introduction to groundwater concepts...16.1 the nature of underground water aquifer aquiclude...
TRANSCRIPT
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IntroductionTo
Groundwater Concepts
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Important Concepts
Hydrologic CycleAquifers
Hydraulic ConductivityHead
GradientDrawdownCapture
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Earth’s Freshwater Resources
� 97% of Earth’s water exists as salt water
� Of the remaining water (3%):� 69.6% glaciers,
permafrost, and snow
� 30.1% subsurface water
� <1% rivers, lakes, swamps, wetlands, atmosphere
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Earth’s liquid fresh water resources
Michigan
500 mi3
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Precipitation on land
Infiltration
Groundwater flow
Surface discharge
Evaporation from land
Moisture over land
Precipitation to Ocean
Evaporation from ocean
Surface
runoff
GW Recharge
PrecipitationSnowmelt
GW Discharge
The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
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Water Resources
“We forget that the water cycle “We forget that the water cycle “We forget that the water cycle “We forget that the water cycle
and the life cycle are one”and the life cycle are one”and the life cycle are one”and the life cycle are one”
- Jacques Cousteau
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The Nature of Underground Water
Water table
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Water table
The Nature of Underground Water
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The Subsurface Can Be Divided Into Two Zones
A = The Unsaturated
Zone
B = The Saturated
Zone
A
B
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The Water Table
…the boundary between the unsaturated
(aerated) and saturated zone
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The Unsaturated Zone
� Zone between the land surface and the water table.
� Subsurface material has pore spaces between grains.
� In the unsaturated zone these pore spaces are occupied by both air and water.
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Saturated Zone
� Zone underneath the water table
� All pore spaces are filled completely with water
� The water flows both horizontally and vertically
� This is groundwater
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Groundwater
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16.1 The Nature of Underground
Water� Aquifer
� Aquiclude
� Perched water
table
� Springs
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Groundwater
Groundwater is present in
the pores and fractures in
geologic formations
(“Aquifers”) below the land
surface – NOT RIVERS.
Precipitation is the source
of groundwater recharge.
Groundwater moves through
the pores and fractures in
geologic formations toward
surface water, other
watersheds, or pumping
wells.
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Underground Rivers
They Do Exist, But……
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Important Concepts
Hydrologic CycleAquifers
Hydraulic ConductivityHydraulic Head
Hydraulic GradientDrawdownCapture
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Aquifers� Definition: A
geological unit which can store and supply significant quantities of water.
� Depends on local geology.
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GW Flow Through Pores
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Michigan AquifersPrincipal aquifers in Michigan by sediment/rock type:
�Glacial (a.k.a. ‘glacial drift’)� Sand and Gravel
�Bedrock (a.k.a. ‘rock’)� Sandstone� Limestone and/or Dolomite� Igneous & Metamorphic (Western U.P.)
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SE MI Area…
Aquifer Vulnerability
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SE MI Area…
Aquifer Vulnerability
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Michigan Bedrock Geology
Michigan Basin
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Hydrogeologic Cross Section
Lake Huron
Georgian Bay
Lake Michigan
Lower Peninsula of MichiganWisconsin Canada
Oil & Gas
Saline H2O/Brine
Glacial Deposits
Potable GW
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Bedrock Aquifers
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Michigan Bedrock Aquifers
“Good”
“Not an Aquifer”
“Marginal Sedimentary”
“Marginal Crystalline”
* Saline GW/Brine at depth
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SW Michigan Bedrock Wells
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Public Supply Bedrock Wells
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GLACIAL DRIFT THICKNESS
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GLACIAL DRIFT THICKNESSSE Michigan
0 - 20’
MONROELENAWEE
WAYNEWASHTENAW
OAKLANDMACOMB
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Michigan Glacial Drift
Aquifers“Good”
“Not an Aquifer”
“Unconfined aquifer overlying bedrock – limited data”
“Thin overlying bedrock”
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SE Michigan Glacial Drift
Aquifers
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Wells
Lassie, go get help!
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Groundwater Utilization
� Wells� Artificial openings
dug or drilled below the water table to extract water
� drawdown of water table
� cone of depression
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DRILLED WELL COMPONENTS
BOREHOLE
CASING
GROUT
BEDROCK
WELL
OPEN HOLE IN BEDROCK AQUIFER
NO CASINGIN ROCK BOREHOLE
WELL CAP or SEAL
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DRILLED WELL COMPONENTSWELL CAP or
SEAL
BOREHOLE
CASING
GROUT
SCREEN
SCREENED
WELL
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Well
Screens
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Important Concepts
o Hydrologic Cycleo Aquifers
o Hydraulic Conductivityo Head
o Gradiento Drawdown
o Capture
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Hydraulic Conductivity
� a.k.a. “Permeability”
� Measure of rate at which water can move through aquifer material
� Wide range in values due to number and size of pores and fractures and how well they are connected
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FracturedRock
Coarse Sand
Gravel
UnfracturedRock
Clay-Shale
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITYRANGE
Low
Silty Sand-Sandy Clay
High
Fine Sand
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Sources of Hydraulic Conductivity (K) Data
� Site specific aquifer tests
� Estimated from well capacity data in WELLOGIC
� Use estimates based on sediment descriptions from well log records
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K from Site Information/Tests
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K from Capacity Tests
�Static water level
�Pumping water level
�Length of test
�Estimated pumping rate
�Estimated K may be good if data good
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K from Lithologic
Descriptions�Description of sediment or rock
�Thickness
�GWIM - Each material (sand, clay, etc) is assigned a unique K.
�Estimated K appears to be reasonable.
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Important Concepts
� Hydrologic Cycle� Aquifers
� Hydraulic Conductivity� Head
� Gradient� Drawdown� Capture
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GW Flow Direction
� GW wants to move from a point of high hydraulic head (elevation) to low hydraulic head (elevation) in the direction of steepest hydraulic gradient… IMPORTANT CONCEPT
� Hydraulic Head (“GW Elevation”)
� Hydraulic Gradient (“Slope”)
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Hydraulic Head
Depth to water (a.k.a. static water level or “SWL”)
Land Surface Elevation (LSE)
Hydraulic Head =LSE - SWL
900 ft – 20 ft = 880 ft
Water Table
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Where does thehead
informationcome from?
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Ground Surface Elevationand Location
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Static Water Level (SWL)
Ground Surface – SWL = Head ft AMSL
Example: 929 – 85 = 844 ft AMSL
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Important Concepts
�Hydrologic Cycle�Aquifers
�Hydraulic Conductivity�Head
�Gradient�Drawdown�Capture
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Heads and Hydraulic Gradient
Elevation Datum - Sea Level
Land SurfaceWell 1 Well 2
Hydraulic Head1 Hydraulic
Head2GW Flow
Hydraulic Head1
Hydraulic Head2
>
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Gradient
Elevation Datum - Sea Level
Land SurfaceWell 1 Well 2
Hydraulic Head1 Hydraulic
Head2
Hydraulic Head1
Hydraulic Head2
-
Distance
Distance
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Groundwater Movement
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Land Surface – Gradients and Divides
Elevation ContoursTopographic GradientTopographic Divide
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GW Elevation Surface – Gradients and Divides
Remove Land Surface to Expose Water Table
GW Flow
GW Flow
GW DivideGW Divide
GW Elevation Contours
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Cannon Twp - water table map with GW flow directions
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Important Concepts
� Hydrologic Cycle� Aquifers
� Hydraulic Conductivity� Head
� Gradient� Drawdown� Capture
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Drawdown from pumping
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Important Concepts
� Hydrologic Cycle� Aquifers
� Hydraulic Conductivity� Head
� Gradient� Drawdown� Capture
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Capture
� Capture – GW within Aquifer that flows toward and is removed by pumping well.
� Extent of Capture NOT THE SAMEas Extent of Drawdown.
*ANOTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPT*
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Extent of Capture vs Drawdown Cone
Drawdown Cone
Extent of Capture
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Wellhead Protection Area = WHPA = Area of
Captured GW
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Wellhead Protection
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Questions ???