anatomical position and basic movements
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Orienting ourselves with the body
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What is it?
The anatomical position is:
To be in correct anatomical position, the body must meet 3 criteria:
“the universal accepted starting point used to describe or analyze anatomical terms or movement.”
1. Upright, standing position
2. Face and feet pointing forward
3. Arms at the side, palms facing forward
But how do we use the anatomical position to describe movement?
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Before looking specifically at movement, we first have to understand how to describe movement. By the end of this lesson you will be introduced to 3 concepts:
1. Planes
2. Axes
3. Position
You will be learning and expected to use a new language from here on in!
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Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the body into front and back halves
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Frontal section of the human face
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Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the body into front and back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the body into left and right halves
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Sagittal view of the human face
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Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other
-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body
-vertical; splits the body into front and back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the body into left and right halves
Transverse
-horizontal; splits the body into upper and lower halves
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Transverse view of the human thigh
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The Frontal Plane
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The Sagittal Plane
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The Transverse Plane
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Anatomical Axes-a lot of our movement occurs via our joints
-axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints
Antero-posterior
-horizontal; extends from front to back
-rotate side to side
Horizontal
-horizontal; runs from one side of the body to the other
-rotate top to bottom
Longitudinal
-vertical; extends superior (head) to inferior (foot)
-rotate around
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Body Position Terminology
• The following terms will become like a second language for you. These terms are used to describe position of the body and will be used extensively when we talk about muscles and bones
Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment
Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment
Superior- towards the top of the body (cranial)
Inferior- towards the bottom of the body (caudal)
Anterior- towards the front of the body (ventral)
Posterior- towards the back of the body (dorsal)
Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body
Deep- farther away from the surface of the body
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Let’s apply our knowledge
1. 2.
Using what you have learned today, for each of these movements: 1)cartwheel and 2) figure skater spin, describe the motion by which plane and axis each movement occurs
Plane:
Axis:
Plane:
Axis:
Frontal
Anteroposterier
Transverse
Longitudinal
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Describe the anatomical plane that each of the following pictures is viewed from:
sagittal
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Transverse
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sagittal
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frontal
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frontal
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Body Position Terminology
• The following terms will become like a second language for you. These terms are used to describe position of the body and will be used extensively when we talk about muscles and bones
Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment
Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment
Superior- towards the top of the body (cranial)
Inferior- towards the bottom of the body (caudal)
Anterior- towards the front of the body (ventral)
Posterior- towards the back of the body (dorsal)
Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body
Deep- farther away from the surface of the body
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THE Basic Movements of the Human BodyThe following words will build on the vocabulary learned yesterday. The
basic movements of the human body occur around and because of our joints. You are expected to start using these terms frequently, because no longer do you “bend,” you “flex.” “Rolling” your ankle becomes an ankle “inversion.” And “pointing” your toe, will now be referred to as “plantar flexion”
Flexion
Extension
-bending the joint to reduce the angle between two bones.
-occurs in the sagittal plane
-straightening a joint to increase the angle
-occurs in the sagittal plane
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Abduction
Adduction
-movement away from the medial plane
-occurs in the frontal plane
-movement towards the medial plane
-occurs in the frontal plane
Circumduction
-a circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
-occurs in all 3 planes
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Internal (Medial) Rotation
External (Lateral) Rotation
-moves anterior part of a limb medially (towards midline)
-occurs in the transverse plane
-moves anterior part of a lim laterally (away from midline)
-occurs in the transverse plane
Pronation
Supination
-rotation of hand; bring thumb towards midline; plam facing back
-occurs in transverse plane
-rotation of hand; bring thumb away from midlein;palm facing forward
-occurs in transverse plane
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Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
-movement of ankle to decrease angle between foot and lower leg
-occurs in sagittal plane
-movement of ankle to increase angle between foot and lower leg
-occurs in sagittal plane
Inversion
Eversion
-medial border of foot is raised; sole of foot turned medially (inward)
-occurs in frontal plane
-lateral border of foot raised; sole of foot turned laterally (outward)
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Protraction
Retraction
-moving in an anterior (forward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plan
-moving in a posterior (backward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plane
Oppostion
-thumb comes into contact with another finger
Reposition
-return thumb to anatomical position
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Elevation
-raising up to a more superior position
-occurs in frontal plane
Depression
-pulling down to a more inferior position
-occurs in frontal plane