introduction to engineering.docx

8/10/2019 Introduction to engineering.docx

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Preface

Engineering design is more than an activity of skilled humans in industry: it is also a cultural

mission in both common and technical senses. In traditional engineering, abundant time was

available for engineers to merge their activity into national and global cultural environments.

By the twentieth century, the impact of technology and product development accelerated

engineering activities. Technology became the prevailing aspect of engineering and the

cultural aspect was overshadowed. In the meantime, despite the continued acceleration of

product development, the technology stimulated development of computering has given a

great chance for the reintegration of the technical and cultural aspects of engineering by the

automation of routine activities. Recently, customer demand driven engineering has forced

engineers into considering both the cultural and social aspects of engineering.

new style of engineering has been established , where advanced information and computer

technologies are applied to handle product related engineering information in computer

systems. Engineering activities are done virtually to the greatest e!tent possible. virtual

technology has emerged, primarily for design, analysis, manufacturing, and human"computer

interaction purposes. The integrated and coordinated handling of information serves

engineering activities from the first idea of a product to the last demand for product related

information. Engineering modeling has become one of the activities that has a substantial

effect on the achievements of company ob#ectives such as minimal engineering costs, a short

product development cycle, effective handling of the minimal number of product changes,

reduced time to introduce new products, minimal cost of developing new products, improved

$uality of products, and advancements in competitiveness.

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Introduction to Engineering

Chapter-1

%.& 'isciplines of Engineering

1.1 Aerospace Engineering

erospace engineers create machines, from airplanes that weigh over a half a million pounds

to spacecraft that travel over %(,&&& miles an hour. They design, develop, and test aircraft,

spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacture of these products. erospace engineers

who work with aircraft are called aeronautical engineers, and those working speci)cally with

spacecraft are astronautical engineers.

Fig 1.1: Aerospace Engineering

erospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space

e!ploration, often speciali*ing in areas such as structural de+sign, guidance, navigation and

control, instrumentation and communication, or production methods. They often use

computer+aided design -' software, robotics, and lasers and advanced electronic optics.

They also may speciali*e in a particular type of aerospace product, such as commercial

transports, military )ghter #ets, helicopters, spacecraft, or missiles and rockets. erospaceengineers may be e!perts in aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion,

acoustics, or guidance and control systems./%0 erospace engineers typically are employed in

the aerospace product and parts industry, although their skills are becoming increasingly

valuable in other )elds. 1or e!ample, in the motor vehicles manufacturing industry, aerospace

engineers design vehicles that have lower air resistance and thus, increased fuel efficiency.

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1.2 Agricultural Engineering

gricultural Engineers combine engineering principles with biological and agricultural

sciences. They work to develop e$uipment, systems, and processes that help improve how the

world2s food supply is produced and distributed. They are involved in problem solving, andmust have the ability to analy*e a current system with an eye toward improving the current

process. They often have to look beyond a speci)c challenge, such as a machine, or storage

solution, and consider a larger system, and how improvements or changes would affect the

whole. gricultural engineers often work in teams and their duties involve analysis of current

methods and e$uipment applied to the production, packing, and delivery of food products.

They might work in a group with other engineers, or those outside of engineering, to solve

problems related to systems, processes, and machines. /30 They may be involved in designing a

water irrigation system, or in determining alternative uses for agricultural byproducts.

Fig 1.2: Agricultural Engineering

They may participate in legal or )nancial consulting regarding agricultural processes,

e$uipment, or issues.4ome agricultural engineers focus on machinery, and may design

e$uipment used in agriculture and construction. These engineers might have a special interest

in crop handling, hydraulic power, or the growth of speci)c crops. They may be employed bymachine manufacturing )rms. 5ther agricultural engineers may )nd themselves designing

buildings or other structured used for livestock, storage of grains, or e!perimental growing

facilities. 4till other agricultural engineers might focus on developing systems for food

processing, such as drying processes, distillation, or long term storage. The type of #ob

agricultural engineers have often determines whether they work inside or outside. 6owever,

most work inside a ma#ority of the time. 4ome agricultural engineers whose tasks re$uire

visits to farms, animal operations, or seed manufacturers may )nd that they travel fre$uently.

7any agricultural engineers )nd that working directly with growers, for e!ample, provides

immediate #ob satisfaction as it allows them to interact with people their work affects.

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1.3 Architectural Engineering

rchitectural engineers apply engineering principles to the construction, planning, and design

of buildings and other structures. They often work with other engineers and with architects,

who focus on function layout or aesthetics of building pro#ects. rchitectural Engineeringoften encompasses elements of other engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical,

)re protection, and others. The architectural engineers are responsible for the different systems

within a building, structure, or comple!./80 rchitectural engineers focus several areas,

including:

i. the structural integrity of buildings

ii. the design and analysis of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems,

iii. efficiency and design of plumbing, )re protection and electrical systems,

iv. acoustic and lighting planning, and

v. energy conservation issues.

Fig 1.3: Architectural Engineering

7ost rchitectural Engineers work in the construction industry or related areas. 5thers may

choose to work at non+pro)t organi*ations or )rms. 7ost of their time is spent in offices

consulting with clients and working with other engineers and architects. They often, however,

visit construction sites to review the progress of pro#ects. rchitectural engineers may )ndthemselves working in different geographic locations based on the site of a construction

pro#ect./90

1.4 Bioengineering

Bioengineering is the biological or medical application of engineering principles or

engineering equipment also called biomedical engineering. Interface the engineering

sciences, biology, biomedical sciences, and medicine to advance human health and solveproblems in medicine and the biological sciences. /0

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By combining biology and medicine with engineering, biomedical engineers develop devices

and procedures that solve medical and health related problems. 7any do research, along with

life scientists, chemists, and medical scientists, to develop and evaluate systems and products

for use in the )elds of biology and health, such as arti)cial organs, prostheses arti)cial

devices that replace missing body parts, instrumentation, medical information systems andhealth management and care delivery systems.

Fig 1.4: Bioengineering

Bioengineers engineers design devices used in various medical procedures, such as the

computers used to analy*e blood or the laser systems used in corrective eye surgery. They

develop arti)cial organs, imaging systems such as magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and !+ray,

and devices for automating insulin in#ections or controlling body functions. 7ost engineers inthis specialty re$uire a sound background in one of the basic engineering specialties, such as

mechanical or electronics engineering, in addition to speciali*ed biomedical training. /;0 4ome

specialties within bioengineering or biomedical engineering include biomaterials,

biomechanics, medical imaging, rehabilitation engineering, and orthopedic engineering.

ppro!imately 9& percent of biomedical engineers work for companies that manufacture

products, primarily in the pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, and medical

instruments and supplies industries. 7any others worked for hospitals. 4ome also worked for

government agencies or as independent consultants.

1.5 Civil Engineering

-ivil Engineering 1rom the pyramids of Egypt to the space station 1reedom, civil engineers

have always faced the challenges of the future, advancing civili*ation and building our $uality

of life. Today, the world is undergoing vast changes: the technological revolution, population

growth, environmental concerns, and more. ll create uni$ue challenges for civil engineers of

every specialty. The ne!t decades will be the most creative, demanding, and rewarding of

times for civil engineers. /(0Today, civil engineers are in the forefront of technology. They are

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users of sophisticated high+tech products, applying the very latest concepts in computer aided

design -' during design, construction, pro#ect scheduling, and cost control. -ivil

engineering is about community service, development, and improvement the planning, design,

construction, and operation of facilities essential to modern life, ranging from transit systems

to offshore structures to space satellites.

Fig 1.5: Civil Engineering

-ivil engineers are problem solvers, meeting the challenges of pollution, traf)c congestion,

drinking water and energy needs, urban redevelopment, and community planning. 5ur future

as a nation will be closely tied to space, energy, the environment, and our ability to interact

with and compete in the global economy. -ivil engineers will perform a vital role in linking

these themes and improving $ualityof life for the 3%st century. s the technological revolution

e!pands, as the world2s population increases, and as environmental concerns mount, civilengineers2 skills will be needed. -ivil Engineering is grouped into seven ma#or divisions of

engineering: 4tructural, Environmental, rban ?lanning. In practice, these are not always hard and )!ed categories,

but they offer a helpful way to review a very diverse and dynamic )eld. /@0

1.6 Coputer Engineering

The enormous computational capabilities of modern computer technology offer the potential to

create new applications and value that can be turned into concrete artifacts and services that

improve our lives and create wealth. -omputer Engineering is the discipline that designs and

engineers computer systems from digital circuits, through compilers and runtime systems, to

networking and world+wide distributed systems. s an engineering discipline, the computer

engineer must appreciate the physical aspects of computations energy, delay, area, reliability,

costs and be able to e!pertly navigate the multidimensional trade+off space associated with

implementing computations. -omputer engineers analy*e, design, and evaluate computer

systems, both hardware and software. They might work on system such as a Ae!ible

manufacturing system or a smartC device or instrument. /D0

-omputer engineers often )nd themselves focusing on problems or challenges which result in

new state+of+the+art products, which integrate computer capabilities. >sual tasks involving

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computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers,

designing mi!ed signal circuit boards and designing operating system. -omputer engineers are

also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and

monitor electrical systems like motors, communications and sensors.

Fig 1.6: Coputer Engineering

They work on the interface between different pieces of hardware and strive to provide new

capabilities to e!isting and new systems or products. The work of a computer engineer is

grounded in the hardwarefrom circuits to architecturebut also focuses on operating systems

and software. /%&0-omputer engineers must understand logic design, microprocessor system

design, computer architecture, computer interfacing, and continually focus on system

re$uirements and design. It is primarily software engineers who focus on creating the software

systems used by individuals and businesses, but computer engineers may also design and

develop some software applications.

1.! Electrical Engineering

Electrical and electronics engineers conduct research, and design, develop, test, and oversee the

development of electronic systems and the manufacture of electrical and electronic e$uipment

and devices. 1rom the global positioning system that can continuously provide the location of a

vehicle to giant electric power generators, electrical and electronics engineers are responsible for

a wide range of technologies. Electrical engineering has many sub+)elds, some of the most

common of which we outline below. /%%0

Telecommunications is a prime growth area for electricalFelectronics engineers. This includes

developing services for wired and wireless networks for homes and businesses, as well as

satellite, microwave, and )ber networks that form the backbone of the civil and military

communications infrastructure.

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Power engineersdeal with energy generation by a variety of methods, such as turbine, hydro,

fuel cell, solar, geothermal, and wind. They also deal with electrical power distribution from

source to consumer and within factories, of)ces, hospitals, laboratories, and they design electric

motors and batteries.

Fig 1.!: Electrical Engineering

In industry, power engineers are employed wherever electrical energy is used to manufacture or

produce an end product. They are needed to design electrical distribution systems and

instrumentation and control systems for the safe, effective, ef)cient operation of the production

facilities.

The computer industryserves many sectors, and electrical engineers play a ma#or role. Electricalengineering has strong connections to computer engineering, and at many universities, the

computer engineering and electrical engineering programs reside in the same department.

The chief enabling technology at the heart of the electronic components booming computer

industry is semiconductor technology, in particular the development and manufacture of

integrated circuits. s integrated circuits companies strive to search for faster and more powerful

chips, they seek engineers to investigate new materials and improved packaging engineers who

can handle the challenge of competitive pressure and ever+shorter development time.

7anufacturers of microprocessors and memory chips for e!ample, continuously improve e!isting

products and introduce new ones to beat the competition and meet customers2 e!pectations ofever+higher performance. 4emiconductor products include not #ust digital I-s but also analog

chips, mi!ed+signal analog and digital integrated circuits, radio+fre$uency R1 integrated

circuits, as well as power devices. /%30

1." #echanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of engineering, physicsandmaterials sciencefor the design, analysis,manufacturing, and maintenance

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of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and

operation of machineryand tools.[1[! 7echanical engineering is one of the largest, broadest, and

oldest engineering disciplines. 7echanical engineers use the principles of energy, materials, and

mechanics to design and manufacture machines and devices of all types. They create the

processes and systems that drive technology and industry. /%80

The key characteristics of the profession are its breadth, Ae!ibility, and individuality. The career

paths of mechanical engineers are largely determined by individual choices, a decided advantage

in a changing world. 7echanics, energy and heat, mathematics, engineering sciences, design and

manufacturing form the foundation of mechanical engineering. 7echanics includes Auids,

ranging from still water to hypersonic gases Aowing around a space vehicleG it involves the

motion of anything from a particle to a machine or comple! structure.

7echanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines,

and other mechanical devices.

Fig 1.": #echanical Engineering

They work on power+producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion

engines, and steam and gas turbines, as well as power+using machines such as refrigeration and

air+conditioning e$uipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators,

industrial production e$uipment, and robots used in manufacturing. 7echanical engineers also

design tools that other engineers need for their work. /%907echanical engineering is one of the

broadest engineering disciplines. 7echanical engineers may work in production operations in

manufacturing or agriculture, maintenance, or technical salesG many are administrators or

managers.

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Chapter 2

3.& -ontributions of Engineering

2.1 $pact of Engineering

Engineering solutions have always had a ma#or impact on society. In some cases this impact

has been clearly positive, such as in the case of house appliances and water purification. In

others the impact has been negative, as in the case of bombs with ever+increasing destructive

power. In many some cases the impact of engineering products has been both positive and

negative, as in the case of the automobile. Engineers usually give the proper attention to the

safety and cost of their products, two aspects that impact all users of engineering products and

therefore society as a whole. /%07ore recently, engineers have also become more sensitive

regarding the environmental impact of their products.

Fig 2.1: $pact of Engineering

5n the other hand, there have been many cases where the engineers involved in the creation of

a particular solution, constrained with a limited view of the situation they were trying to

address, were not aware or could not possibly imagine the impact their product would later

have on the society as a whole for e!ample, -1-2s which caused destruction of the o*one

layer.In the era of market and work+force globali*ation engineers need to have a solid

understanding of the impact their products will have locally as well as globally so they can

make a sound evaluation of the pros and cons. The merican 4ociety for EngineeringEducation e!presses the need for this global and societal perspective as follows:

/E0ngineering colleges must not only provide their graduates with intellectual development

and superb technical capabilities, but, following industry2s lead, /they0 must educate their

students to work as part of teams, communicate well, and understand the economic, social,

environmental, and international conte!t of their professional activities.C /%;0. 7oreover, the >4

ccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology BET recently put a new spin on this

re$uirement in engineering education.

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2.2 Engineering Pro%le &olving

?roblem solving is the foundation of all engineering activities. s an engineering student, you

will spend a significant amount of your time solving problems. Hou will start with a

foundation in mathematics and science, where the problems are clearly defined and you must

specify what are the known and unknown $uantities. These problems usually include the

proper mathematical e$uations, parameters, and assumptions. s you move into more

advanced engineering courses, you will solve open+ended design problems, which may be

vaguely defined and have many correct solutions.

4ince skill at problem solving is fundamental for engineering, it is essential that you develop a

systematic methodology for problem solving. To determine a path or method that fits the

specific problem you2re trying to solve, it may be useful to categori*e engineering problemsinto two broad categories: closed+ended or analysis problems and open+ended or design

problems. /%(0

Before making a distinction between the two classes of problems, we need to define the

properties of a system. The properties are the measurable or observable characteristics of the

system such as si*e, weight or mass, temperature, voltage, current, velocity, and so on. =hen

you calculate or measure the properties of a system, you are solving an analysis problem.


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8.& ctivities of Engineering

3.1 'esign Process

The engineering (esign process is a methodical series of steps that engineers use in creatingfunctional products and processes. The steps tend to get articulated, subdivided, andFor illustrated

in a variety of different ways, but regardless, they generally reflect certain core principles

regarding the underlying concepts and their respective se$uence and interrelationship. 'ifferent

types of process:

'efine the ?roblem

-ollect Information

BrainstormFnaly*e

'evelop 4olutions

1eedback

Improve

Build It

lso, the process is highly iterative + i.e. parts of the process often need to be repeated

many times before production of a product can begin + though the parts that get iteratedand the number of such cycles in any given pro#ect can be highly variable. /%D0

Fig3.1: &teps of the Engineering (esign process

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'efine the Pro%le

Hou cant find a solution, until you can spell out what the problem is. rchitects work with the

client to define the pro#ect. The problem may be something like J new school kitchen with

cafeteria that seats 8&& studentsJ or J new high school for %,&&& students.J

Collect $nforation

5nce the problem is defined, architects will spend time gathering information to help them

understand the neighborhood, the site, the users of the building, any e!isting buildings.

Typically this means taking photographs, sketching, and interviewing the client. Its also

valuable to collect information on the natural environment, so architects may gather data on

the path of the sun around the site, the direction of the wind, the climate, as well as what types

of plants are currently growing around the site.

Brainstor)Anal*+e

'uring this stage of the process, architects may begin sketching or making diagrams to help

them understand how all the data and information theyve collected may impact the design of

the building. These early drawings + which may include bubble diagrams, for e!ample, will

help the architects document their ideas, because its likely the solution will change as they go

along.

'evelop &olutions

t this stage in the design process, architects will create drawings with specific solutions to be

shown to the client. 4chematic drawings, as these are typically called, help illustrate the big

ideas and space re$uirements of the pro#ect. 4chematic drawings usually do not include

dimensions or other construction+related notes.

Fee(%ac,

Ko solution is perfect the first time around, so its critical that the architects continue thediscussion with the client to receive feedback.

$prove

=ith feedback in hand, the architects will go back and continue to revise and improve the final

solution. 5ver the ne!t several months, or even years, the architecture firm will work with

the client to refine the original design. Based on an analysis of cost vs. needs, together the

firm and the client will closely review the solutions and make balanced decisions on which

features will stay, which will be redesigned, and which may be eliminated. The architecturefirm will also work closely with the general contractor responsible for constructing the

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building. 'epending on the si*e of the pro#ect, other partners LM such as structural engineers,

mechanicalFplumbing engineers, acoustical engineers, lighting designers, civil engineers,

landscape architects, electrical engineers LM are brought into the process and hired for their

e!pertise.

Buil( $t

The precise details of the building will determined over several months while the firm is

developing a set of construction drawings and specifications + called construction documents +

which will be part of the legal contract between the architect and client. These construction

documents will be used by the contractor to construct the building. /3&0

3.2 Pro-ect #anageent

?ro#ect 7anagement is the process and activity of planning, organi*ing, motivating, and

controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientificor daily

problems. pro#ectis a temporary endeavor designed to produce a uni$ue product, service or

result /%0with a defined beginning and end usually time+constrained, and often constrained by

funding or deliverables,/30undertaken to meet uni$ue goals and ob#ectives, typically to bring

about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of pro#ects stands in contrast

withbusiness as usual or operations,/90which are repetitive, permanent, or semi+permanent

functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the managementof these twosystems is often $uite different, and as such re$uires the development of distinct technical

skills and management strategies./21]

Fig 3.2: *pes of Pro-ect #anageent

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3.3 ea /or,ing s,ill

Teamwork is recogni*ed as an important skill for engineering and computer science

professionals. Both potential employers and accrediting agencies, such as BET, e!pect

students to gain proficiency in teamwork skills through e!periential learning. Teamwork based

pro#ects challenge the student to apply the technical knowledge they gain in school to solve

meaningful and comple! problems.

6owever, to be truly proficient in teamwork, a student must also learn and practice a large

number of peripheral skills. These include planning, estimating, tracking progress, taking

corrective actions, managing change, controlling and managing risks, maintaining ethical and

professional conduct, communicating comple! ideas clearly and concisely, using design

automation tools, leveraging web+based tools for team collaboration, and most importantly

participating effectively as team members.

Team work is also very important to avoid gender and cultural bias when working together.

se

of web+based collaboration tools allows students to participate without the need for fre$uent

face+to+face meetingsG this our students love. In an effort to ma!imi*e the use of techni$ues

like the ones described in this paper, we hold regular informal sessions of interested faculty to

share ideas on improving teaching teamwork and to develop methods and tools for

assessment. /330The paper and the conference presentation will describe both our approach and

the results we have obtained.

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3.4 Engineering Ethics

Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethicsand system of moral principles that apply to

the practice of engineering. The field e!amines and sets the obligations by engineers

to society, to their clients, and to the profession. s a scholarly discipline, it is closely related

to sub#ects such as thephilosophy of science,thephilosophy of engineering, and the ethics.

Engineering is an important and learned profession. s members of this profession, engineers

are e!pected to e!hibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct

and vital impact on the $uality of life for all people. ccordingly, the services provided by

engineers re$uire honesty, impartiality, fairness, and e$uity, and must be dedicated to the

protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard

of professional behavior that re$uires adherence /380 to the highest principles of ethical conduct.

Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:

%. 6old paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

3. ?erform services only in areas of their competence.

8. Issue public statements only in an ob#ective and truthful manner.

9. ct for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.

. void deceptive acts.

;. -onduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the

honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.

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$ts noral to %e a little nervous. This is a good thing as it will make you more energi*ed.

7any people have a fear of speaking in public. ?racticing will make sure that you are not too

an!ious. In your mind, visuali*e yourself giving a confident successful performance. Take a

few deep slow breaths before your talk starts and make a conscious effort to speak slowly and

clearly. Research by T niversity found that people /ho feel

e%arrasse( are convince( their ista,es are uch ore noticea%le than the* reall*are: we focus on our own behavior more than other people do and so overestimate its impact.

This is called the spotlight effect. If you make a mistake, dont apologies too much, #ust

briefly acknowledge the mistake and continue on. /3901or more details see JD 4econdsJ by

?rof. Richard =iseman

Buil( variet* into the tal,and break it up into sections: apparently, the average person has a

three minute attention spanO

-onclusion

The engineering is such a diverse and dynamic )eld, constantly adapting to meet society2s

needs, it is impossible to summari*e each area on paper in any depth that would stay relevant

for very long. 1ortunately, there are e!cellent re+sources available on the === that provide

regular updates on the state of the profession, as well as educational opportunities. In

particular, as a starting point, we refer readers to the 4loan -areer -ornerstone -enter

www.careercornerstone.org, a non+pro)t resource center for those e!ploring career paths in

science, technology, engineering, mathematics, computing, and medicine, supported by the

lfred ?. 4loan 1oundation. 7uch of the material on individual disciplines that follows is

derived, with permission, from their materials. The -areer -ornerstone web site contains

e!tensive information, including descriptions of and links to degree programs, professional

societies, day in the lifeC scenarios, and employment data. nother e!cellent web site,

TryEngineering www.tryengineering.org, is geared toward pre+college students and includes

tips on preparation for engineering, as well as life pro)les, lesson plans, and games.

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http://www.amazon.co.uk/59-Seconds-Think-little-change/dp/023074429X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253607539&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.co.uk/59-Seconds-Think-little-change/dp/023074429X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253607539&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.co.uk/59-Seconds-Think-little-change/dp/023074429X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253607539&sr=8-1http://www.amazon.co.uk/59-Seconds-Think-little-change/dp/023074429X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1253607539&sr=8-1


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3. Jrchitects F Building Engineers in apanJ.The apan rchitectural Education and Information

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18. BET, Inc. 3&&D. -riteria for accrediting engineering programs effective for evalua+tions during

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