introduction to human factors/ergonomics (hfe) hardianto iridiastadi, ph.d
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE)
Hardianto Iridiastadi, Ph.D.
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Introduction• Consider these
– *&%#)…. My back hurts– Hey you!!! Move over!!!– No shower in 2 days….– Shhh… I’m trying to concentrate– “Smoking can cause what…”– Oh my gosh…!– Oops, I just paid him ….– Yours…
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Introduction• Daily activities
• In the kitchen
• At the theaters
• Lifting drinking water
• Painting the house
• Using cell phones (or other electronic devices)
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Introduction – Human Related Issues
• Office
• Plants
• Transportation sectors
• Oil, gas, mining
• Banks
• Hospitals
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Introduction – Indicators
• Undesirable aspects of a system
• Inefficiency
• Fatigue
• Accidents, injuries, and errors
• User difficulties, training
• Low morale, absenteeism, and apathy
• Poor quality, rework
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Introduction
– Ergonomic issues are serious, when you consider
• Three-mile island, Bhopal, dll.
• Iranian Airlines (Persian Gulf, 1987, USS Vincennes vs.
ascending aircraft)
• Railway train accidents
• Industrial accidents
• Others?
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Historical Development• Early history – “fit the man to the job”• F.W. Taylor
– Scientific management
• Occupational psychology– Considers social context
• Hawthorne experiments– Experiments by Elton Mayo– At Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Co., US– ‘Hawthorne effect’
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Historical Development• United States
– End of war in 1945– Engineering psychology lab (USAF)– Known as human factors (engineering)– military applications
• Europe– Around 1949– Scientists interested in human work– Known as ergonomics– industrial and agricultural applications
• Sociotechnical system – macro ergonomics
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Definitions• Ergonomics
– Ergon – work/effort
– Nomos – laws
– Ergonomics = The Science of WorkErgonomics = The Science of Work• In the literature:
– in 1857 by Wojciech Jastrzebowski (a Polish educator and scientist)
– In 1949 by K.F.H. Murrel (a British scientist)
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Definitions• a discipline that studies human abilities,
limitations, and functions; and applies this information in designing consumer products, tools, and equipment
• the study of human characteristics for the appropriate design of the living and work environment
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Definitions
“Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance”
- From the International Ergonomics Association, 2000
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Definitions• The study of human
– behavior, characteristics, capabilities, and limitations
• By which we design– Systems, “work”, products/tools, and work
environment
• With the goals of achieving– Improved performance, productivity, and safety
Humans in a system Potential HFE issues !
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Contributing Disciplines
• Mathematics
• Statistics
• Physics
• Physiology & Anatomy
• Psychology
• Engineering
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Potential Benefits
• Improved performance (productivity, quality, & cost)
• Reduced costs
• Improved safety
• Better quality of work life
• Higher (user/employee) satisfaction level
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Objectives Obtained Via• Appropriate design of
– Machines
– Equipment/tools
– Work methods
– Work environment
– Worker selection*
– Training*
*Least preferred
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Improving Systems• Design better user interface
– More compatible with the task and user
– Interface easier to use; more resistant to common errors
• Changing work environment
– Safer and more appropriate for the task
• Design the task
– More compatible with user characteristics
• Design the way work is organized
– Accomodate psychological and social needs
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Work Demand
Human Capabilities?
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Costs of Ignoring Ergonomics
• Nothing
• Inconvenience
• Impaired performance
• Poor productivity, quality, and increased costs
• Disorders and injuries
• Loss of life
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Standards Related to Ergonomics
• United States– OSHA, ADA– Washington State, California
• International– ISO (www.iso.org) - ISO 18000
• European Union Mandatory Directives• Canada• Japan
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Institutions/Organizations
• United States– Human Factors and Ergonomics Society– National Institut for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)
• United Kingdom– Ergonomics Society
• SEANES• PEI
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HFE Fields
• Biomechanics– External load vs. internal (mechanical)
response– Musculoskeletal problems– Modeling– Manual handling– Hand-tool design– E.g.
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HFE Fields
• Occupational Physiology– Work capacity– Energy generating mechanisms– Workload assessments– Fatigue– Work schedules
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HFE Fields
• Engineering Anthropometry– Data– Workspace design– Biomechanical modeling
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HFE Fields
• Stress & Workload– Environmental stressors– Psychological stressors– Overload– Fatigue and sleep disruption
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HFE Fields
• Cognition & Decision Making– HIP– Attention– Perception– Memory– Situation awareness– Models– Improving decision making
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HFE Fields
• Displays & Controls– Principles and design– Types of displays and controls– Labels– Monitoring– Inputs– Control and tracking
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HFE Fields
• Safety & Human Error– Legislation– Models– Assessments & evaluation– Warning design– Safety management
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HFE Fields
• Automation– Problems
• Reliability
• Trust
• Workload
• Job satisfaction
– Function allocation– Supervisory control
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HFE Fields
• Human-Computer Interaction– Problems– Principles and design– Models– Information technology
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HFE Fields
• Transportation
• Training
• Simulation & Virtual environment
• Consumer products
• Macro-ergonomics
• Aging, etc.
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Class Activities and Assignments
• Ergo success stories– See e.g., Bridger (Ch.1)– Class assignments – find this out
• Class discussion– Determine various work systems– Identify potential HF/E issues– Propose what should be investigated