Introduction to Carbon Introduction to Carbon ChemistryChemistry

Honors Physical ScienceHonors Physical ScienceMs. MandelMs. Mandel

D13D13Explain how the structure of Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the the carbon atom affects the types of bonds it forms in types of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic organic and inorganic molecules.molecules.

Learning TargetsLearning Targets I can explain why carbon can form I can explain why carbon can form

many different compounds.many different compounds. I can differentiate between the I can differentiate between the

different types of hydrocarbons.different types of hydrocarbons. I can differentiate between the I can differentiate between the

different carbon backbones.different carbon backbones.

CARBONCARBON

Why can Carbon form so many Why can Carbon form so many different bonds?different bonds?

4 valence e-4 valence e- Relatively small sizeRelatively small size

en.petitchef.com

crystalmaker.com

Single covalent bonds Double covalent bonds Triple covalent bonds

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_With_a_Biological_Emphasis/Chapter__1%3A_Chapter_1%3A_Introduction_to_organic_structure_and_bonding_I/Section_4%3A_Functional_groups_and_organic_nomenclature

What types of bonds can What types of bonds can Carbon form?Carbon form?

What is special about the What is special about the properties of Carbon?properties of Carbon?

Can form long chains of atomsCan form long chains of atoms Can form an almost infinite variety of Can form an almost infinite variety of

compoundscompounds The “backbone” of almost every The “backbone” of almost every

molecule that living organisms make molecule that living organisms make or useor use

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Identify 3 molecules containing Identify 3 molecules containing carbon that living organisms make or carbon that living organisms make or

useuse DNADNA– Genetic traitsGenetic traits

Makes you youMakes you you ProteinsProteins

– EnzymesEnzymes– Components of muscles, skin, and other Components of muscles, skin, and other

organsorgans CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

– StarchesStarches– SugarsSugars

Learning Target CheckpointLearning Target Checkpoint Why can carbon form many different Why can carbon form many different

compounds?compounds?

INORGANIC VS. ORGANICINORGANIC VS. ORGANICCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry

The study of compounds that do not The study of compounds that do not contain carboncontain carbon

There are exceptionsThere are exceptions– COCO22

– Diamonds (pure C)Diamonds (pure C)

Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds Includes salts, metals, substances Includes salts, metals, substances

made from single elements and any made from single elements and any other compounds that don't contain other compounds that don't contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. carbon bonded to hydrogen.

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing The study of carbon-containing

compounds compounds Almost all contain C – H bondsAlmost all contain C – H bonds Found in living thingsFound in living things

– DNADNA– Sugar (plants)Sugar (plants)

There are exceptionsThere are exceptions– Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds CAS Substance CAS Substance

Database has Database has almost 24 million almost 24 million organic organic compoundscompounds

CAS REGISTRYSM, is the only integrated, comprehensive source of chemical information from a full range of disclosed material including patents, journals, and reputable web sources.  

When you need to positively identify a chemical substance, you can rely on the authoritative source for chemical names and structures of CAS REGISTRY.

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons Organic compounds that consist of Organic compounds that consist of

only C and H atoms only C and H atoms NonpolarNonpolar Poor conductors of electricityPoor conductors of electricity Don’t dissolve in water – Why?Don’t dissolve in water – Why? Typically found deep beneath the Typically found deep beneath the

EarthEarth Fossil fuelsFossil fuels

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AlkanesAlkanes AlkenesAlkenes AlkynesAlkynes

AlkanesAlkanes All the Carbon to Carbon (C to C)

bonds are single bonds Basic molecular formula is CnH2n+2 Cycloalkanes (ring-shaped) have the

formula CCnnHH2n2n

Methane CH4 Pentane C5H12 Nonane C9H20

Ethane C2H6 Hexane C6H14 Decane C10H22

Propane C3H8 Heptane C7H16

Butane C4H10 Octane C8H18

How would you draw ethane?

How would you name C6H14?

Hexane

How would you name the structure below?

Octane

AlkenesAlkenes One or more carbon-carbon double One or more carbon-carbon double

bondsbonds General formula CGeneral formula CnnHH2n2n

How would you draw butene?

How would you name C2H4?Ethene

How would you name the structure below?

Propene

AlkynesAlkynes At least one triple bond between two carbon At least one triple bond between two carbon

atomsatoms Having the formula CHaving the formula CnnHH2n-22n-2

http://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/chemintro/ch/ch16a.html

How would you draw 2-butyne?

How would you name C8H14?

Octyne

How would you name the structure below?

Ethyne

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Saturated HydrocarbonsSaturated Hydrocarbons Composed entirely of single bonds Composed entirely of single bonds

and are and are saturatedsaturated with hydrogen with hydrogen AlkanesAlkanes

Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons Have one or more double or triple Have one or more double or triple

bonds between carbon atoms. bonds between carbon atoms. AlkenesAlkenes AlkynesAlkynes

Learning Target CheckpointLearning Target Checkpoint How do you differentiate between How do you differentiate between

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and cycloalkanes?cycloalkanes?

How do you differentiate between How do you differentiate between saturated and unsaturated saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?hydrocarbons?

Carbon BackbonesCarbon Backbones Carbon atoms can form long Carbon atoms can form long

“backbones” of large molecules.“backbones” of large molecules.

Carbon BackbonesCarbon Backbones Straight ChainStraight Chain

Branched ChainBranched Chain

Rings or CyclicRings or Cyclic

Cross-linked ChainsCross-linked Chains Carbon chains linked togetherCarbon chains linked together

http://www.csun.edu/science/standards/science/physical-sci-8/files/3.5.2-polymers.pdf

Learning Target CheckpointLearning Target Checkpoint How can you differentiate between How can you differentiate between

the different carbon backbones?the different carbon backbones?

IsomersIsomers Have the same chemical formula but Have the same chemical formula but

differ in the way the atoms are differ in the way the atoms are arranged.arranged.

C4H10