Introduction to Carbon Chemistry

D13 - Explain how the structure of carbon affects the types of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic molecules

D16 - Explain how simple chemical monomers can be combined to create linear, branched and/or cross-linked polymers.

D13 and D16

What are compounds? Compounds consist of more than one

element bonded together.

What are covalent bonds? The electrons are shared between the

elements.

Reviewing concepts ….

What does the term “organic” mean to you?

In chemistry, “organic” describes a type of compound which contains carbon.

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon.

What is organic chemistry?

Organic Compounds Organic compounds

contain carbon.

These generally also contain H, and often O, N, S and P

Currently, there are almost 24 million known organic compounds

Any part of a living thing is an organic molecule.◦ Even material which seems dead (hair, dry skin or

fingernails) is made of organic molecules.

All of the food that you eat is organic, because we consume other organisms.

Where can I find organic molecules?

Organic Compounds

http://physics.fortlewis.edu/Astronomy/astronomy%20today/CHAISSON/AT304/IMAGES/AAAKKIG0.GIF

http://www.svsu.edu/partnership/curriculum/univ/chem112/ch24summary.htm

What are the unique properties of carbon?

Remember: Carbon has four (4) valence electrons, and can make four (4) covalent bonds.

Carbon atoms can form long “backbones” of large molecules.

http://media.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2007/may/carbon/carbon400.jpg

What can carbon do?Carbon can form Single covalent bonds (C-C) with 2 shared e- Double covalent bonds (C = C) with 4 shared e- Triple covalent bonds (C = C) with 6 shared e-

These are organic compounds that consist of only C and H atoms

There are three types of these ◦Alkanes◦Alkenes◦Alkynes

Hydrocarbons

These are Hydrocarbons where all the Carbon to Carbon (C to C) bonds are single bonds

Basic molecular formula is CnH2n+2 Name ends in -ane

Alkanes

Methane CH4 Pentane C5H12 Nonane C9H20

Ethane C2H6 Hexane C6H14 Decane C10H22

Propane C3H8 Heptane C7H16

Butane C4H10 Octane C8H18

Examples of Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

These have the general formula CnH2n. Name ends in -ene

Alkenes

Examples of Alkenes

Hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms.

These have the formula CnH2n-2 Name ends in –yne

Alkynes

Examples of Alkynes

Have you ever heard of saturated fats? If something is “saturated,” this means that

there is the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible in the molecules.

Saturated hydrocarbons are organic molecules which have three characteristics

1. All carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds.2. They contain the maximum amount of hydrogen3. All are Alkanes

Saturated Hydrocarbons

These have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.

These will be:◦ Alkenes ◦ Alkynes

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds can take many shapes

Straight Carbon Chains

Branched Carbon Chains

Rings of Carbon◦ These will have “cyclo-”

in their name

Straight Chain – all of the carbons are in a single line

Carbon Backbones

Branched Chain – carbon atoms form branches off of the main chain

Carbon Backbones

Chains of carbon (either straight or branched) can be cross-linked with other chains to form a net-like strong structure.

Cross-linkages

Rings or CyclicCarbon Backbones

An almost unlimited number of carbon compounds can be formed by the addition of a functional group to a hydrocarbon.

A functional group is an “add on” to the carbon backbone

Hydrocarbon Varieties

Alcohols are hydrocarbons with an –OH functional group called hydroxyl.

NOTE – this is NOT the same thing as the hydroxide ion which is found in bases.

Naming alcohols involves adding an “-ol” ending on the hydrocarbon’s name.

Alcohols

CH3OH is methane with the hydroxyl functional group.

This is called methanol

Alcohol Example - Methanol

These are compounds that have the same numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the way the atoms are arranged.

They will have the same chemical formula, but will look different from each other.

Isomers

How many Cs and Hs are contained in each of these compounds?

One is linear and one is branched.

Examples of Isomers

Read pp. 197-204 in the textbook. Complete homework worksheet as you

complete your reading

Homework