Introduction to ANATOMY Terminology Anatomical Position Basic Movements Ten Biological Systems

TERMINOLOGY Anatomy

– a branch of science that deals with the structural organization of living things how they are built and what they consist of.

The structure of the body and its organs

Physiology – is concerned with basic processes such as reproduction, growth, and metabolism as they occur within the various systems of the body.

How all the parts of the body function

Exercise Physiology – a branch of physiology, exercise physiologists concentrate their research specifically on how the body responds and adapts to the stresses placed on it during exercise.

Time to Move and Try This!

Divide into groups of three/four and write out the directions for an individual to perform the following task; Do a single leg squat Stand in a stork stand Do a stride jump

Time to Move and Try This!

OK! Let’s compare our directions Volunteer to perform task described by

member of another group

Time to Move and Try This!

So what is the problem? We are not speaking in the same terms!

THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Universally accepted standard

starting point for describing the body.

UNIVERSAL CONSISTENCY when discussing anatomy so that all people know exactly what is being discussed no matter what country or language.

diagrams that portray the body in an upright, standing position, face and feet pointing forward, with arms at the side, and the forearms fully supinated (with palms facing forward).

Frontal Plane

Sagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

THE ANATOMICAL PLANES

Lateral

Lateral

Medial

Medial

Anterior

PosteriorSuperior

Inferior

the anatomical planes relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another.

ANATOMICAL PLANES

Transverse Plane – “divides” the body into superior and inferior segments.

Sagittal Plane – “divides” the body into medial and lateral segments.

Frontal or Coronal Plane – “divides” the body into anterior and posterior segments.

THE ANATOMICAL AXES

Horizontal Axis

Antero-posterior Axis

Longitudinal Axis

the general rule is that the axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement. Axes deal with the direction of movement at joints.

Longitudinal or polar axis – is in the “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position

Horizontal or bilateral axis – is in the “east-west” relationship to the anatomical position.

Antero-posterior axis – is in a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position.

THE ANATOMICAL AXES

Relationship between Planes and Axes

Axis of Rotation

Plane of Motion

Example

Horizontal Sagittal Flexion, extension

Longitudinal Transverse Rotation of extremities, axial rotation

Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction, adduction

Describing Position and Movement

Anterior / Posterior Superior / Inferior Medial / Lateral Proximal / Distal

This is the time to start a glossary. In your note books write down the terms and find the definitions. Make sure you don’t only write them down but you know how to demonstrate them.

BASIC MOVEMENTS flexion / extension abduction /

adduction internal / external

rotation circumduction supination /

pronation

protraction / retraction dorsiflexion / plantar

flexion eversion / inversion elevation / depression opposition / reposition

Helpful Hints In the anatomical position, all

flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal plane; all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane; and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane.

More involved movements are usually not in one specific plane but occurs as a combination of motions from more than one plane.

The Ten Biological Systems of the Human Body

1. The Skeletal System• Supports the body, protects vital organs, works in

conjunction with the muscles to cause movement.

2. The Muscular System• Consists of 3 types of tissue: skeletal, smooth and

cardiac.

3. The Respiratory System• Consists of the lungs and the airways leading to

them.

4. The Circulatory System• Serves to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body

and remove waste products from it.

5. The Nervous System• Oversees all the other systems and acts as a kind of

control centre.

6. The Digestive System• Allows the body to break down food into simpler

substances so they can enter the blood stream.

7. The Reproductive System• Consists of specialized organs that allow males

and females to reproduce.

8. The Immune System• Helps to defend the body against infection and

disease.

9. The Endocrine System• Consists of glands that secrete hormones that

regulate various activities (metabolism, growth, development).

10. The Urinary System• Allows the body to eliminate waste products and

regulate its water and chemical balance.