A

Presentation

On

Mass Transit Facilities

By:

Hemant Tiwari

16 March, 2015 IOE, Pulchowk Campus 1

BACKGROUND

Increase in Population and Standard of Living & Haphazard urbanization leads to increase private vehicle ownership.

Around 6 lakhs vehicle registered between 2001-2011 withalmost 50% in Kathmandu

93% of vehicles registered are private, largely motorbikes (73%)Public transport vehicles constitute only 3% of total vehicles fleet

Mode share of total trip of Kathmandu

(Source: JICA, 2011)

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Public Transportation Outside Kathmandu Valley

Few Urban Problems

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Few Urban Problems (2)

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Land use Pattern in Kathmandu Valley

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Source: JICA, 2011

Vehicle Composition:

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Vehicle Number %

Bus/Mini&Micro Bus 45582 3

Car/Jeep/Van/Pick-Up 146888 10

Crane/Dozer/Truck 52595 3

Tractor 82972 5

Auto-Rikshow 7451 0.4

Motorbike 1204150 78

Other 6350 0.4

Total 1545988 100

Source:Traffic Police and DoTM

Our present strategy - Dog chasing its own tail

Road space will never catch up with vehicle population.

Thus, the long term solution is

Public Transportation

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Mass Transit Facilities

Mass Large number of; Transit : Movement

In simple words called Public Transportation

Shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by general public.

Include buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains, airlines, coaches, rail, metro.

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Benefits of public transport

Reduces Traffic Congestion

Enhance Traffic Safety

Improves Air Quality

Reduces Energy Consumption

Stimulates Economic Development

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Types of Mass Transit System:

Based on World Bank Technical paper 52

Bus Transit System (bus, trolley)

Light Rail system (Tram, light rail)

Rapid Rail Transit (high speed rail)

Sub- Urban Rail Transit ( metro)

Para Transit (door to door service)

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Introduction to BRT

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What is BRT

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BRT is a high-quality bus based transit system that delivers fast, comfortable, and cost-effective urban mobility through the provision of segregated right-of-way infrastructure, rapid and frequent operations with less delay at station.

Exclusive lane for BRT

Features of BRT System:

Segregated bus ways i.e. exclusive lanes

Less Frequent Stops

Comfortable and secure Station

Adequate capacity

Bus Signal Priority

Head way (Time) based schedules

Integration with other mode.

Low-emission vehicle technologies

Pre-board fare collection and fare verification

Access for emergency vehicles

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Exclusive Bus lanes

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Station

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Signal Prioritization

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Access between platform & vehicle floor

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Intermodal Connection:

Bicycle parking Park and ride facilities

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Pre board fare Collection & verification

Smart Card System Fare verification

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Provision of Zebra crossing, Elevated bridge and underground tunnel

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Control System

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Design Parameter

Average Speed

Minimum speed of 25kmph.

Speed inversely proportion to capacity.

CapacityDesign Capacity = Present capacity plus 10% shift from

other modes

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Saturation Level:The saturation level of a station refers to the percentage of time that a vehicle stopping bay is occupied

At most 0.4

Low saturation level indicates no vehicles queue at a stopping bay

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Some Terms related to BRT system

Stopping Bay

A stopping bay is the designated area in a BRT station where a bus will stop and align itself to the boarding platform

If the saturation level exceeds 0.4, more than one stopping bay is required

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Service frequency (veh/hr)

Number of buses per hour

Lower the headway, higher the frequency

Depend on speed and time of day

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Load Factor (LF)

o Percentage of a vehicles total capacity that is actually occupied.

oDetermined by the frequency of the vehicles and the demand

o Mostly adopted load factor is 0.8 considering both economic benefit and comfort level of passenger.

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Amount of time that any given vehicle occupy at a given stopping bay.

Dwell time depend on Passenger flow volumes, No & width of vehicle doorways, Entry characteristics (stepped or at-level entry),etc

Dwell Time (Sec)

Vehicle size option

18.5m Articulated vehicle Vehicle size & Capacity

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Corridor Capacity (pphpd)

Total no. of passenger served by BRT system per hour per direction along the route.

Based on BRT Planning Guide, June 2007

Corridor Capacity (pphpd) = Vehicle Capacity (passenger/ vehicle) * Service Frequency (vehicle/ hour) * Load Factor (LF) * Number of Stopping Bays

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Examples:

For ring road as corridor capacity was known, we determine the Service frequency for peak & off-peak hour using:

Using Articulated Vehicle of capacity = 160 (length 18.5m)

No. of Stopping Bays = 1

Load Factor = 0.8

Service frequency = ?

For peak clockwise direction: 4240

Thus, Service frequency = 34 veh/hr

For peak clockwise direction: 2996

Thus, Service frequency = 24veh/hr

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Benefits of BRT System:

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Aesthetic Appearance of city:

Before After

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Increase in Speed

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Ganding BRT system

Example of environmental contribution

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Why BRT over other MRT modes???

Low capital investment i.e. 4 to 20 times less than a tram or light rail transit (LRT) system and 10 to 100 times less than a metro system

Suitable for short distance between station too i.e. for both trunk feeder service as well as direct service too with reasonable speed.

Can be operated by electricity too thus reducing large amount of fuel consumption.

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Basic Information of LRT

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Modes Classification based on RIGHT-OF-WAY

Three Category

Category A - Fully controlled or exclusive or private or separated Right of Way. E.g. Rail rapid transit

Category B - Partially controlled i.e. semi-exclusive Right of way. e.g. LRT, BRT

Category C - Surface streets with mixed traffic, also referred to as shared right of way. Modes of this category called surface transit modes.

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Major Component of Transit Planning:

I. Project preparation

II. Operational design

III. Physical design

IV. Integration

V. Business plan

VI. Evaluation and implementation

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Project Preparation

Project initiation (somewhere, somehow & someone must act as catalyst, Idea generation, Political commitment)

Evaluation of Project ( Cost, performance, economic social & environnemental impact)

Project set-up

Demand analysis

Corridor selection

Communications

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Operational Design

Network and service design

System capacity and speed

Intersections and signal control

Customer service

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Physical Design

Infrastructurebusways, stations, terminal, control centres, bicycle & taxi

integration facilities, control centre, traffic control signals,

TechnologyVehicle Technology (vehicle size and propulsion system)Fare Collection & Verification System (Smart card system,

coin operated machine, so on)Intelligent Transportation System (real time information

displays)

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Integration

Modal integration (mostly with bicycle & taxi)

Transportation Demand Management (TDM) (PUSH & PULL strategy

Land Use Policies (to ensure the growth of transit-oriented development around stations)

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Business Plan

Business & institutional structure

Operational costs and fares

Financing (IDB & WB, PPP approach)

Marketing

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Evaluation and Implementation

Evaluation Economic, Environmental & Social impacts Performance indicator as passenger satisfaction level,

ridership no, average travel time

Implementation plan Construction plan ensuring minimal disruption to the

functioning of city

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Transit system characteristics

System performance:

Service frequency

Operating speed

Reliability

Safety:

Corridor capacity

Costs

Investment costs &Operating costs.

Level of Service (LOS) Performance elements & Service quality

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CASE STUDIES:

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Curitiba BRT System

Population: 1,760,500 in 2010 with growth rate of 3.8% in last 20 years

Area: 435 sq. Km.

Recognized for BRT innovation

Mayor Jaime Lerner (1971)

Carries 2 million people per day

Bi-articulated 5 door bus system and Tube station

Off vehicle fare collection and floor-level boarding

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After Analysis:The BRT system

Map of Hierarchical bus system16 March, 2015 IOE, Pulchowk Campus 50

Situation After

Curitiba has bus system that is so good that car traffic decreased by 30% while the population trebled in a twenty year period.

Curitiba has the largest downtown pedestrianized shopping area in the World.

Curitiba is a city where 99% of inhabitants want to live. In comparison, 70% of Sao Paolos residents want to live in Curitiba.

Curitibas average income per person has gone from less than the Brazilian average in the 1970s to 66% greater than the Brazilian average.

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Trans Milenio (Bogota) BRT System

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Introduction:

Bogota (capital of Columbia), with 7.3 million population(about 16% of countrys total population).

95% of road network was used by 8,50,000 private vehicleswhich only transported 19% of Bogotas population.

52,764 accidents & 1174 fatalities were recorded, in theyear

Various measures have been taken for improvement asrestriction in use of automobiles according to plate numbersduring the peak hours).

Bogotas BRT started from 18 Dec 2000 under PPP model16 March, 2015 IOE, Pulchowk Campus 53

TRANSMILENIOSS CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Infrastructure provided by the State Stations Yards and Workshops Complementary infrastructure Control Center

PUBLIC

TRANSMILENIO S.A. ALCALDIA MAYOR DE BOGOTA

Planning, Management and Control

Operation Provided by the Private

Sector

Massive transportation Buses PRIVATE Companies Employees

Source: Mayor of Bogota -Transmilenio S.A

Collecting System provided by the Services Private Sector

Equipment Cards Trust Handling

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Implementation and Operation:

Initially without fare for 20 days.

First phase of implementation completed in 2002,Second on2006

Implementation support by Politician, Finance, Technicalteam.

TransMilenio operates efficiently via centralized control withtrunk line (160 capacity Articulated Bus) & feeder buses (upto80 people capacity) operated by private companies,controlled by a public agency.

Feeder routes are fully integrated to trunk lines usingterminal stations.

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After Situation Analysis:

Reduction in Accidents: 92% reduction in fatalities and 75% ininjuries with overall reduction of 79%

Travel Time: Increase in speed from 15kmph(avg.) to 26 kmphreduced travel time by 32%.

Equal opportunity access: Fully accessible for users with disabil-ities, elderly, childern (Covers 1%, 63,000 users/day).

Quality and Consistency: High acceptance levels. Satisfaction pollsshow that 49% users rate system as very good & 49% as good.

Affordability:16 March, 2015 IOE, Pulchowk Campus 56

Before and After:

Source: Booz Allen Hamilton - Dario Hidalgo, 2004.

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High Capacity

stations

Bike Paths

Exclusive

Infrastructure

Sidewalks

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SAJHA YATAYAT, SMALL VERSION OF BRT

SAJHA YATAYAT

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Features:

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SAJHA YATAYAT ROUTES:

Operating under equilibriumcondition i.e. income equalsexpenditure

No government subsidies.

Repair and maintenance bySipradi private ltd.

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THANK YOU!!!!

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16 March, 2015 Presented by : Hemant Tiwari64