic 1el%-

+256777169712

Care for oppyd!s@ettes



d!s@ettesNever remove the %iskette from the

computer &hile it is still in use-eep it a&ay from %ust6 smoke6 %irect

sunlight or &ater

Dont put heavy &eight on top of the %isketteDont .en% the %iskette .ecause it may

cause permanent %amage to the %iskette-

Dont e3pose them to magnetic 1el%s

Dont use %amage% %iskettes in the Aoppy.ecause these may %amage the %rive

+256777169712

Co,pa)t !s@



09MMM#9KM#0

Co,pa)t !s@ • Its an optical %isk- The CD Drive is reuire% to

rea% the %ata on the CD- The CD stores lessinformation compare% to the *ar% Disk .ut ithas a slo&er rate of information retrieval-

• ) compact %isk is ma%e of a circular

polycar.onate plastic me%ia coate% &ith athin 1lm layer of either gol% or aluminum onone si%e- Store Data of up to M!!(= orM!minutes of )u%io-

Ad"anta#es of us!n# the C



d a a#es o us # e C

They are porta.le i-e- one can easily move&ith the CD-

They store large amount of %ata compare% toAoppy %iskette-

Their %ata life is high if &ell han%le%-

They are not easily a/ecte% .y viruses-

+256777169712

!sad"anta#es of! th C



us!n# the C They have a high rate of %estruction .ecause

they seem to .e ma%e of plastic-

They are easily scratche% if poorly han%le%an% this lea%s to total %estruction of the CD6

thus information loss-Some CDs are rea% only i-e- you can alter

their contents-

+256777169712



Sa,pe uest!ons



p

#- +ist the a%vantages an% %isa%vantages ofusing a Aash %isks

0- +ist &ays in you can take care of your Aash%isk

+256777169712

Ad"anta#es of us!n# h d! @



ash d!s@s They are small an% porta.le-

They are relatively cheap compare% to har%%rive-

Data store% on Aash %isks is protecte% fromscratches an% %ust-

(ost mo%ern operating system can rea% an%&rite on Aash %isk &ithout installing their %evice%rivers-

Some Aashes retain their memory after .eing

su.merge% in &ater-

Silent operation %ue to lack of moving parts

+256777169712



T!ps for )ar!n# for a =SFash !s@



Fash !s@

)voi% %ropping it %o&n)voi% e3posing them to hot an% col%

temperatures6 they can %amage the %isk-Dont allo& &ater to fall on it-

)voi% keeping it near strong magnetic1el%s such as speakers an% %ynamos-Store in a clean an% &ell seale% Sackets

such that it %oes not get %irty-

&hen use% on another computer scan&ith the latest anti virus to secure it freefrom viruses-

+256777169712

'enera )are of !s@s /!s@ettes



09MMM#9KM#0

!s@ettes

Dont touch on e3pose% %ata parts-Dont e3pose them to magnetic o.Pects "

1el%s-

*an%le your CDs "DDs on their e%ges orcenter hole



Store your %isk a&ay from %irect sun light-

:hen la.eling CDs or DDs use soft penssuch as markers-

But them .ack in their covers or shells assoon as you 1nish using them

+256777169712

Care of !s@s /!s@ettes Contd



+256777169712

!s@ettes Cont d)voi% .en%ing them6 so avoi% carrying

them in pockets-

Dont apply petro6 para4n or aci% on them-

)l&ays clean your CD or DD &ithmethanol-

Steps ta@en ;henfor,att!n# a d!s@



+256777169712

for,att!n# a d!s@

• Insert the %isk in a computer %rive

• Open my computer using the my computericon on the %esktop-

• Right click on the %isk you &ant to format

• Click on format

• Select uick format from the option an%

then>• Click O-

!s@ For,att!n#



+256777169712

!s@ For,att!n#

'ormatting is the process of preparing astorage %evice or me%ium ?%isk@ for rea%ingan% &riting or recor%ing %ata-

:hen you format a har% %isk the systemerases or %eletes all the contents of the%isk-

COMP=TE$SOFTWA$E



09MMM#9KM#0

SOFTWA$E The set of instructions6 comman%s or

programs that tell the Computer ho& to.ehave or perform tasks-

It relates to all forms of informationprocessing instructions-

) pro#ra, is a complete seuence ofinstructions for %ata processing to .eperforme% .y a computer-

Soft;are )ons!sts of



t;o )ate#or!es:00App!)at!on soft;are(

0Syste, soft;are(

+256777169712

1 App!)at!on



1( App!)at!onsoft;are

)re programs or instructions6 &hich %irect%ata processing for a particular pro.lem for acomputer user- The pro.lem can .e of &or%processing6 sprea%sheet management6

presentations management6 entertainment6etc-

)pplications %irect the computer ho& topro%uce information-

+256777169712

App!)at!on soft;are !s sud!"!ded!nto t;o:



!nto t;o:0

7Custo, or ta!or ,ade soft;are(0Pa)@a#ed/oQ0the0she"e soft;are(

?i@Custom"=espoke"Tailor7ma%e Soft&are or User)pplication

These are computer programs &hich are%esigne% an% %evelope% for a speci1ccustomer-

+256777169712

These inclu%e soft&are



packages like)ccounting packages

+i.rary soft&are

Stock control system

'inancial soft&are etc

+256777169712

Ad"anta#es )usto,/espo@e soft;are



7CustomiHe% soft&are are har% to manipulate-

7*elp to improve the image of anorganisation-

7*elp to increase pro%uctivity or pro1ts of the

organisation-7It caters for all 1rm nee%s .y provi%ing all the

necessary information or %etails-

+256777169712

!sad"anta#es



!sad"anta#es

7They are very e3pensive to %esign an%%evelop-

7They are very rigi%- Since they can only.e use% .y one customer-

7They are time consuming to %evelop-

7They nee% a lot of specialiHe% skills &hichreuire e3pensive special training-

+256777169712

?ii@ Pa)@a#ed or oQ0the0she"e soft;are

These are computer programs %evelope% for sale to



p p g pthe general pu.lic to solve routine organiHational

pro.lems- )pplication packages are either Fspecialise%applicationsG or FgeneraliHe% applicationsG e-g-

7:or% processors like &or% perfect6 (icrosoft &or%6 Notepa% :or% Star6 etc-

7Electronic sprea% sheet +otus #70726 (icrosoft E3cel6etc-

7Bresentation soft&are-

7Data.ase management soft&are-

7)cting soft&are like Bastel6 sage6 Wuick .ooks6 Tally6 etc-

+256777169712

Ad"anta#es of oQ0the0she"esoft;are



7They are rea%ily availa.le in soft&are kiosks-

7They are cheap to procure-

7They are very Ae3i.le since they can .e use%.y any organiHation-

7They are entertainment an% leisure tools-

7Do not nee% a lot of specialiHe% skills-

7They have e%ucational value-

+256777169712

!sad"anta#es



!sad"anta#es(

7They are very easy to manipulate since theyare almost kno&n .y every one-

7They are not very secure-

7(ay not han%le some pro.lem &ith ease-

+256777169712

EBa,pes of oQ0the0she"esoft;are !n)ude3



7Bro%uctivity soft&are-

7E%ucation reference soft&are; e-g-Infope%ia6 Encyclopae%ia6 English UsageDictionary6 etc-

7*ome personal soft&are for home repairs6gar%ening6 %ecoration6 travel planner6 etc-

7Specialty soft&are for %esktop pu.lishing6

proPect management6 presentationgraphics-

+256777169712

EBa,pes of App!)at!onSoft;are



Word pro)ess!n#; This is use% for creatingan% e%iting &or% %ocuments- E3amplesinclu%e> (icrosoft &or%6 :or% pa%6 Note pa%etc

Spreadsheet: This is use% for managing6organiHing an% performing calculations on the%ata- E3amples inclu%e> (icrosoft E3cel6 +otus#70726 SBSS etc-

+256777169712



ataase: this is use% to organiHe6 store an%retrieve large amount of %ata" information-E3amples inclu%e> (icrosoft )ccess6 Oracleetc-

Mut!,ed!a: It is use% for creating vi%eo ormusic- They allo& the user to create or playau%io an% vi%eo- E3amples inclu%e> me%ia ; Itis use% for creating vi%eo or music- They allo&

the user to create or play au%io an% vi%eo-E3amples inclu%e> me%ia s6 +C players6 BCDXetc-

+256777169712



Presentat!on Soft;are: It is use% to%isplay information in sli%e sho& E-g--(icrosoft Bo&erBoint-

'raph!) App!)at!on: It is use% for

creating pictures- It provi%es tools use% tovie& an% e%it image 1les- E-g- )%o.eIllustrator6 page maker etc

Co,,un!)at!on soft;are: This inclu%es

email an% fa3ing soft&are for sen%ing an%receiving messages- E-g- :e. .ro&sers-

+256777169712

2 SYSTEM



2( SYSTEMSOFTWA$E(

These are programs &hich contri.ute to thecontrol an% performance of the computersystem- They ena.le application soft&are tointeract &ell &ith the computer6 an% also help

it in managing its internal an% e3ternalresources-

System soft&are is usually foun% alrea%yinstalle% .y the computer manufacturer or

ven%or-

+256777169712



#- Operat!n# Syste,



)n operating system is a master controlprogram &hich manages an% supports theoperation of the computer- Operating systemscontri.ute to the control an% management of

the computer system- E3amples inclu%e>:in%o&s K86 0!!! an% B6 +inu36 Uni36 Novel6Net&are etc

+256777169712

Fun)t!ons of the Operat!n#Syste,



It is responsi.le for the .ooting of thecomputer .y accessing starter 1les locate% inthe .oot strap loa%er-

During this process6 all computer peripherals

are checke% an% vali%ate%6 an% &hen 1nishe%signals are sent to the user to .egin &orkingon the computer-

+256777169712

(anagement of computer resources- The operatingsystem supervises all the activities of the CBU an%other components hence acting as a police o4cer



p g p%irecting tra4c-

It helps to interprete the comman% e3ecute% .y theuser-

It uniforms the user to any har%&are an% soft&areerrors-

(emory management- The Operating system helps in

memory management- i-e- it coor%inates the use ofmemory .y trapping &hich one is availa.le6 &hich is to.e locate% or reallocate% an% ho& to move .et&eenthem-

'ile management- It helps in managing 1les i-e- coping6%eleting6 moving 1les from one location to another-

+256777169712

Pro)essor ,ana#e,ent( It manages the



# gactivities of the processor in terms of Po. e3ecutionaccor%ing to the priority of the arrival of the Po."task i-e- it %etermines an% maintains the or%erin &hich the tasks are e3ecute% in the computersystem-

Pro"!d!n# user !nterfa)e- The OS allo&s the userto interact &ith the computer har%&are .yprovi%ing the user &ith controlla.le parts ?icons6menus6 an% .uttons@ &hich make it possi.le forusers to interact &ith the computer-

It interpretes the programs6 instruction one at atime

+256777169712

EBa,pes of Operat!n#Syste,



The main operating system on the computercan .e groupe% into the follo&ing classes-

Desktop Operating System ?DOS@

Net&ork Operating System ?NOS@

BD) Operating System ?BD) OS@

+256777169712

DESTOB OBER)TIN,



S$STE( This is commonly use% on BCs an% normallystan% alone computers- E3amples inclu%e>

i 7 Disk Operating System

ii J (s :in%o&s K7 0!!!iii J :in%o&s 0!!! Operating system

+256777169712

NET:OR OBER)TIN,



S$STE( These are %esigne% to .e use% on severalcomputers that e3ist on the net&ork- It allo&smultiple computers to communicate6 share1les an% har%&are %evices &ith one another-E3amples inclu%e> Novel6 +inu36 :in%o&s B6Uni3 etc-

+256777169712

BD) OBER)TIN, S$STE(Th % i % f h % h l% t



BD) OBER)TIN, S$STE( These are %esigne% for han% hel% computers-

E3amples inclu%e> &in%o&s CE6 palm OS6EBOC- Other operating systems that are%esigne% speci1cally for particular computers.y the manufacturers inclu%e>

i J ()C OS for (acintosh Computers

ii JSystem M for )pple computers

iii J CB"( ?Control Brograms for (icro

computers@

+256777169712

Types of OperatingSystem)s computers have progresse% %i/erent



y)s computers have progresse%6 %i/erent

operating system have also .een %evelope%-

(any computer operating systems &ill fall into

more than one of the follo&ing-

,UI ?,raphical User Interface@ ) ,UIoperating system contains graphics an% icons-It is commonly navigate% .y using a computermouse- E3amples inclu%e> :in%o&s KM6

:in%o&s K etc-

+256777169712



(ulti JTasking Operating System- This OS iscapa.le of allo&ing multiple soft&areprocesses to run at the same time- It ena.lesa single user to have t&o or more applicationsopen at the same time-

(ulti7user Operating System- ) multi user OSallo&s many users to use the same computer

at the same time- E-g- Uni3-

+256777169712



Real time operating system- RTOS are



p g y

%esigne% to allo& computers to process an%respon% to inputs "instructions instantly- RTOSare typically use% &hen computers must reactto consistent inputs of information &ithout

%elay- RTOS are mainly use% to controlmachinery6 scienti1c instruments6 in%ustrialsystems etc-

+256777169712

2(=TI%ITY



P$O'$AMS/SYSTEM=TI%ITIES These are programs %evelope% to improve6

e3pan% or support or enhance performance ofother e3isting programs in the computersystem- They are also referre% to as serviceprograms-

+256777169712

Spe)!>) ut!!t!es and



the!r fun)t!ons=ack up utilities- *elp in making %uplicatecopies of every 1le on either internal ore3ternal me%ia as security 1les for referencein case the original copy is %estroye% egColora%o sche%uler-

Defragmentation utility- Use% to 1n% allscattere% portions of 1les on the har% %isk an%

organiHe them as contagious" a%Pacent 1les

+256777169712

(emory management utilities- )re programsthat %etermine ho& to e4ciently control an%



allocate memory resources ?usually activate%.y soft&are %rivers@-

Disk repair utility- Checks your %isk %rive for%efects an% make repair the spot or mark the

.a% area e-g- NortonQs Disk Doctor-irus protection utilities" )nti7virus- Is a utility

program that scans storage me%ia ?har% %isks6%iskettes6 an% memory@ to %etect an% %estroy

virus e-g- )vast Norton6 )vira (ac)fee anti7viruses

+256777169712

-( P$O'$AMMIN'



%AN'=A'ES These are set of instructions that tell thecomputer &hat operations to %o %uring theprogramming process-

Note; Brogramming is a multi steps process for

creating computer instructions- These are t&o.asic categories of programming languages&hich inclu%e>

+o& +evel +anguages ?+++@

*igh +evel +anguages ?*++@

+256777169712

%OW %EGE% %AN'=A'E These are calle% lo& level language .ecause

they are closely associate% &ith the processor



y y p

than the *++ &hich are nearer to theprogrammers- There are t&o types of lo& levellanguages- They inclu%e>

i7 1st 'enerat!on an#ua#es /Top

an#ua#es or ,a)h!ne an#ua#e: theselanguages provi%e .asic computer languagesrepresenting memory location instructionsan% %ata in !s an% #s ?=inary num.er@-

+256777169712

Chara)ter!st!)s of



Ma)h!ne )odesCan .e use% %irectly .y the computer &ithoutinterpretation-

introduction to ict new paper one by nkoyoyo edward

Documents