introduction to biochemistry · introduction to biochemistry chemistry of carbon. organic molecules...
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Introduction to Biochemistry
Chemistry of Carbon
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Organic Molecules
• An organic molecule is a molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements as well
• Organic molecules are essential to all living organisms
• Known as the “molecules of life”
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Carbon
• All organic molecules contain at least 2 carbon atoms
• Organic molecules are often larger and more complex than inorganic molecules because of carbon’s ability to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
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Carbon Atom
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Carbon Bonds
• Carbon has the ability to form single, double, and triple covalent bonds
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Inorganic Molecules
• Inorganic molecules do not contain multiple carbon atoms, but they are important to living organisms
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Chemistry of Carbon
• Carbon atoms tend to bond with other carbon atoms which gives carbon the ability to form chains of unlimited length
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Chemistry of Carbon
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Organic Molecule Elements
• In addition to carbon, there are five other common elements found in organic molecules:
–Hydrogen
–Oxygen
–Nitrogen
–Phosphorus
– Sulfur
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Classes of Organic Molecules
• Scientists have classified organic molecules into the following groups:
–Hydrocarbons
–Carbohydrates
– Lipids
–Proteins
–Nucleic Acids
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Monomers and Polymers
• Organic molecules are macromolecules (large polymers) composed of smaller repeating subunits called monomers
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Key Chemical Reactions
• Monomers are joined together by a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis
• Polymers are broken down into monomers by a chemical reaction called hydrolysis
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Monomers and Polymers
Class Monomer Polymer
Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharides,Polysaccarides
Lipids Fatty Acids, Glycerol
Triglycerides
Proteins Amino Acids Dipeptides, Polypeptides
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides RNA, DNAATP (not necessarily a polymer)
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Carbohydrates
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Lipids
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Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
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Examples of Monomers and Polymers